A review of lithium and non-lithium based solid state batteries

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.02.054

Journal of Power Sources

Volume 282, 15 May 2015, Pages 299-322

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.02.054 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
A comprehensive review of all aspects of solid state batteries: design, materials.
•
Tabular representations to underscore the characteristics of solid state batteries.
•
Solid state electrolytes to overcome the safety issues of liquid electrolytes.

Abstract

Conventional lithium-ion liquid-electrolyte batteries are widely used in portable electronic equipment such as laptop computers, cell phones, and electric vehicles; however, they have several drawbacks, including expensive sealing agents and inherent hazards of fire and leakages. All solid state batteries utilize solid state electrolytes to overcome the safety issues of liquid electrolytes. Drawbacks for all-solid state lithium-ion batteries include high resistance at ambient temperatures and design intricacies. This paper is a comprehensive review of all aspects of solid state batteries: their design, the materials used, and a detailed literature review of various important advances made in research. The paper exhaustively studies lithium based solid state batteries, as they are the most prevalent, but also considers non-lithium based systems. Non-lithium based solid state batteries are attaining widespread commercial applications, as are also lithium based polymeric solid state electrolytes. Tabular representations and schematic diagrams are provided to underscore the unique characteristics of solid state batteries and their capacity to occupy a niche in the alternative energy sector.

Section snippets

Introduction and background

The advent of solid state batteries must be understood in the context of the challenges faced by modern storage systems, especially Li-ion batteries. Existing Li-ion batteries, apart from the storage and active components, contain considerable quantities of auxiliary materials and cooling equipment [1]. Loss of battery quality due to continuous charging and discharging cycles, flammability, dissolution of the electrolyte, and from vehicle to grid utilization has been another important concern.

Solid state batteries

A solid state battery is similar to a liquid electrolyte battery except in that it primarily employs a solid electrolyte. The parts of the solid state Li ion battery include the anode, cathode and the solid electrolyte [22], [23]. The anode is attached to copper foil, which helps improve the electrical conductivity of the battery. [22]. During the charging cycle, there is movement of the Li ions of the LiCoO₂ crystal toward the electrolyte interface [22], [24]. As a result, the Li ions cross

Thin film solid state batteries

Nanomaterials and thin films are capable of suitable utilization, thanks to their enhanced properties. Nanoscale electrolytes prepared in the form of thin films offer high energy density (research on active electrode and electrolytic materials currently puts the theoretical energy densities at about 200 Wh kg⁻¹), a longer lifetime, flexibility, and extreme lightness, which tends to reduce the overall weight of the system [159]. Thin film battery systems, especially Li based systems, are already

Lithium based solid state batteries

Much research has concentrated on the study of lithium and lithium ion based solid state batteries, mostly devoted to the study of different lithium ion based electrolyte systems and how the solid state batteries perform with these systems. Lithium based solid state electrolytic systems fall into the following categories. Table 1 presents a summary of the types of anode, cathode, and electrolytes used in solid state batteries and their respective open circuit voltage and electrical outputs.

Non-lithium based solid state batteries

Non-lithium based solid state electrolytes have been used extensively to study the functioning and performance of solid state batteries. Ceramics are some of the most common non-Li based solid state electrolytes [258]. These solid electrolytes usually conduct ions by the translation of point defects, and energy is required in the process. This makes them good conductors at higher temperatures, as the high temperature provides the necessary energy for the process [99], [258]. Phosphates such as

Polymer electrolyte based solid state batteries

Several researchers have conducted studies of polymer electrolyte based solid state batteries. The history of polymer based electrolytes starts with the reporting of conductivities of polyethylene oxide (PEO) alkali metal salt complexes by Wright et al. [306]. PEO based polymers have been widely used since then as solid state electrolytes [307]. The most commonly used solid state electrolyte system is PEO and polypropylene oxide complexed with Li salts. The prevalence of PEO based systems has

Conclusion

There has been a tremendous recent increase in the amount of research and understanding of solid state batteries, especially in the last two decades. Most of the work has focused on developing solid state battery systems with enhanced energy and power densities. Cathodes and anodes with good microstructural properties are being developed to provide good electrochemical and ionic conduction pathways. However, some fundamental challenges remain. A primary challenge is the high cost of production,

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the DGIST R&D Program of the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of Korea (15-BD-01).

References (357)

S.B. Peterson et al.
J. Power Sources
(2010)
P.V. Braun et al.
Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci.
(2012)
C. Delmas et al.
Int. J. Inorg. Mater.
(1999)
R. Jasinski
J. Electroanal. Chem.
(1970)
R. Jasinski
J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem.
(1967)
J.B. Goodenough
Solid State Ionics
(1997)
V.V. Kharton et al.
Solid State Ionics
(2004)
C.A. Vincent
Solid State Ionics
(2000)
N. Terada et al.
J. Power Sources
(2001)
M. Yano et al.
Solid State Ionics
(2007)

Y. Yoon et al.

J. Power Sources

(2013)

J. Fergus

J. Power Sources

(2010)

W. Weppner

Solid State Ionics

(2004)

S. Boulineau et al.

Solid State Ionics

(2013)

A. Ueda et al.

J. Power Sources

(2013)

Z. Liu et al.

Ceram. Int.

(2014)

K. Takada

Acta Mater.

(2013)

Y. Nishio et al.

J. Power Sources

(2009)

N. Ohta et al.

Electrochem. Commun.

(2007)

J. Hassoun et al.

J. Power Sources

(2012)

K. Yamamoto et al.

Electrochem. Commun.

(2012)

F. Mizuno et al.

Solid State Ionics

(2004)

G.G. Amatucci et al.

Solid State Ionics

(1996)

E. Rossen et al.

Solid State Ionics

(1993)

S. Yang et al.

J. Power Sources

(2003)

A. Unemoto et al.

Electrochim. Acta

(2014)

Y. Cai et al.

Ceram. Int.

(2014)

Z.-i. Takehara

J. Power Sources

(1997)

Y. Wu et al.

J. Power Sources

(2003)

H. Geng et al.

Mater. Sci. Eng. B

(2009)

U. Kasavajjula et al.

J. Power Sources

(2007)

H. Azuma et al.

J. Power Sources

(1999)

A. Mukhopadhyay et al.

Prog. Mater. Sci.

(2014)

S. Huang et al.

Acta Mater.

(2013)

C.K. Chan et al.

J. Power Sources

(2009)

Y. Nishi

J. Power Sources

(2001)

J.Y. Song et al.

J. Power Sources

(1999)

H. Kim et al.

J. Power Sources

(2007)

G.T. Teixidor et al.

J. Power Sources

(2008)

V. Zadin et al.

Electrochim. Acta

(2011)

F. Mizuno et al.

J. Power Sources

(2005)

M. Tatsumisago et al.

J. Asian Ceram. Soc.

(2013)

A. Sakuda et al.

J. Power Sources

(2011)

Y. Sakurai et al.

Solid State Ionics

(2011)

A. Hayashi et al.

Electrochem. Commun.

(2008)

N.A. Anurova et al.

Solid State Ionics

(2008)

Cited by (637)

The effect of garnet content on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of PEO/garnet composite electrolyte
2024, Solid State Ionics
Solid-state lithium-metal batteries are one of the best candidates for next-generation energy storage devices. However, their applications are hindered by the low ionic conductivity at room temperature and the inadequate interfacial compatibility of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs). Hence, an organic/inorganic composite solid electrolyte (CSE) of Li_6.25Ga_0.25La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LGLZO)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) films were constructed. It's found that the crystallinity of CSE is significantly reduced and the ionic conductivity is increased to 3.57 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature, which is about 60 times higher than that of the pure PEO.And the interfacial impedance is 243.84 Ω cm², electrochemical window of 5.1 V. The assembled Li symmetric battery has excellent cycling stability more than 1000 h at 0.15 mA cm⁻². The Li/PEO-LiTFSI-60 wt% LGLZO/LiFePO₄ (LFP) all solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) also delivers superior electrochemical performances. This work can provide a reference for the development and real-world implementation of ASSLBs at room temperature.
Improving ionic conductivity of garnet solid-state electrolytes using Gradient boosting regression optimized machine learning
2024, Journal of Power Sources
Garnet solid-state electrolytes have become one of the most promising electrolyte materials due to their high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and excellent electrochemical stability. However, the trial-and-error method used to screen high-performance garnet solid-state electrolytes has the disadvantages of a long development cycle and high cost. Machine learning methods based on big data can be independent of the physical mechanism of the material, and improved the efficiency of material development. In this work, the effect of structural factor (t), first ionization energy, and other feature descriptors on ionic conductivity were studied by using the Gradient boosting regression (GBR), Random Forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and other models. Machine learning models can improve the accuracy of predicting the ionic conductivity of garnet solid-state electrolytes, and have guided the preparation of five garnet-type solid electrolyte materials, the ionic conductivity of Li₆_·₂La₃Zr₂Fe₀_·₂₅O₁₂ is 1.08 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹, while the predicted value is 1.37 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹, the descriptors in the model will provide a reference for other researchers.
The advances and opportunities of developing solid-state battery technology: Based on the patent Information Relation Matrix
2024, Energy
There is a long way for solid-state batteries from the laboratory to large-scale application and commercialization. To overcome a series of challenges, researchers and innovators seek to further understand the processing-structure-properties relationships of solid-state batteries. However, less literature explores the advances and opportunities in solid-state battery technology based on patent analysis. The paper adopts the technology of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to analyze patent documents and reveal the advances and opportunities for developing solid-state battery technology by constructing the patent Information Relation Matrix (IRM). This paper finds innovation activities in developing solid-state batteries have been increasingly active in recent decades, but are uneven across organizations. The electrolyte is a priority area of technology development, and the advances in developing solid-state batteries are perfecting conductivity, reducing interfacial resistance, and improving density and stability. By contrast, the opportunities are to reduce cost, prevent short circuits, and prolong the life cycle. The paper perfects the extant method of constructing IRM and gives insight into the advances and opportunities for developing solid-state batteries. Our findings can help innovators better understand advances in solid-state batteries or opportunities for developing solid-state batteries, from a global perspective.
Multi-scale characterization of submicronic NASICON-type solid electrolyte Li<inf>1.3</inf>Al<inf>0.3</inf>Ti<inf>1.7</inf>(PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>3</inf> degraded by spark plasma sintering
2024, Journal of Alloys and Compounds
One of the most promising and developed disruptive technology of energy storage for the future is all solid-state batteries. The NASICON phase LATP (Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃) is widely studied especially thanks to its high ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. However, high temperature densification is required to obtain a dense and conductive material. Here we explore the fast sintering by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) of submicronic LATP particles, and the impact of the heating rate on the physico-chemical and transport properties of the pristine powder. High-speed rate for the sintering process induces particles’ growth, avoiding any reduction of titanium. The impurity AlPO₄ plays a major role on the conductivity, depending on its content but also on its distribution within the composite, either as a coating (surface modification) or as crystalline particles within the grain boundaries. An intimate understanding of the ceramic composites was achieved using combination of advanced characterization techniques to get a multi-scale description of the material, from the pristine to the sintered states, from the surface to the bulk, and from the atomic long range to the local scales. Sharing these fundamental results is essential, with among other motivations, the spreading of our interpretation of complex spectroscopic results (Electronic Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)), key for characterization of reactivities at interfaces in this work and in others.
Navigating the complex realities of electric vehicle adoption: A comprehensive study of government strategies, policies, and incentives
2024, Energy Strategy Reviews
Management of sustainable transportation currently is one of the most important aspects of a country's or a region's development from an economic and social point of view considering the net zero requirements The use of electric vehicles (EVs) is recognized as an essential means of achieving global net-zero emission goals. To promote their widespread adoption, the challenges they face must be addressed. These challenges are divided into several categories: infrastructure, adoption, costs, energy transition, awareness, and market-related challenges. Robust regulatory frameworks and incentive policies must be implemented to overcome most of these challenges. For EV adoption to increase rapidly and steadily, such frameworks must include fiscal and non-fiscal incentives that will encourage the masses to convert to EVs. The key findings of the work include identification of several barrier not widely discussed in the literature, emphasizing the need for non-fiscal incentives for EV adoption, and presenting a comprehensive analysis of various incentive policies alongside a detailed implementation framework. The implementation framework provides research directions for academics, engineers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders regarding further refinement and enhancement of policy incentives to facilitate the widespread adoption of EVs.
Surface-functionalized Li<inf>1.3</inf>Al<inf>0.3</inf>Ti<inf>1.7</inf>(PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>3</inf> with synergetic silane coupling agent and ionic liquid modification for PEO-based all-solid-state lithium metal batteries
2024, Journal of Power Sources
Surface functionalization is one effective strategy for optimizing the stability of Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ (LATP) with Li metal anodes and the compatibility between the components of an electrolyte for lithium battery. Herein, a bifunctional modification layer induced by the silane coupling agent (SCA) and ionic liquid (IL) are successfully introduced onto the surface of LATP particles (defined as [email protected]) through chemical grafting and ion exchange strategies. Benefitting from the synergistic effect between the protection of modification layer and the effectively reduced interaction of PEO chain segments with Li⁺, the compatibility of LATP with the Li metal anode is improved, and the dispersion of LATP in PEO matrix is enhanced, a faster Li⁺ transfer is thereby enabled. As a result, thus-prepared [email protected] composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) shows an excellent electrochemical property with high ionic conductivity (1.455 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at 60 °C), enhanced Li-ion transference number (0.40), wide electrochemical stability window (4.76 V vs. Li⁺/Li) and favorable Li metal compatibility (over 1200 h). Furthermore, separately assembled Li/[email protected] CPE/LFP coin full cells and pouch cells verify the operational feasibility under extreme conditions. This work paves a new way to protect LATP and promote its practical application in all-solid-state lithium batteries.

View all citing articles on Scopus

¹: These authors contributed equally to this work.

View full text

ReviewA review of lithium and non-lithium based solid state batteries

Highlights

Abstract

Section snippets

Introduction and background

Solid state batteries

Thin film solid state batteries

Lithium based solid state batteries

Non-lithium based solid state batteries

Polymer electrolyte based solid state batteries

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

J. Power Sources

Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci.

Int. J. Inorg. Mater.

J. Electroanal. Chem.

J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem.

Solid State Ionics

Solid State Ionics

Solid State Ionics

J. Power Sources

Solid State Ionics

J. Power Sources

J. Power Sources

Solid State Ionics

Solid State Ionics

J. Power Sources

Ceram. Int.

Acta Mater.

J. Power Sources

Electrochem. Commun.

J. Power Sources

Electrochem. Commun.

Solid State Ionics

Solid State Ionics

Solid State Ionics

J. Power Sources

Electrochim. Acta

Ceram. Int.

J. Power Sources

J. Power Sources

Mater. Sci. Eng. B

J. Power Sources

J. Power Sources

Prog. Mater. Sci.

Acta Mater.

J. Power Sources

J. Power Sources

J. Power Sources

J. Power Sources

J. Power Sources

Electrochim. Acta

J. Power Sources

J. Asian Ceram. Soc.

J. Power Sources

Solid State Ionics

Electrochem. Commun.

Solid State Ionics

Review
A review of lithium and non-lithium based solid state batteries