Morphology and magnetic traits of strontium nanohexaferrites: Effects of manganese/yttrium co-substitution
Graphical abstract
The influence of manganese (Mn) and yttrium (Y) co-substitution on the microstructural, morphological and magnetic properties of strontium nanohexaferrites (Sr1-xMnxFe12-yYyO19; 0.0 ≤ x = y ≤ 0.5) was examined. The magnetic hysteresis loops of the various produced nanohexaferrites indicate ferrimagnetic behavior.
Introduction
Lately, M-type strontium nanohexaferrites (SrFe12O19) being the hard-magnetic materials became greatly prospective for microwave integration technology.1 Excellent microwave (MW) absorption capacity of M-type hexaferrites due to their large anisotropy field allows to reduce the electromagnetic backscattering as well as interference at higher microwave range.2, 3, 4 Meanwhile, Sr hexaferrites owing to their gifted magnetic traits have emerged as permanent magnets.3 Diverse researches revealed that the substitutions of Sr2+ and Fe3+ ions in Sr hexaferrites by non-magnetic and magnetic ions such as Co2+, Mn2+, Sn4+, Zr4+, Mg2+ as well as rare earth ions such as La3+, Ce3+, Sm3+, Y3+, Nd3+ and Dy3+ can affect significantly the magnetic attributes of Sr hexaferrites.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Over the years, dedicated efforts have been made to control and improve the magnetic properties of Sr hexaferrites. Gordani et al.14 examined the magnetic behavior of Mg-Co-Ti substituted Sr hexaferrites at varied doping levels (ranged from 0.0 to 2.5). Results showed a remarkable reduction in the magnetization with increasing doping contents accompanied by more effective reflection loss compared to undoped Sr hexaferrites. Such disclosure indeed authenticated the usefulness of Sr hexaferrites for MW absorber applications. Kang et al.12 prepared Ce and Mn co-substituted Sr hexaferrites (Sr1–xCexFe11–xMnxO19 and Sr1–xCex Fe11–2xMn2xO19 with varying x) via solid-state reaction route. The magneto-crystalline anisotropy of such hexaferrites was found to enhance with the increase in the substitution levels (values of x). Yang et al.15 inspected the magnetic characteristics of aluminum (Al) and lanthanum (La) co-substituted Ca (calcium) Sr hexaferrites with composition Ca0.6Sr0.1La0.3Fe12–xAlxO19 (where 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.4). The values of saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercive field (Hc) were augmented and remanence (Mr) was reduced with increasing Al to La ratio into the Ca-Sr hexaferrites. Despite some works an accurate method for the preparation of such hexaferrites with controllable magnetic attributes remain deficient. On top, correlation between microstructures and magnetic traits of co-substituted Sr hexaferrites is still to be clarified.
Considering the immense technological potential of Sr hexaferrites, we prepared Sr nanohexaferrites (NHFs) of chemical composition Sr1–xMnxFe12–yYyO19 (where 0.0 ≤ x = y ≤ 0.5) with Mn/Y co-substitution (hereafter prepared samples are designated as MY-SNHFs). Such Sr nanohexaferrites were synthesized using citrate sol-gel auto-combustion technique and characterized. Effects of varied co-substitution levels (x and y) on the microstructures, morphology and magnetic properties of the proposed Sr nanohexaferrites were evaluated to determine the feasibility of achieving their improved microwave absorbing capacity. Results were analyzed, discussed, and compared with other recent findings.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
Analytical grade high purity (Sigma Aldrich (99.9%)) powders of Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, Sr(NO3)2, Mn(NO3)2 and Y2O3 were used to prepare Sr nanohexaferrites by citrate sol-gel auto-combustion method. Sr hexaferrites of chemical composition Sr1–xMnxFe12–yYyO19 (0.0 ≤ x = y ≤ 0.5) were achieved. First, appropriate amount of Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, Sr(NO3)2 and Mn(NO3)2 were dissolved in deionized water before being heated at 80 °C under constant magnetic stirring. Next, yttrium oxide Y2O3 was dissolved in 10 mL of
Structural properties
Fig. 1 shows XRD patterns of synthesized Sr nanohexaferrites, which shows single phase hexagonal crystal structure matched with ICDD card number [96-100-8857]. The appearance of weak peaks for Srnanohexaferrites at higher substitution ions contents was allocated to the α-Fe2O3 phase. Table 1 enlists the calculated lattice parameters and average nanocrystallite size (DXRD). Values of DXRD at different substitution ions contents were estimated using Scherrer's formula, wherein the intense XRD
Conclusions
This study reported the effects of Mn and Y ions co-substitution on the microstructures, morphology and magnetic behaviors of M-type nanohexaferrites prepared using citrate sol-gel auto-combustion technique. XRD patterns of these nanohexaferrites show single M-hexagonal crystalline phase. The magnetic hysteresis loops of proposed nanohexaferrites at 300 and 10 K disclose ferromagnetic character. Overall magnetic characteristics is affected by the variation in the Mn2+ and Y3+ contents. Zero-
Acknowledgements
The authors highly acknowledged the Institute for Research & Medical Consultations (IRMC) of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU – Saudi Arabia) for supporting this study through the Projects application number: [2017-IRMC-S-3]; [2018-IRMC-S-1] and [2018-IRMC-S-2].
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