Do different datasets tell the same story about urban mobility — A comparative study of public transit and taxi usage
Introduction
The past two decades have witnessed an exponential growth of scientific research that characterizes human mobility and their interactions with the built environment. The rapid developments of information and pervasive sensing technologies have produced – especially in urban settings – a wide spectrum of human mobility datasets, empowering researchers to tackle critical questions in transport planning (Santi et al., 2014; Alexander et al., 2015; Tu et al., 2016), disease control (Bengtsson et al., 2011; Wesolowski et al., 2012), and social dynamics (Cho et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2017; Sun et al., 2013). The big data evolution has spurred “a new science” or many new sciences of cities, from which urban environments can be better understood as systems of networks and flows (Batty, 2013).
The networks and flows embedded in cities are defined by researchers through different types of datasets, resulting in a multi-faceted view of urban mobility patterns. For example, many studies have been conducted in recent years to quantify intra-urban mobility patterns based on taxicab usages (Wang et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2015; Kang and Qin, 2016), public transit data (Zhong et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2009), and mobile phone records (Gao et al., 2013; Ahas et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2016). Despite the fruitful research outcomes, most of the existing studies focus on a single type of human mobility dataset, which yields into insights that are somewhat isolated. The relationships between different types of networks and flows in the same geographic area – such as a city – remain poorly understood (Tu et al., 2018). It is, therefore, important to combine different data sources to obtain a comprehensive view of the spatial structures and organizations of cities. This will shed light on the bias when each data type is used alone to represent the dynamics of urban systems. More importantly, it would generate a deeper understanding of the interplay among different socio-economic processes.
In this research, we propose an analytic framework to compare urban travel patterns and the associated urban spatial structures extracted from smart card transactions and taxi GPS trajectories. The two types of datasets are widely used but often separately in revealing urban mobility patterns. Using Singapore as a case study, this work aims to fill the research gap by answering the following research question – do public transit and taxi usages in a city produce similar patterns of travel demand, travel distance, and urban spatial structures?
Based on origin-destination (OD) trips extracted from smart card transactions and taxi GPS trajectories — both cover a one-week period in Singapore — this study performs a three-fold comparative analysis. First, we analyze trip origins and destinations separately by focusing on the spatial distributions of outgoing and incoming trips. Two measures, namely rank-size distribution and log odds ratio, are introduced to quantify and compare spatial heterogeneity of travel demand extracted from the two datasets. We then examine spatial variations and statistical properties of travel distance (e.g., distance decay effect) to better understand the service radius of public transport and taxis in different parts of the city. Finally, we apply a community detection algorithm to the OD matrices to uncover the hidden spatial structures embedded in these two transport modes.
The remainder of this article is organized as follows. Section 3 provides an overview of related work of this research. Section 4 introduces the study area and the two mobility datasets. In Section 5, we introduce the approaches and measures for conducting the three-fold comparative analysis. We then present analysis results in Section 6. Finally, in Section 7, we conclude our findings and discuss future research directions.
Section snippets
Interplay between public transit and taxi services
Urban travel patterns are the outcome of the complex interactions between land use configuration and individual characteristics. The land use system governs spatial distribution of opportunities (in commercial, industrial areas) and the demand for these opportunities (in residential areas) (Geurs and van Wee, 2004). It determines intra-urban movement of people and goods from a macro level, which is modeled by trip generation and trip distribution in the “four-step” urban transportation planning
Related work
Understanding human mobility patterns has been a long standing research interest in areas such as urban planning, transportation, and geography. Before information and communication technologies (ICT) pervaded, travel surveys were used as the primary data source to support studies of human travel and daily activities. These studies cover important subjects such as trip chaining analysis (Hanson, 1980; Kitamura, 1984), characterization of human activity space (Newsome et al., 1998; Dijst, 1999;
Study area and datasets
Singapore is a city-state that covers a total area of 719 km2. It has a total population of 5.6 million as of 2016. The country has achieved rapid economic growth in the past century, and it is now a global finance and transport hub. The city is deployed with efficient mass transit services, allowing people to travel among destinations conveniently across the whole territory. According to the household interview travel survey (HITS) in 2012, mode share of public transit at peak period increased
Methods
Smart card transactions and taxi GPS trajectories capture different aspects of human mobility patterns. Both of them are well studied but separately in previous research. In this study, we propose an integrated framework to analyze and compare mobility patterns extracted from the two types of datasets. The comparison mainly focuses on the following perspectives: (1) the spatial distribution of travel demand; (2) the statistical properties of collective travel behavior (e.g., distance decay
Spatial distribution of travel demand
Fig. 2 illustrates the spatial distributions of average daily outgoing trips extracted from smart card transactions and taxi GPS trajectories on weekdays. From a visual perspective, it can be seen that the two types of travel demand match relatively well in geographic space. For example, subzones with a high level of public transit usage (Fig. 2A) tend to also produce a high number of taxi trips (Fig. 2B). This also happens in other combinations of trip category (incoming vs. outgoing) and day
Discussion and conclusion
Vast human mobility datasets have provided unprecedented opportunities for urban and transportation research. Such datasets have enabled the investigation of urban mobility patterns from a flow or network perspective. Existing studies attempt to reveal travel patterns and urban spatial structures from mobility data, but very few aim at comparing urban phenomena and processes from datasets of different types. In this research, we propose an analytical framework – by coupling smart card
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of the manuscript. The research is supported in part by the National Research Foundation (NRF), Prime Minister's Office, Singapore, under CREATE programme, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Future Urban Mobility (FM) Interdisciplinary Research Group, and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Start-Up Grant under project 1-BE0J.
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