From coastal management to environmental management: The sustainable eco-tourism program for the mid-western coast of Sardinia (Italy)
Highlights
► The Sustainable Development and Eco-tourism Program (PSSE) as ICZM application. ► The new eco-governance is the result of a widespread collaborative participation. ► The sharing of knowledge to reach a bottom-up decision making. ► Environmental management to link together ecotourism and coastal protection. ► The environmental conservation to achieve a local sustainable development roadmap.
Introduction
The European Environment Agency's Report 4/2009, entitled “Progress towards the European 2010 biodiversity target” highlights how biodiversity has been halved over the last two centuries and how Europe now retains only 45% of its species, the others having become extinct, and human activity means that this trend is ongoing and indeed accelerating (EEA, 2009).
In annex III of Directive 92/43/EEC “Habitats”, the European Union identified the selection criteria for sites of environmental importance, outlining the methodology to be followed in order to construct the European network called “Natura 2000” (EEC, 1992). The combined provisions of the “Habitats” and “Birds” Directives (EEC, 1979) impose on all EU Member States the duty to protect and recover natural areas with high value eco-systems and at high risk of biodiversity loss (Ledoux et al., 2000). Areas of particular interest have been divided into zones with the introduction of restrictions and actions aimed at maintaining and/or recovering natural habitats with the relevant species native to Europe, particularly threatened by phenomena of fragmentation and extinction. The Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) are thus a mosaic made up of Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for which detailed environmental planning is needed.
In line with the provisions of art. 6, paragraph 1, of the Habitats Directive for Special Areas of Conservation, the Member States decide the necessary conservation measures, which in certain cases implicate the introduction of a specific instrument known as a Management Plan (MP).
Moreover, the environmental management aspects are closely tied to the functionality of the habitat and to the presence of the species for which the site was proposed and, thus, need to be widened within a planning strategy capable of balancing the phenomena of both direct and indirect interference (human, economic, social), aiming at the creation of compatible development scenarios in the medium-term (Daily et al., 2000, Mörtberga et al., 2007).
Currently, there is an overlap of territorial instruments in use in Italy: for example, between the MP and instruments such as the Regional Landscape Plan, the Hydrographic District Management Plan, the Regional Forestry Plan, the Regional Game Fauna Plan, Provincial and Municipal Urbanization Plans and all other forms of planning that require regulation within the relevant protected areas. Thus, there seems to be a need to achieve an adequate level of integration, both vertical (national, regional, provincial and local instruments) and horizontal (planning and evaluation instruments on the same scale) in order to optimize the use of resources (including financial resources) (Zoppi and Lai, 2013). From this perspective, in accordance with Italian Presidential Decree no. 357/97, which enacts the Habitat Directive in Italian law, the Regional authorities are given legal and regulatory responsibility in this field. The Region can limit itself to performing the administrative functions assigned under regulations, or it can create its own legislation in this field. In the latter case, by adopting specific legislation, the Region can delegate particular planning powers to Provincial or other local authorities.
On this basis, the Province of Medio Campidano (Sardinia, Italy), which has a unique coastline ecosystem, 47 km in length, situated entirely in the municipality of Arbus, including 5 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), which have been classified as Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) in accordance with the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), decided to formulate its own strategic vision and adopt an ad hoc operational instrument: the Programma di Sviluppo Sostenibile ed Eco-turistico – PSSE (Sustainable Development and Eco-tourism Program).
This local economic–environmental planning tool is composed of three documents, results of three related phases:
- •
Report on the State of the Arbus coastal area (RSAC), which is the result of a diagnosis of the territorial system (Phase 1).
- •
Master Plan, which is a concerted document, on strategic choices, for the purpose of a benchmarking analysis (external competitiveness) and an analysis of the potential of the local system (evaluation of the internal system in relation to the load capacity and future prospects) (Phase 2).
- •
Concluding Report containing feasibility studies of the priority initiatives (Phase 3).
Finally, this instrument must necessarily be part of a process of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), which is now considered “the most appropriate process for dealing with long-term challenges”, being a “proactive policy process aimed at addressing conflict, interests for coastal space and resources” (Gonzàlez-Riancho et al., 2009, Koutrakis et al., 2011).
This paper synthesizes the results of the PSSE, completed in January 2012; the general objective is to highlight new forms of integrated territorial management, using the coastline resource as a strongpoint for launching a new economy with an eye to ecotourism and environmental protection (Gössling, 1999).
The paper is structured in the following sections:
- 1.
“Introduction” section, in which the general aim of the paper and its structure are presented.
- 2.
“Theory and methods” section, in which the PSSE instrument is examined, analyzing both the relevant territorial-coastal scenario, and the connected eco-tourism processes.
- 3.
“Results and discussion” section, in which we discuss the strong points emerging from the PSSE and translate them into a roadmap for the sustainable development of the Arbus coastline.
- 4.
“Conclusions” section, in which it is shown how the regulations created by the Management Plans lead to the achievement of a unitary objective of territorial environmental development, which generates a program of compatible economic–social development around the coastal system.
Section snippets
The PSSE: operating method and area of reference
The Province of Medio Campidano, following a preliminary SWOT analysis of its coastal system (see Table 1), adopted a PSSE in order to unify the various diagnostic-planning instruments already in place. In particular, the PSSE aims to monitor and manage the growth of human development in particularly fragile areas, both through integrated and interdisciplinary management of public areas with high numbers of tourists, and limiting human impact in order to favor eco-sustainable and eco-tourism
Results and discussion
The PSSE was completed in January 2012; using the RSAC results it was possible to clusterize the impacts of activities other than tourism (agriculture, zootechnics, second home building, sailing, fishing, etc.), which have medium and long term effects. At the same time, through a process of informing the public, an attempt was made to increase the sense of responsibility and begin to build a collective vision of compatible actions (setting up a website, conferences, focus groups, etc.) (
Conclusions
This paper proposes a right direction to integrated management. The PSSE aims to identify the most coherent actions and the best forms of partnership for transforming ecotourism promotion into an economic driving force for the territory, in line with ICZM principles and by means of territorial diagnosis using active Management Plans (Mc Kenna et al., 2008). The concrete effect of these actions remains to be seen from the viewpoint of unitary protection of coastal environmental resources linked
Acknowledgments
This research was made possible through the support of the Province Administration of Medio-Campidano and Studio FC&RR Associati S.r.l. with the support of ApriAmbiente SpA. Studio FC&RR Associati S.r.l. is a company specialized in Environment Planning and Management tools for territory development. Studio FC&RR Associates S.r.l., has developed the “Sustainable Development and Eco-tourism Program (PSSE in Italian)”. This Program, in which Giuseppe Ioppolo (first author of this paper) is the
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