Effect of metal and aminoacid dopants on the growth and properties of l-lysine monohydrochloride dihydrate single crystal
Introduction
The presence of small amount of impurities in a crystallization system can modify the properties, growth kinetics and morphology of the crystal [1], [2], [3], [4]. Recent reports reveal that the second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency and mechanical strength of single crystals enhanced by substituting the metal ions and aminoacid dopants as minor impurities during the crystal growth [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. These reports prompted the present investigation on the effect of metal and aminoacid dopants on l-LMHCl single crystal. l-Lysine monohydrochloride dihydrate (C6H15N2O2·Cl·2H2O) is one of the aminoacid complexes, crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system with the non-centrosymmetric P21 space group and the crystal structure were determined [10]. Synthesis of metal chelates and physico-chemical studies of l-LMHCl complexes were reported [11]. Recently, the nonlinear optical, dielectric properties of these crystals were reported [12], [13], [14]. The SHG efficiency of l-LMHCl was found to be 2.5 times more than that of urea [15] and the laser damage threshold was 52.25 MW cm−2 at 1064 nm which is better than that of several other semi-organic crystals [16]. The aim of the present communication is to study the effect of Cu2+, Mg2+ and glycine dopants on the growth and properties of l-LMHCl single crystals. We have grown pure, Cu2+, Mg2+ and glycine doped l-LMHCl single crystals by slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST). The structural, optical, spectral and mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been studied.
Section snippets
Solubility test and crystal growth
The solubility of pure, Cu2+, Mg2+ and glycine doped l-LMHCl in deionized water was determined as a function of temperature. The raw material of l-LMHCl was dissolved in deionized water in a glass beaker at constant temperature with stirring. After obtaining the saturation, the equilibrium concentration was analyzed gravimetrically. The solubility of pure and doped l-LMHCl at different temperatures was determined using the same process. Fig. 1 shows the solubility curves of pure and doped l
Growth habit of doped crystals
Pure, Cu2+, Mg2+ and glycine doped l-LMHCl single crystals grown by SEST are shown in Fig. 2. The morphology of Cu2+ and glycine are similar to pure crystal but the morphology of Mg2+ doped l-LMHCl is different and as shown in Fig. 2c. It is due to the adsorption of dopants (Mg2+) at kinks, and at surface terrace decrease the value of surface free energy [17], which consequently increases the growth rate along 〈0 1 1〉 orientation. Also 〈0 1 −1〉 orientation of Mg2+ (1 M%) doped l-LMHCl single
Conclusion
The pure and Cu2+, Mg2+ and glycine doped l-LMHCl single crystals were successfully grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST). The slight variation in the lattice parameter values reveals the contribution of metals dopants in the interstitial sites of l-LMHCl crystal lattice. Also, the slight shift in absorption bands may be due to addition of dopants in the crystal lattice and the covalent bond formation between the dopants and carboxylic and amino group was confirmed from the
Acknowledgements
The authors (V.V. and R.R.) would like to gratefully acknowledge the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India for financial support (Grant No. 03/(1105)/08/EMR/II) of this work. Also the author (V.V.) grateful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India for providing Senior Research Fellowship.
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