Preparation of surface modified zinc oxide nanoparticle with high capacity dye removal ability

doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2012.03.026

Materials Research Bulletin

Volume 47, Issue 7, July 2012, Pages 1800-1809

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2012.03.026 Get rights and content

Abstract

In this paper, the surface modification of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZON) by amine functionalization was studied to prepare high capacity adsorbent. Dye removal ability of amine-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticle (AFZON) and zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZON) was also investigated. The physical characteristics of AFZON were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Acid Blue 25 (AB25), Direct Red 23 (DR23) and Direct Red 31 (DR31) were used as model compounds. The effect of operational parameters such as dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and salt on dye removal was evaluated. The isotherm and kinetic of dye adsorption were studied. The maximum dye adsorption capacity (Q₀) was 20 mg/g AB25, 12 mg/g DR23 and 15 mg/g DR31 for ZON and 1250 mg/g AB25, 1000 mg/g DR23 and 1429 mg/g DR31 for AFZON. It was found that dye adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption kinetic of dyes was found to conform to pseudo-second order kinetics. Dye desorption tests (adsorbent regeneration) showed that the maximum dye release of 90% AB25, 86% for DR23 and 90% for DR31 were achieved in aqueous solution at pH 12. Based on the data of the present investigation, it can be concluded that the AFZON being an adsorbent with high dye adsorption capacity might be a suitable alternative to remove dyes from colored aqueous solutions.

Graphical abstract

Highlights

► Amine-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticle (AFZON) was synthesized. ► Isotherm and kinetics data followed Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model, respectively. ► Q₀ of ZON for AB25, DR23 and DR31 was 20, 12 and 15 mg/g, respectively. ► Q₀ of AFZON for AB25, DR23 and DR31 was 1250, 1000 and 1429 mg/g, respectively. ► AFZON was regenerated at pH 12.

Introduction

Adsorption process as a physical wastewater treatment process is interested because certain solids as adsorbents are able to concentrate specific substances from liquid phase onto their surfaces. Most of adsorbents are available and low-cost but they have some disadvantages such as a relatively limited adsorption capacity for dyes [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. Thus the researchers are interested in focusing on modified adsorbents.

An emerging field in adsorption process is the surface modification of nanoparticles to remove pollutants. The properties of surface modified adsorbents have opened a new field in engineering separations applications due to relatively high adsorption capacity. There are some suitable, low-cost and inert nanoparticles such as titania that are available for surface modification. In order to remove dyes from aqueous solution, several materials have been used (Table 1) [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15].

A literature review showed that amine-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticle (AFZON) was not prepared and studied to remove dyes. In this paper, AFZON was prepared. Dye removal ability of AFZON and zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZON) was investigated. The physical characteristics of AFZON were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Acid Blue 25 (AB25), Direct Red 23 (DR23) and Direct Red 31 (DR31) were used as model compounds. The effect of operational parameter such as dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and salt were evaluated. The isotherm and kinetic of dye adsorption were studied as well. In addition, dye desorption tests were done to study the adsorbent regeneration.

Section snippets

Chemicals

Acid Blue 25 (AB25), Direct Red 23 (DR23) and Direct Red 31 (DR31) were obtained from Ciba and used without further purification. The chemical structure of dyes was shown in Fig. 1. All other chemicals were of analytical grade and obtained from Merck.

Preparation of AFZON

1 g of ZON and 1 g of (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxy silane were pored into mixture of water, 2-propanol and nonionic surfactant (Tergitol NP10) and mixed for 4 h at 25 °C. The precipitate was filtered, washed with deionized water and dried (Fig. 2).

Physicochemical characterization

Characterization of AFZON

The FT-IR spectrum of ZON has two peaks at 3430 cm⁻¹ and 565 cm⁻¹ which indicate O single bond H stretching vibration and metaloxygen vibration, respectively (Fig. 3a). The FTIR spectrum of the AFZON displays a number of characteristic bands at 3408 cm⁻¹, 2929 cm⁻¹, 2887 cm⁻¹ and 560 cm⁻¹ (Fig. 3b). These bands are assigned to OH and NH stretching vibration, CH₂ asymmetric vibration, single bond CH₂ symmetric vibration and metaloxygen vibration, respectively [16]. The NH (amine) bending vibration and CN (amine) bending

Conclusion

In this paper, AFZON was prepared and their dye removal abilities were investigated. Acid Blue 25 (AB25), Direct Red 23 (DR23) and Direct Red 31 (DR31) were used as model compounds. It was found that dye adsorption followed with Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption kinetic of dyes was found to conform to pseudo-second order model. The dye removal ability of AFZON was very high because positively charged AFZON attracted the anionic dyes. AFZON regeneration test showed that the maximum dye release of

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Preparation of surface modified zinc oxide nanoparticle with high capacity dye removal ability

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Highlights

Introduction

Section snippets

Chemicals

Preparation of AFZON

Physicochemical characterization

Characterization of AFZON

Conclusion

Desalination

Desalination

Micropor. Mesopor. Mater.

Mater. Lett.

Appl. Catal. B: Environ.

Water Res.

J. Hazard. Mater.

J. Hazard. Mater.

J. Hazard. Mater.

Water Res.

Phys. Proc.

J. Hazard. Mater.

J. Hazard. Mater.

J. Cryst. Growth

Prog. Polym. Sci.

Chemosphere

J. Colloid Interface Sci.

J. Hazard. Mater.

J. Alloys Compd.

Micropor. Mesopor. Mater.