Structure and viscosity of soda lime silicate glasses with varying Gd2O3 content

doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.01.062

Journal of Molecular Structure

Volume 1063, 24 April 2014, Pages 139-144

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.01.062 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Properties and structure of silicate glass with Gd₂O₃ were investigated.
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Doping Gd₂O₃ decreases the viscosity and melting temperature of silicate glass.
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IR shows doping Gd₂O₃ broadens the distribution of Qⁿ units.
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NBO fraction and Qⁿ conversion were also investigated by Raman spectra.

Abstract

In order to reveal the influence of variation of Gd₂O₃ amounts (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 mol%) on the viscosity at high temperature and melting temperature of soda lime silicate glass, the structure of soda lime silicate glasses doped with different content of Gd₂O₃ were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer using the KBr disc method and INVIA confocal microRaman spectrometer. The effect of variation of Gd₂O₃ content on the structure of soda–lime–silicate glass was characterized by the shift of peak position and change of the full width at half maximum in 950–1200 cm⁻¹ of FTIR absorption curve, and conversion of the [SiO₄] tetrahedron structural unit Qⁿ, fraction of non-bridging oxygen and the average number of bridging corners per tetrahedron in Raman spectra. The effect of doping different content of Gd₂O₃ into glass on the viscosity and melting temperature was interpreted by changing in structure of soda–lime–silicate glasses.

Graphical abstract

Dependence of NBOs and bridges per tetrahedron of glasses on the content of Gd₂O₃.

Introduction

The rare earth composites were praised as the treasury of materials due to their special optical, electric and magnetic properties that were given by the specific ‘f’ electron of rare earth elements. Consequently, rare earth doped glasses play a very significant role in the development of lasers and fiber amplifiers for optical telecommunication due to their unusual properties, such as higher characteristic temperature, higher mechanical strength and excellent chemical stability.

Physical properties of elevated temperature melts is a cornerstone of high temperature related industries, such as iron and steel making, glass melting, ceramics sintering, controlling the rate of various reactions and the fluid flows. Thus, numerous measurements of the physico-chemical properties have been investigated in the last half a century [1]. Glass-viscosity is one of the key properties for melt, fining, condition processing optimization, glass formulation and annealing process [2]. In our previous investigation about the effect of rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Yb, Y) on the viscosity of the soda lime silicate glass, the results show that introduction of rare earth oxides (exception of Nd) decreases viscosity of soda–lime–silicate glass, and the effect of Gd on the viscosity and melting temperature of silicate glass is mostly evident [3], [4], [5].

In order to explore the effects of rare earth elements on the behavior of soda lime silicate glass, the structure of soda lime silicate glasses doped with different kind of rare earth elements have been determined with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer using the KBr disc method and the INVIA confocal microRaman spectrometer [6], [7]. Vibrational spectroscopy has been employed over the last decades to investigate the structure of glasses and specifically the identification of the main structural groups. Over the past few decades, great importance has been devoted to the different glasses system doped with rare earth elements because of their special properties [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15]. Rare earth ions act as network modifier, producing more non-bridging oxygen atoms and broadening the distribution of Qⁿ structural units as rare earth oxides introduces and its content increases.

This work is a part of our ongoing program to investigate the structure and properties (thermal expansion, viscosity, workability, kinetic fragility, chemical durability and weatherability) of soda lime silicate glasses doped with rare earths elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Yb, Y). In this work, the objective is to study the effect of variation of Gd₂O₃ content on the viscosity of soda lime silicate glass at high temperature, and the structure of soda lime silicate glass doped with Gd₂O₃ is also studied by means of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy to elucidate the relationship between structure and viscosity of silicate glass containing different amounts of Gd₂O₃.

Section snippets

Experimental procedures

Batch compositions (71.52SiO₂, 12.99Na₂O, 0.31K₂O, 8.87CaO, 0.58Al₂O₃, 5.73MgO, expressed in mol%) were added different content of rare earths Gd₂O₃ (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 mol%) and ground. To be simple, the glass samples were labeled with a short word (FG, FGG1, FGG2, FGG3 and FGG4), the FG indicates the soda–lime–silicate glass without doping rare earth, FGG1, FGG2, FGG3 and FGG4 the glasses doped with Gd₂O₃ of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mol% respectively. Series of glass samples were prepared

Gd₂O₃ content vs. viscosity

The effect of different mol% content of Gd₂O₃ doping into soda–lime–silicate glasses on the viscosity and melting temperature has been reported in our previous paper [16]. The temperature dependence of viscosity (in Pa s) for soda lime silicate glass doped with different content of Gd₂O₃ at high temperature shown that viscosity of glass melt decreased in the series: FG > FGG1 > FGG2 > FGG4 > FGG3. It suggests that the doping different content of Gd₂O₃ into soda lime silicate glass induce the viscosity

Conclusions

The physical properties at high temperature and structure of soda lime silicate glasses with varying Gd₂O₃ concentration (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mol%) were investigated with the rotating crucible viscometer and FTIR and Raman spectrometer. The viscosity at high temperature and melting temperature of soda lime silicate glass decrease with increment of Gd₂O₃ content from 0 to 1.00 mol%, and effect is most evident when Gd₂O₃ concentration increases to 0.75 mol%. Results of FTIR spectra show

Acknowledgements

This project was supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (51025416, 51202104 and 51362019), Natural Science Foundation of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (2012MS0807), Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and School Funds of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology (2010NC022, 2010NC019 and PY-201006).

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Structure and viscosity of soda lime silicate glasses with varying Gd2O3 content

Highlights

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Experimental procedures

Gd2O3 content vs. viscosity

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

J. Non-Cryst. Solids

J. Rare Earths

Physica B

Physica B

J. Non-Cryst. Solids

J. Non-Cryst. Solids

J. Non-Cryst. Solids

Mater. Chem. Phys.

J. Non-Cryst. Solids

Solid State Sci.

Chem. Geol.

J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.

J. Non-Cryst. Solids

J. Non-Cryst. Solids

Physica B

Mater. Sci. Eng., B

Physica B

Structure and viscosity of soda lime silicate glasses with varying Gd₂O₃ content

Gd₂O₃ content vs. viscosity