Nanonecklace of CdO through simple solution chemistry
Introduction
Now a day's nanostructures were attracted wide research interest because of their novel properties and potential technological applications. They are also predicted to play important role in optoelectronic, electrochemical devices and gas sensors [1]. Wide efforts have been taken towards the synthesis of semiconducting nanomaterials with different structures such as nanorods, nanowires, nanocrystals, nanobeads [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] etc. because of their size and dimensionality dependence of functional properties. Cadmium oxide (CdO) is one of the most promising n-type semiconductor with a direct optical band gap of 2.5 eV and an indirect band gap of 1.98 eV [8] which have wide applications like photocatalysts, transparent conducting oxide, and solar cells [9], [10], [11], [12]. Various attempts have been reported for the synthesis of CdO thin films by using different synthesis methods such as spray pyrolysis, pulse laser deposition, electrochemical deposition, successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR), and chemical bath deposition [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18]. Among which chemical bath deposition is very simple, low cost method and operated at room temperature.
Present investigation has been focused on nanonecklace-type morphology of CdO obtained by using Cd(OH)2 nanowires as intermediate step synthesized by simple, and low cost wet chemical route onto fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates at room temperature (27 °C) followed by heat treatment. Structural, surface morphological and chemical bond formation analysis was performed to characterize the samples and obtained results are discussed herein.
Section snippets
Experimental details
Initially, Cd(OH)2 thin film consisting of nanowires was synthesized at room temperature (27 °C) by using chemical method; similarly as reported earlier [19], [20]. Specifically, 100 mM (50 ml) CdCl2 was complexed by addition of ammonia. The dropwise addition of ammonia (up to 10 ml) in the solution bath leads to the formation of clear solution with resultant pH ~12 (i.e. basic bath), which is the basic requirement for the formation of Cd(OH)2 film on the substrate surface. The solution was stirred
Results and discussion
Structural properties of the films were measured by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) (D8 Advance, Bruker) with Cukα radiations (λ=1.5406 Å) in the 2θ range from 20° to 80° is shown in Fig. 1. The diffraction peaks at (100), (200), (231), (202) and (051) planes were indexed to monoclinic crystal structure for Cd(OH)2 (Fig. 1(a)) which is good agreement with standard JCPDS data (Card no. 88-1594). Fig. 1(b) shows the complete conversion of Cd(OH)2 into CdO phase after heat treatment. The characteristic
Conclusions
Chemical bath deposition method was used to form Cd(OH)2 nonowires thin film on FTO coated glass substrates at room temperature. A clear alteration in morphology of CdO was observed by air annealing of Cd(OH)2 film at optimized temperature (290 °C, 1 h). The nanobeads were interconnected with each other along their length leading to the formation of ‘nanonecklace’ like morphology. XRD and FTIR analysis confirm complete conversion of hydroxyl phase to oxide phase. Due to annealing, the absorption
Acknowledgement
BRS is thankful to The Director, VNIT, Nagpur for ULR Grant (2013-2014).
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