Effect of electron beam irradiation on bacterial cellulose membranes used as transdermal drug delivery systems
Introduction
Practical applications of radiation processing in material science have been proposed due to the advantages of this type of technology. Crosslinking of plastic materials, sterilization of medical wear and food preservation are some of high interesting areas. The use of various radiochemical procedures gains more and more applications. They become suitable alternative to the “classical” technologies [1]. Polymerization for production of various sorts of co-polymers or composites, grafted polymers for functionalization of surface, controlled degradation and crosslinking destined to attend deep structural modification may be mentioned as the most important applications of high energy exposure [1], [2], [3], [4]. This wide domain of radiation grafted products answers to the practical requirements of mankind and it is open to many foreseen developments, for example – biological approach [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. Electron beam and gamma radiation are successfully used in the synthesis of transdermal patches for drug controlled release and macroporous temperature-responsible gels with fast responses in drug delivery [9], [10], [11]. The γ-irradiation technique has also been used to improve the exchange properties of polydimethylsiloxane as matrix containing progesterone [12].
Controlled and localized drug release offers many advantages over the current delivery methods of injection, inhalation or ingestion. It avoids hepatic first pass metabolism and improves patient compliance. Controlled local release systems provide the desired constant drug concentrations at the delivery site, lower systemic drug level and a reduced potential for deleterious side effect. Today, there are numerous transdermal patches for drugs such as scopolamine, nitroglycerin, nicotine, clonidine, fentanyl, estradiol, testosterone, lidocaine and oxybutinin and some of them are also trade marks [13]. The interest for biodegradable polymers as drug delivery systems has continuously grown in importance over the last years. The reason of this focused attention is justified by their convenient behavior. These delivery systems which act as biodegradable polymers do not require removal from the patient skin at the end of treatment period due to their degradation into physiologically occurring compounds. From these biopolymers bacterial cellulose (BC) is a promising alternative because its chemical purity and unique mechanical and physical properties make distinguish of this cellulose from similar materials produced from plants. Some of these properties include high mechanical strength, high water content and an ultrafine highly pure nanofibril network structure [14], [15], [16]. It would become a perfect matrix as an optimal wound healing environment [17].
Bacterial celluloses membranes are not enough studied concerning their permeability properties, but there are preoccupations in this field [18]. The fact that bacterial cellulose membranes are about to be used in wound dressing applications is a strong argument for the studying of drug diffusion through these membranes. Elucidation the mechanism governing drug transport in relation with membrane structure is very important for future applications. In this paper is presented a preliminary study concerning tetracycline diffusion through bacterial cellulose membranes irradiated or non-irradiated.
Section snippets
Materials
The cellulose-producing bacterial strain was Acetobacter xylinum, obtained in the Microbiology Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Department at University “Politehnica” of Bucharest. The culture medium that has been used is a modified Hestrin and Schramn (MHS) medium. This consisted of 2.0% (w/v) glucose, 0.6% (w/v) yeast extract, 0.8% (v/v) lactate, 0.27% (w/v) Na2HPO4 and 0.115% (w/v) citric acid. Bacterial cellulose (BC) membranes were obtained in a static culture at 30 °C temperature after
Theoretical analysis
In order to determine tetracycline diffusion coefficients through bacterial cellulose membranes the following mathematical model has been used. This model assumes that the liquid is perfectly mixed (assumption which is valid for high agitators speed in both compartments of experimental cell). The transport of species is done convectively from bulk aqueous phase in the donor compartment to the membrane and from the membrane to the second aqueous phase in the receptor compartment. Within membrane
Results and discussion
The experimental results obtained for tetracycline diffusion through bacterial cellulose membranes are presented in Fig. 1. As it can be seen from Fig. 1a difference can be observed between irradiated and non-irradiated bacterial cellulose membranes. Diffusion was faster through non-irradiated membrane.
Using the numerical analysis the system Eqs. (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) was solved with the respective initial and boundary conditions. In order to obtain tetracycline diffusion coefficient
Conclusion
The aim of this study was to quantify tetracycline transport through bacterial cellulose membranes irradiated and non-irradiated. A mathematical model which considers also the possibility of drug adsorption on bacterial cellulose matrix was proposed, accordingly with experimental observations. The values of two parameters (Dm and Ka) were identified by fitting experimental data with theoretical results In the case of irradiated membranes an abruptly decreasing of diffusion coefficient was
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2022, Carbohydrate PolymersCitation Excerpt :BC has been studied as smart drug carriers (Cacicedo et al., 2018a; Golonka et al., 2021), including thermo- and pH-responsive hydrogels for drug delivery (Amin et al., 2012; Cacicedo et al., 2018b; Ullah et al., 2019), and as a membrane for delivery of drugs and proteins (Chen et al., 2018; Song et al., 2020). It also has been reported as matrices for oral drug delivery (Badshah et al., 2017) or oral medicines (Huang et al., 2013), and in the form of single excipient-based dosage (Tsai et al., 2018), such as gentamycin or tetracycline covalently attached BC (Rouabhia et al., 2014; Stoica-Guzun et al., 2007). The attempts to control the drug release from BC-based delivery systems have been made (Fig. 7).
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2021, Materials Today ChemistryCitation Excerpt :Gamma rays were applied to instigate changes in bacterial cellulose layers and saw that grid epitomes for various medications utilizing radiation with portion level somewhere in the range of 5 and 25 kGy we can hinder the pace of drug release. Promising results were reported for the delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride and ibuprofen using bacterial-derived cellulose-based TD delivery system [146,208]. An interesting study reported the possibility of Bacterial cellulose for developing anticancer TD devices.
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