Elsevier

Optics Communications

Volume 283, Issue 12, 15 June 2010, Pages 2506-2517
Optics Communications

Design of SOA-MZI based all-optical programmable logic device (PLD)

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2010.02.031Get rights and content

Abstract

Photon being the ultimate unit of information with unmatched speed and with data package in a signal of zero mass, the techniques of computing with light may provide a way out of the limitations of computational speed and complexity inherent in electronics computing. Information processing with photon as information carrying signal has shown a high level potentiality through the researches in last few decades. The driving force behind this evolution has been the utilization of interferometric configurations that employ a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) as the nonlinear element in combination with cross-phase modulation to achieve switching by means of light. Here, in this paper we present an all-optical circuit of programmable logic device (PLD) with the help of SOA-MZI (Mach–Zehnder interferometer) based optical tree-structured splitter. Numerical simulation result confirming described method is reported here. This paper also explains the applicability of this scheme to perform logical and arithmetic operations in all-optical domain.

Introduction

All-optical logic gates are key devices for building future high capacity all-optical time-division multiplexed (OTDM) networks. In very recent years, the discovery of ultra high-speed all-optical switches has brought the revolution in all-optical information processing systems. Many all-optical switches based on cross-phase modulation (XPM) such as Terahertz Optical Asymmetric Demultiplexer (TOAD) [1], [2], Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], ultra-fast nonlinear interferometer (UNI) [8], etc., have already been established. Exploiting this switches many all-optical digital circuits have been proposed that performs different logical operations [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28] and other functions such as multiplexers/demultiplexers [29], [30], adders [31], [32], [33], comparators [34], [35], code converters [36], memory devices/registers [16], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], etc. In ‘large scale integration’ (LSI) and ‘very large scale integration’ (VLSI) technology there are hundred and thousand of logic gates internally interconnected to operate in a predefined way. Hence, volume of the circuit, power consumption, quantity production cost and switching time increases if we combine different logical circuits to built integrated circuit (IC). To overcome this problem programmable logic device (PLD) is the best choice, which replaces large number of logical circuits with a single circuits. It is ‘programmable’ because we can program it to perform any logical operation and logical function. Some literatures have been proposed on PLD. Nisenson and Iwasa reported a Pockels effect real time electro-optic image modulator in optical processing system using of the Itek programmable read only memory (PROM) [43]. Craig et al. demonstrated the programmable multifunction eight symmetric two input Boolean logic functions [44]. Programmable binary optoelectronic logic gate that can perform optical routing and logic functions have been experimentally demonstrated by Lu et al. [45]. Szymanski et al. demonstrate optoelectronic field programmable logic devices (FPLD) [46]. 2D optical array logic has been reported by Nishimura et al. [47]. Choi et al. experimentally demonstrated optical logic gates (AND, OR and INVERTER) implemented by VCL-DOT (vertical cavity laser-depleted optical thyristor) for an optical programmable gate array [48]. Jung et al. demonstrated SOA based read only memory [49]. The generalized optical logic element (GOLE) that can perform any of the 16 Boolean logic operation on signals in an optical beam to very fast switching among functions have been represented by Cauilfield et al. in their literature [50].

In this paper a new and alternative scheme of all-optical programmable logic device (PLD) is proposed and described. The scheme is designed with the help of SOA-MZI based ‘optical tree-structured splitter’ (OT-SS). Described method is supported with numerical simulations. SOA-MZI (semiconductor optical amplifiers on the Mach–Zehnder interferometer arms) devices are used because they can provide high speeds, low energy requirement, short latency, high stability, fast switching time, low switching window (3.5–8 ps) and commercial availability to that of other similar optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM) devices [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52]. Logical and arithmetical operations (two bit binary addition) with the help of our presented PLD scheme have been shown. In this literature all-optical binary logical states is denoted by ‘ON’ (1) and ‘OFF’ (0).

Section snippets

Programmable logic device (PLD)

PLD consist of a logical AND-array followed by a logical OR-array, as shown in Fig. 1. The AND-array generates product of input variables and OR-array generates sum-of-product (SOP) expressions [53], [54]. It has M-inputs, n-product terms and N-outputs with n<2M, and can be used to implement a logic function of M-variables with N-outputs. Normally we can say it 2M×N PLD. From Fig. 1, we see that I0,I1,,IM-1 are M-numbers of inputs to AND-array. The outputs of this AND-array are P0,P1,,Pn-1.

Design of an all-optical PLD

From the previous section we know that PLD has two sections one is logical AND-array and other is logical OR-array.

Applications

Any logical operations and functions can be performed using this PLD (PROM). Some operations viz. logical operations, two bit adder and multiplier and two bit comparator is designed here.

Simulations and results

In our simulation, the parameters of SOA-MZI have been taken from Ref. [73]. Leuthold et al. have experimentally investigated ideal extension ratio (Ex.R) for SOA-MZI switches. We have taken incoming pulse (IP) signal is of wavelength λ1 = 1.58 μm with a signal power of -19dBm (0.01259 mW). A high-power distributive feedback (DFB) laser provided a control signal of λ2 = 1.554 μm with a power of +3.6dBm (2.291 mW). SOAs are biased with same injection current. It was found that when CP = ‘ON’ the Ex.R = 13 dB

Fabrication layout

Many research works have already been made for large scale integration in photonics technology network [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84]. Hybrid integration is used for increasing integration scale, cost effectiveness and compactness. The photonic platform relies on the design and development of a planner silica waveguide acting as a motherboard, which is capable of hosting active and passive devices, similar to electronic printed circuit board used in electronics. The

Conclusion

In this paper, we have proposed and described an all-optical circuit of programmable logic device (PLD) with the help of SOA-MZI (Mach–Zehnder interferometer) based optical tree-structured splitters. In electronics a programmable IC is manufactured by the selective breaking of some of the interconnection while leaving others intact. The ‘fuse blowing’ process can be done either by the manufacturer in accordance with the customer instructions or by the customer himself. Once fuse is blown, it

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