Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on diesel engine nitrogen oxide reduction operating with jojoba methyl ester
Introduction
The interest in renewable energy sources for energy production is not new. Many studies have been conducted to qualify various oil and their blends from plants and vegetables as alternative renewable energy sources. This renewable source of fuel may also help in reducing the net production of CO2 from combustion sources and our dependence on fossil fuels. Often the vegetable oils investigated for their suitability as biodiesel are those which occur abundantly in the country of testing. Therefore, soybean oil is of primary interest as biodiesel source in the United States while many European countries are concerned with rapeseed oil, and countries with tropical climate prefer to utilize coconut oil, hazelnut or palm oil [1], [2], [3]. Other vegetable oils, including sunflower, rubber, etc., have also been investigated. Furthermore, other sources of biodiesel studied include animal fats, salmon oil and or waste cooking oils [4], [5], [6], [7]. One of the several renewable sources, and yet not widely known, jojoba oil, appears to be promising with scope for cultivation in the relatively hot weather. Many studies have been carried out on jojoba as vegetable oil fuel for diesel engines for many years [8], [9], [10], [11]. The jojoba shrub was grown in Africa and also grown in the Sonora Desert at the south of the USA. El-Moogy [12] has collected a considerable amount of data about jojoba and its cultivation for investment in Egypt. Jojoba seeds contain 50% of its weight as oil, so an acre can produce 270–300 kg of oil after four years but will increase to 675–750 kg of oil after ten years of cultivation. These studies [8], [9], [10], [11] showed that the viscosity of jojoba raw oil is high and that lead to blockage of fuel lines, filters, high nozzle valve opening pressures and poor atomization [13], [14], [15], thus warrants treatment of oil before it becomes a viable engine fuel. Also, it was found that JME is efficient oil substitute and offered the same product guarantees for JME as for gas oil due to the fact that the physiochemical properties of JME are close to those of gas oil.
To solve the problems associated with the high viscosity of jojoba raw oil, Abdel Kader [16] synthesized the jojoba methyl ester in the laboratory and showed that methyl ester formation was 60–65% complete at respective molar ratios of methanol/jojoba oil 4.6:1. The alkaline catalyst used was (NaOH) and was added with a percentage of 1% which proved to produce maximum yield. At 60 °C, 65% JME was produced in 2 h. In addition, these studies concentrated on measuring the ignition delay period of JME and JME-gas oil blends at different conditions in shock tube. An optimum method for JME fuel production was developed by Radwan et al. [8] on the grounds of production economy and fuel properties. Radwan et al. [8] measured the burning velocity of JME at different conditions in constant volume bomb. It was found that JME liquid fuel exhibited lower burning velocities than isooctane.
An experimental investigation has been carried out to examine for the first time the performance and combustion noise of an indirect injection diesel engine running with JME, and its blends with gas oil [9]. A Ricardo E6 compression swirl diesel engine was fully instrumented for the measurement of combustion pressure and its rise rate and other operating parameters. Test parameters included the percentage of JME in the blend, engine speed, load, injection timing and engine compression ratio. Results showed that the new fuel derived from jojoba is generally comparable and good replacement to gas oil in diesel engine at most engine operating conditions. With the same test rig, JME was investigated as a pilot fuel as a way to improve the performance of dual fuel engine running on natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas at part load [10], [11]. Results showed that using the JME fuel with its improved properties has improved the dual fuel engine performance, reduced the combustion noise and extended knocking limits. Also, an experimental evaluation of using blends of jojoba oil with gas oil as compared to gas oil has been conducted by Bawady et al [17]. Heat flux mapping and metal temperature distribution was carried out using a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, indirect injection four-stroke diesel engine [18]. Results at variable loads and speeds were taken with JME and were compared with those obtained with gas oil. It was found that the heat flux level and gas face metal temperature in the cylinder liner and head with JME were higher than those with gas oil. Also, an increase in the emissions of nitrogenous oxides (NOx) at all operating conditions has been observed.
Oxides of nitrogen are formed during combustion when localized temperatures in the combustion chamber exceed the critical temperature that molecules of oxygen and nitrogen combine. Recently, exhaust gas recirculation has received attention as a potential solution. Research work results showed that EGR is one of the most effective methods used in modern engines for reducing NOx emissions [19], [20]. There are two types of EGR; internal and external. Internal EGR uses variable valve timings or other devices to retain a certain fraction of exhaust from a preceding cycle. External EGR uses piping to route the exhaust gas to the intake system, where it is inducted into the succeeding cycles and that type is used in this study. While EGR is effective in reducing NOx, it also has adverse effects on the engine efficiency and may cause pollution of lubricating oil and corrosion of inlet manifold and moving parts, as exhaust gas contains a lot of particulate matter [21]. In this paper diesel particular filter adopted for diesel particulate reduction to supply nearly particle-free exhaust gas. The objective of this work was to quantify the efficiency of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) when using JME as a renewable fuel for NOx reduction. In this paper, all experiments described were performed on a direct injection diesel engine in first to compare diesel fuel and JME fuel in terms of engine performance and exhaust emissions at various speeds under full load and the second to investigate the effect of various EGR rates with JME fuel for NOx reduction at engine speed of 1600 rpm. EGR effects on engine performance, engine emissions, exhaust gas temperature, combustion quality and fuel economy for both high and low load engine operating conditions at a speed of 1600 rpm were investigated Also, the effect of cooled EGR with high ratio at full load on engine performance and emissions was examined.
Section snippets
Experimental facilities
The experiments were carried out on a two-cylinder, water cooled, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine. It was necessary to make some of modifications in the engine since the original engine had no EGR. It was necessary to connect the exhaust manifold with the air intake manifold, with an EGR valve at this connection. The experimental set-up is shown schematically in Fig. 1 and comprises a hydraulic dynamometer, a pressure tank, a diesel particulate bag filter, a heat exchanger, an EGR
Experimental results and discussion
The experimental results are given in three sections. The first section compares diesel fuel and JME fuel in terms of engine performance and exhaust emissions at various speeds under full load. The second section investigates the effect of various EGR rates with JME fuel on the engine emissions, exhaust gas temperatures, engine fuel economy and combustion quality under various conditions. The tests and data collection were performed at engine speed of 1600 rpm under 25% load and full load. The
Conclusions
In this paper, an experimental investigation of the effect of exhaust gas recirculation on exhaust emissions and performance in a diesel engine operating with JME was carried out. Engine performance, exhaust emissions, exhaust gas temperatures and combustion quality were investigated under two loads at N = 1600 rpm. From the study carried out the following conclusions may be drawn:
- 1.
The brake power output with JME was higher than that with diesel engine but NOx emissions were higher with JME than
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