Full length articleConstruction and demolition waste management in China through the 3R principle
Introduction
It is generally agreed that construction and demolition waste (CDW) management practices should be guided by the “3R” – reduce, reuse and recycle – principle (Peng et al., 1997). However, the effectiveness of embracing such practices in China, where CDW accounts for about 30%–40% of the total municipal waste, is still very limited; the recycling and reuse rate of CDW is less than 5%. Comparatively, the CDW recycling and reuse rate can reach 70%–95% in some developed countries, including the United States, Denmark, South Korea, Singapore, Japan and Germany (Xiao et al., 2015). Although the problem of low recycling and reuse rate has been attracting much attention from researchers in China since the early 1990s, waste management in the construction sector has not improved substantially (Wang and Yuan, 2010, Jin and Li, 2017). At present, around 75% of Chinese cities are facing what is now known as “CDW surrounding”(Jiao and Sun, 2013). Considering that CDW has leads to considerable environmental burdens and threats, reasonable treatment of the CDW is urgently needed.
Gluzhge (1946) first proposed the concept of CDW recycling, with a focus on recycling discarded concrete. The positive contribution of recycling CDW is distinct when it is compared with traditional treatment methods. Ortiz et al. (2010) and Mohamed (2014) compared three different scenarios (recycling, incineration and land filling) and found that in terms of global warming potential, the most environmentally friendly way of treating CDW is recycling, followed by incineration and the last is land filling. Wu et al. (2016a) analyzed the eco-efficiency of three scenarios of CDW treatment − landfilling, recycling using private or state-owned facilities − and suggested that government should put more emphasis on state-owned recycling centers because of its highest eco-efficiency. Some researchers explored the status and shortcomings in managing CDW treatment in China. Katherine (2017) conducted a survey on the awareness of circular economy concept in China’s construction industry, and his results indicated that while there is industry wide awareness of the concept, clients, designers and subcontractors are the least informed and this is a key challenge for greater adoption. Yuan et al. (2010) claimed that the major obstacles of CDW management in China are lacking well-developed waste recycling market, insufficient regulatory support and the predominant trend whereby building designs do not pay sufficient attention to waste reduction. After evaluating the economic feasibility for the recycling of CDW in Chongqing, Zhao et al. (2010) discovered that operating CDW recycling centers may face investment risks because of the high cost involved. Another group of researchers attempted to give suggestions for enhancing CDW reuse and recycling. Duan and Li (2016) suggested that more attention should be put on improving the management of concrete, masonry (bricks and concrete/stone blocks), mortar and ceramic wastes, because these four types of CDW account for about 90% of the CDW in China and have the largest potential for recycling. Wang and Cao (2016) indicated that the CDW recycling in Handan is limited at certain materials such as concrete brick. In order to improve the comprehensive reuse and recycling of CDW, network information technologies should be applied to monitor the CDW production and treatment processes.
In general, although there is awareness of the urgency to promote CDW reduce and recycling, the current situation of CDW treatment is not good in China. Results of researches revealed that there are shortcomings in related CDW policies and management methods. Our literature review founds that although there are some studies discussed about the CDW management status, a detail review of the CDW management policies in China at the national level is still absent. Furthermore, the existing barrier analyses mostly only focus on reuse and recycling of CDW from different perspectives. Considering that it is crucial to reduce CDW at source, and there is big challenge in adoption of circular economy in CDW industry (Katherine, 2017), we contribute to the literature by conducting analysis of the CDW management by using the 3R principle. We believe that a comprehensive review of the CDW management policies and the current status of CDW treatment status, combined with interviews with the relevant stakeholders in the CDW industry, can help us better understand the current barriers in treating CDW in a circular economic way. This study will attempts to answer the following three questions: (1) What are the existing CDW management policies and what is the current situation of CDW management in China? (2) What are the challenges of managing CDW in China using the 3R principle? (3) What corresponding solutions can be suggested for enhancing effectiveness of managing CDW in China?
Section snippets
Research framework
In order to better understand the current situation of CDW treatment and management in China, existing CDW related policies and treatment modes were reviewed. Subsequently, the challenges of CDW management in China were analyzed by interviews with most relevant stakeholders guided by the “3R” principle. Challenges were reviewed and discussed in aspects of reducing, reuse and recycling. The views of 40 stakeholders in the field of CDW management were sought. Interviews were carried out through
Current state of CDW policies and treatment modes in China
This section provides a comprehensive review of the existing CDW management policies and the representative CDW treatment modes in China.
Analysis of challenges based on 3R principle
In this section, the major challenges faced by the management of CDW in China are analyzed from the combined perspective of reduce, reuse and recycle − concepts that form the foundation of circular economy.
Strategies for overcoming the barriers in CDW management
Through the analysis of the CDW disposal barriers, strategies for improving CDW management in China are proposed as following.
Conclusions
The annual output of CDW in China is more than 1.5 billion tons, which has led to severe environmental and social problems. The amount is continuously growing at a high rate, especially after 2009. This study gave a comprehensive review of the existing CDW management policies and the CDW treatment conditions in metropolitan and rural areas, especially the CDW management in Beijing and Shanghai.
Challenges in CDW management in China were analyzed based on key concepts in circular economy theory.
Acknowledgements
The research work of this paper was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71403170, 71461137008, 71325006, 71690241), and the ESRC et al. funded SINCERE project (ES/L015838/1).
References (41)
- et al.
Ecological utilization of leather tannery waste with circular economy model
J. Clean. Prod.
(2011) - et al.
An empirical study of perceptions towards construction and demolition waste recycling and reuse in China. Resources
Conserv. Recycl.
(2017) A BIM-aided construction waste minimization framework
Autom. Constr.
(2015)- et al.
Environmental performance of construction waste Comparing three scenarios from a case study in Catalonia, Spain
Waste Manag.
(2010) - et al.
Evaluation of the economic feasibility for the recycling of construction and demolition waste in China—The case of Chongqing
Resour. Conserv. Recycl.
(2010) Research Report on Development Trend and Competitive Strategy of China’s Prefabricated Industry
(2016)International Statistical Yearbook
(2014)Policy Research on Construction Waste Recycling and Reutilization
(2015)- et al.
Construction and demolition waste management: china’s lessons
Waste Manag. Res.
(2016) Talking about the construction waste disposal in the process of urbanization construction
Cult. Geogr.
(2015)