A review on prospect of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel in Indonesia

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.011

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volume 15, Issue 8, October 2011, Pages 3733-3756

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.011 Get rights and content

Abstract

Energy is fundamental to the quality of life in the earth. Meeting the growing demand for energy sustainably is one of the major challenges of the 21st century. Indonesia is a developing country and the world's fourth most populous nation. Total annual energy consumption increased from 300,147 GWh in 1980, 625,500 GWh in 1990, 1,123,928 in 2000 and to 1,490,892 in 2009 at an average annual increase of 2.9%. Presently, fossil-fuel-based energies are the major sources of energy in Indonesia. During the last 12 years, Indonesia has recorded the most severe reduction in fossil fuel supplies in the entire Asia-Pacific region. This reduction has stimulated promoting the usage of renewable energy resources capable of simultaneously balancing economic and social development with environmental protection. Biodiesel is an alternative and environmentally friendly fuel that will participate in increasing renewable energy supply. Jatropha curcas is one of biodiesel resources that offer immediate and sustained greenhouse gas advantages over other biodiesel resources. Globally, J. curcas has created an interest for researchers because it is non-edible oil, does not create a food versus fuel conflict and can be used to produce biodiesel with same or better performance results when testing in diesel engines.

The present study is concerned with the prospect of biodiesel produced from J. curcas in Indonesia. The first part gives a summary and overview of energy resources and consumption in the country, second part discusses the potential of biodiesel as a powerful renewable energy resource and third part investigates the potential of J. curcas as a feedstock for biodiesel in Indonesia. The final part discusses the development of biodiesel market in Indonesia. The paper found out that the production of biodiesel from J. curcas offers many social, economical and environmental benefits for the country and can play a great role to solve the problem of energy crisis in Indonesia.

Section snippets

Overview of energy resources and consumption in Indonesia

Energy is fundamental to the quality of life. It is a key input in all sectors of modern economics. Meeting the growing demand for energy sustainably is one of the major challenges of the 21st century. Indonesia is a developing country and the world's fourth most populous nation. Total population and energy needs are increasing day by day. It has been found that total population in Indonesia rose from 205,132,000 million in 2000 to 233,477,400 million in 2010 and projected to reach 273,219,200

Biodiesel as a potential renewable energy resource

The technical regulation of biodiesel and specification are set by the European Union as EN 14214 or by USA as ASTM 6751-02. Biodiesel is monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) or animal fats [13], [14]. Biodiesel is biodegradable, non-toxic and environmentally friendly as compared to petro diesel and can be run in diesel engine with same or better performance as compared to normal diesel fuel. There are four different methods of

Botanical description of Jatropha curcas

J. curcas L. is a small or large shrub tree, up to 5–7 m tall, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family [16], [21], [27], [53], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85], [86] which consists of around 800 species, which in turn belong to some 321 genera. Within this family, the plants of major economic significance include [87]:

•
Roots: manihot esculenta (cassava)
•
Rubber: hevea brasiliensis
•
Nuts: caryodendron orinocense (tacay nut)
•
Vegetables: sauropus androgynus (katuk)
•
Oils: ricinus communis linn

Development of biodiesel markets in Indonesia

A feasibility study to determine the communities’ willingness to participate in the production and marketing of biodiesel, increase income generation and alleviate poverty found out that there is a growing interest in biodiesel, fueled by the demand from developed and developing countries for a number of reasons, mainly the increasing fossil fuels prices and the demand for reducing Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions.

A few years back, biodiesel market had very limited recognition in Indonesia as

Conclusion

In conclusion, this paper found out that production of biodiesel from J. curcas offers many social, economical and environmental benefits for Indonesia and can play a great role to solve the problem of energy crisis in Indonesia.

J. curcas is a small tree or large shrub belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. The plant has its native distributional range in Mexico, Central America, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina and Paraguay and different other parts of the world. J. curcas offers many

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge University of Malaya for financial support through High Impact Research grant entitle: Experimental investigation of new bioenergy resources for biofuel from tropical biodiversity.

References (145)

A.H. Demirbas et al.
Importance of rural bioenergy for developing countries
Energy Conversion and Management
(2007)
P. Nakpong et al.
High free fatty acid coconut oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production in Thailand
Renewable Energy
(2010)
M.Y. Koh et al.
A review of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
(2011)
D.Y.C. Leung et al.
A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification
Applied Energy
(2010)
N.A. Khan et al.
Prospect of biodiesel in Pakistan
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
(2009)
J.M. Marchetti et al.
Possible methods for biodiesel production
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
(2007)
M. Balat
Potential alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel production—a review of current work
Energy Conversion and Management
(2011)
W.M. Achten et al.
Jatropha bio-diesel production and use
Biomass and Bioenergy
(2008)
S. Jain et al.
Prospects of biodiesel from Jatropha in India: a review
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
(2010)
M.H. Jayed et al.
Environmental aspects and challenges of oilseed produced biodiesel in Southeast Asia
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
(2009)

I.M. Atadashi et al.

Biodiesel separation and purification: a review

Renewable Energy

(2011)

B.K. Barnwal et al.

Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

(2005)

I.M. Atadashi et al.

High quality biodiesel and its diesel engine application: a review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

(2010)

A. Demirbas

Importance of biodiesel as transportation fuel

Energy Policy

(2007)

S. Lim et al.

Recent trends, opportunities and challenges of biodiesel in Malaysia: an overview

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

(2010)

S.K. Hoekman

Biofuels in the U.S.—Challenges and Opportunities

Renewable Energy

(2009)

K. Bozbas

Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel: production and policies in the European Union

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

(2008)

Y. Huang et al.

Analysis of biodiesel promotion in Taiwan

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

(2008)

J.M. Lopez et al.

Comparison of GHG emissions from diesel, biodiesel and natural gas refuse trucks of the city of Madrid

Applied Energy

(2009)

E. Vouitsis et al.

Particulate matter mass measurements for low emitting diesel powered vehicles: what's next?

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

(2003)

J. Yan et al.

Biofuels in Asia

Applied Energy

(2009)

A.M. Liaquat et al.

Potential emissions reduction in road transport sector using biofuel in developing countries

Atmospheric Environment

(2010)

A. Murugesan et al.

Production and analysis of bio-diesel from non-edible oils—a review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

(2009)

A. Zhou et al.

The development of biofules in Asia

Applied Energy

(2009)

A. Demirbas

Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels

Energy Conversion and Management

(2009)

S.P. Singh et al.

Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: a review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

(2010)

F. Ma et al.

Biodiesel production: a review

Bioresource Technology

(1999)

F. Payri et al.

Hydrocarbon emissions speciation in diesel and biodiesel exhausts

Atmospheric Environment

(2009)

K. Pramanik

Properties and use of Jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine

Renewable Energy

(2003)

P.D. Patil et al.

Optimization of biodiesel production from edible and non-edible vegetable oils

Fuel

(2009)

C.A.G. Garcez et al.

Brazilian biodiesel policy: social and environmental considerations of sustainability

Energy Conversion and Management

(2009)

E.M.W. Smeets et al.

A bottom-up assessment and review of global bio-energy potentials to 2050

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

(2007)

K. Openshaw

A review of Jatropha curcas: an oil plant of unfulfilled promise

Biomass Bioenergy

(2000)

A. Kumar et al.

An evaluation of multipurpose oil seed crop for industrial uses (Jatropha curcas L.): a review

Industrial crops and products

(2008)

B.N. Divakara et al.

Biology and genetic improvement of Jatropha curcas L.: a review

Applied Energy

(2010)

D.K. Garnayak et al.

Moisture-dependent physical properties of jatropha seed (Jatropha curcas L.)

Industrial crops and products

(2008)

R.D. Misra et al.

Jatropha—the future fuel of India

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

(2011)

D.K. Vyas et al.

Feasibility study of Jatropha seed husk as an open core gasifier feedstock

Renewable Energy

(2007)

A. Kumar et al.

Potential non-edible oil resources as biodiesel feedstock: an Indian perspective

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

(2011)

R.C. Pradhan et al.

Oil expression from jatropha seed using a screw press expeller

Biosystems Engineering

(2011)

H. Lu et al.

Production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas L. oil

Computers and Chemical Engineering

(2009)

M.M. Gui et al.

Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock

Energy

(2008)

J. Janaun et al.

Perspectives on biodiesel as a sustainable fuel

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

(2010)

Data Statistics. Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia 2000–2025; 2010 [cited 2011 10th February. Available from:...

(BP) British petroleum. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2010.; 2010 [cited 2011 20th February. Available from:...

(CDIAC) Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Indonesia Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions; 2010[cited 2011 22nd January....

Hilmawan E., Said M. Energy Efficiency Standard and Labeling Policy in Indonesia; 2009 [cited 2011 20th February....

The encyclopedia of earth. Energy profile of Indonesia; 2010 [cited 2011 22nd January. Available from:...

Hambali E. Prospek pengembangan tanaman jarak pagar untuk biodiesel dan produk turunan lainnya; 2006 [cited 2011 5th...

A. Pandey

Handbook of plant-based biofuels

(2008)

Cited by (281)

Enhancing Biodiesel-Methanol blends with 1-Butanol for stable and efficient fuels
2024, Fuel
The quest for sustainable fuels has led to the exploration of biodiesel as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional fossil fuels. While biodiesel holds promise due to its renewable nature and lower emissions, challenges occur when blending it with methanol. This study addresses these issues by adding 1-butanol as a cosolvent in biodiesel-methanol blends, improving their stability and performance. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry identifies the dominant compound in biodiesel as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, known for its stability-enhancing properties. Adding alcohols to biodiesel aiming to reduce the ignition delay time in and shorten the combustion time in diesel engines. The scientific explanation regarding the role of 1-butanol in stabilizing the biodiesel-methanol blend has not yet been revealed. Methanol's tendency to form an unstable mixture due to water affinity is mitigated by 1-butanol, which raises the critical phase separation temperature, a key indicator of blend stability. The study validates that adding 1-butanol produces a stable, homogenous blend. 1-butanol's as a third fuel blend option is underscored by its higher energy content, lower volatility, and reduced hydrophilicity compared to ethanol and methanol, making it a valuable advantage for fuel development. Investigations into ignition delay and burning speed reveal their difference with blend compositions. In conclusion, 1-butanol appears as a promising solution for enhancing the efficiency and stability of biodiesel-methanol blends, contributing to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly fuels for a more responsible and energy-efficient future.
Low-to-intermediate temperature autoignition of methyl myristate: Ignition delay time measurement and skeletal model development
2024, Combustion and Flame
An in-depth study of the chemical kinetic mechanism of biodiesels can facilitate accurate prediction of engine combustion and emission characteristics. Surrogate fuel is a feasible method for simulating the combustion chemistry of real biodiesel. Methyl myristate (MMY), one of the main components and a widely used surrogate for biodiesel, was investigated for the autoignition characteristics using a newly heated rapid compression machine (RCM). In this work, the ignition delay times (IDTs) of MMY were measured at compressed pressures of 10/15/20/30 bar with compressed temperatures ranging from 700 K to 900 K, and equivalence ratios varying from 0.3 to 1.25. The experimental observation successfully captured a typical negative temperature coefficient (NTC) phenomenon of IDT. The present experiment is the first one to measure the IDTs of MMY in a RCM, while also marking the first instance of observing the NTC phenomenon in macromolecular fatty acid methyl esters above C10. Besides, a skeletal model for methyl myristate has been developed based on the idea of decoupling methodology. In terms of fuel-dependent reactions, the kinetic model is divided into two parts: high-temperature reactions and low-temperature chain branching reactions. Combined with the experimental and simulation results, the dependence of the IDT of methyl myristate on compressed temperature, compressed pressure, equivalence ratio, and oxygen mole fraction at low-to-intermediate temperature was systematically investigated. The simulation results show that the developed skeletal model captures the ignition delay times well at low-to-intermediate temperatures and accurately predicts both the NTC phenomenon and the corresponding temperature range. Based on this, the key reactions in the combustion of MMY under different conditions were elucidated through sensitivity analysis. Ultimately, the model validation was conducted against the high-temperature IDT data from the literature.
The chemical kinetic models of various biodiesels are essential for simulating the working process of internal combustion engines and accurately predicting the combustion and emission characteristics. Among these, the autoignition characteristic is one of the most important parameters for model validation. Besides, the carbon chain length of methyl myristate closely resembles that of real biodiesels, making it an ideal surrogate fuel for biodiesels. In this study, the IDTs of MMY were measured for the first time at low-to-intermediate temperatures in a heated RCM, thereby experimentally confirming the NTC phenomenon of methyl myristate. Additionally, a skeletal model of MMY was developed based on the idea of decoupling methodology, which can accurately predict the autoignition characteristics of MMY at low-to-intermediate temperatures. The simulated values demonstrate good agreement with experimental data. Overall, the present study provides an IDT database for the development and validation of the methyl myristate mechanism.
Selective catalytic conversion of glycerol to lactic acid over CuO-NiO complex oxides
2024, Molecular Catalysis
One of the most essential techniques to achieve effective usage of the principal by-product (glycerol) in the manufacturing of biodiesel is catalytic conversion of glycerol to lactic acid. In this paper, CuO-NiO composite metal oxides with different Cu/Ni molar ratios were prepared by co-precipitation method to catalyze the conversion of glycerol to lactic acid in alkaline medium. By using XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, and H₂-TPR characterisation, the catalysts' crystalline phase, shape, and performance were assessed. The results show that the electronic synergy of CuO-NiO composite metal oxides plays a positive role in catalyzing the conversion of glycerol to lactic acid. The production of lactic acid might reach 90.08 % when Cu/Ni molar ratio (CuO1NiO2) and reaction conditions are optimum. In conjunction with the analysis using Density Functional Theory: due to the formation of heterojunctions in CuO1NiO2 the formation of good contacts between the atoms at the CuO and NiO interfaces is conducive to promoting charge transfer and electron mobility, thus enhancing the synergistic effect of electron transfer. Meanwhile, DFT calculations revealed that the Cu-Ni composite metal oxides had stronger adsorption energy for glycerol, which favored the bonding of glycerol on their surfaces.
The potential for bioenergy generated on marginal land to offset agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in China
2024, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Rational use of marginal land for cultivation of bioenergy crops is an effective means to solve land use competition and is an important way to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve energy supply. This study conducted an evaluation of the suitability of marginal land for growing energy crops in China during 1990–2020 using the GIS and multi-factor analysis method and revealed the quantitative relationship between bioenergy produced by marginal land energy crops and carbon reduction potential. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) coefficient method and life cycle method were applied to measure the biofuel yield of the Jatropha curcas and assessed its potential to offset agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. The findings are: (1) The marginal land area available for energy crops in 2020 is 1.63 × 10⁶ km², which is 8.35 % lower than the area planted in 1990. (2) When the reclamation index is 60 %, all suitable marginal land can be used to grow energy crops, and biofuels can replace 3.31 × 10¹¹ tons of conventional energy. (3) In 2020, agricultural greenhouse gas emissions will be 9.02 × 10⁸ tons, and the potential of bioenergy crop cultivation to offset agricultural greenhouse gas emissions amounts to 4.31 × 10⁸ tons, or 47.88 %. In the future, the pressure of agricultural GHG emission reduction will be further exacerbated by population growth and agricultural land supply, etc. Rational use of marginal land and development of bioenergy crops are effective ways for China to cope with climate change and realize its renewable energy strategy.
Orienting biodiesel production towards sustainability and circularity by tailoring the feedstock and processes
2023, Journal of Cleaner Production
The use of biodiesel blended with petro-diesel reduces emissions of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matter significantly. It also promotes sustainability across the supply chain and has the potential to create a carbon-neutral bioeconomy. However, the sector has had difficulty in production capacities due to a lack of sufficient feedstock thus questioning the bioprocesses' economic viability and blending targets. In particular, global biodiesel production was 43.4 billion liters in 2021, which is significantly less than bioethanol production which totaled 117 billion liters. To improve biodiesel production, feedstock such as non-edible tree-borne oils, microalgae, and oleaginous yeasts need to be refined through metabolic engineering and the process needs to be optimized for maximal production. In addition, the discovery of sustainable and low-cost catalysts certainly fosters the greening of the transesterification process, making it more cost-effective. This review examines the entire biodiesel industry, focusing on a variety of feedstocks and their recent improvements, as well as advancements in the production process. Finally, the review offers a critical viewpoint on how to achieve sustainability and circularity in the biodiesel industry's future.
Optimization of biodiesel production from rice bran oil by ultrasound and infrared radiation using ANN-GWO
2023, Fuel
A system combining ultrasound and infrared radiation was used to increase the chemical reactions between incompressible reactants by enhancing their mass transfers with the aim to reduce the energy usage and reaction time. In this study, biodiesel from RBO was produced via transesterification, and the process variables were optimized using the combination of ANN and GWO algorithm. Process parameters considered in this study are ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, and reaction time. Based on the ANN-GWO algoritm used, the optimum conditions for the process parameters were (1) methanol to oil ratio: 60%, (2) concentration of catalyst: 1 wt%, (3) time: 7.76 min, leading to the metyl ester yield of 98.16 wt%. The algoritm was verified by conducting a triplicate independent experiments using the suggested optimum values, resulting in an average methyl ester yield of 97.74 wt%. Subsequently, properties of rice bran biodiesel were compared to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, and the obtained values met both the standards.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

A review on prospect of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel in Indonesia

Abstract

Section snippets

Overview of energy resources and consumption in Indonesia

Biodiesel as a potential renewable energy resource

Botanical description of Jatropha curcas

Development of biodiesel markets in Indonesia

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Energy Conversion and Management

Renewable Energy

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Applied Energy

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Energy Conversion and Management

Biomass and Bioenergy

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Renewable Energy

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Energy Policy

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Renewable Energy

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Applied Energy

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Applied Energy

Atmospheric Environment

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Applied Energy

Energy Conversion and Management

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Bioresource Technology

Atmospheric Environment

Renewable Energy

Fuel

Energy Conversion and Management

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Biomass Bioenergy

Industrial crops and products

Applied Energy

Industrial crops and products

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Renewable Energy

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Biosystems Engineering

Computers and Chemical Engineering

Energy

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Handbook of plant-based biofuels