Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
Transformation of toxic and allelopathic lantana into a benign organic fertilizer through vermicomposting
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Lantana (Lantana camara), a species of tropical American origin, has now spread across tropical and sub-tropical Africa, Asia and Australia and in over 60 countries [18], becoming one among the world's ten worst weeds [51], [57]. It has infested millions of hectares of natural and cultivated lands, including forests [49], causing great ecological and economic damage [63]. Due to its tolerance for adverse environmental conditions and its high growth rate, it is able to out-compete other plants for space, water and nutrients, thereby catastrophically harming biodiversity [14]. Besides destroying the habitat of several species of animals, its roots exude toxic chemicals to the surrounding soil which kill or repel other plants.
There have been efforts to find possible ways of utilizing lantana, which include employing lantana as a source of cellulose [64], ethanol [38], [44], drugs [56], biogas [55], materials for furniture [45] and compost mulch [58], [64]. But none of these efforts have proved economically viable and lantana continues to invade more and more landscapes even as the ever–increasing biomass of lantana remains unutilized.
In nature both epigeic (phytophagous) and anecic (geophytophagous) groups of earthworm species scavenge on leaf litter and other bits of plant debris. The vermicast they deposit is known to rejuvenate and fertilize the soil by making its physical attributes and chemical composition plant-friendly [2], [20]. Together the epigeic earthworms — who specialize in feeding on phytomass — and anecics, who feed on phytomass as well as soil, process billions of tons of phytomass per year. But even as controlled vermicomposting of animal manure has been economically viable and is done across the world [20], phytomass-based vermicomposting has never gone beyond laboratory experiments [1]. Among several reasons for it have been the need for pre-composting; reliance on manure supplementation; and low reactor efficiency, which, together, had made vermicomposting of phytomass too slow, cumbersome, and expensive to be utilizable [1], [41]. These constraints had also prevented the exploration of possible utilization of lantana — indeed any other weed — as a substrate for generating vermicompost.
The problem has been recently overcome with the development of the concept of high-rate vermicomposting and associated technology by S.A. Abbasi and coworkers [1], [3], [4], [24], [25], [59], [60]. This has made it possible to vermicompost lantana and other forms of phytomass without any pre-composting or manure supplementation [1], [26], [42]. Moreover, the vermicomposting is achieved at a rate which is 3–4 times faster than the rate possible hitherto.
These developments have also made it possible to vermicompost lantana speedily, and in a potentially cost-effective manner. But before lantana can be put to use as a source of fertilizer, it is necessary to first check whether lantana vermicompost is helpful to other species of plants or is hostile as the lantana plants are. In two recent studies [30], [35] which cover several species of plants and several concentrations of lantana vermicompost, we have confirmed that lantana vermicompost is as plant-friendly in enhancing germination success, fruit yield, and pathogen control as manure-based vermicomposts are known to be [20].
The present paper reports extensive investigations we have since carried out with the support of UV–visible and FTIR spectrometry, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, GS-MS analysis, and scanning electron microscopy to identify the changes which are responsible for destroying the toxicity of lantana and giving plant-friendly attributes to its vermicompost.
Section snippets
General
Alkali-resistant and temperature resistant borosilicate glassware and deionized, double distilled, water were employed throughout. All other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade, unless otherwise specified.
Plants of lantana were collected from its natural growth in the Pondicherry University campus. The leaves were plucked and washed with water to remove dust. After gently wiping off adhering water the leaves were charged directly in vermireactors employing Eisenia fetida. The
C:N ratio
The results (Fig. 1) reveal that the C/N ratio of lantana (22.7) falls sharply to 8.1 as it gets vermicomposted. A C/N ratio of less than 20 is indicative of significant stabilization and a level of acceptable maturity, while a ratio of 15 or less is deemed preferable for agronomic use of the compost [16], [40]. Hence the extent of reduction in C/N ratio achieved during vermicomposting of lantana reflects lantana's transformation into a nitrogen rich fertilizer. The fall in C/N ratio is
Summary and conclusion
The paper presents the results of extensive investigations, supported by UV–visible and FTIR spectrometry, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, GS-MS analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, carried out to assess the transformations that occur when leaves of the weed lantana (Lantana camera) are vermicomposted by the earthworm Eisenia fetida. The studies reveal that a drastic reduction in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio occurs — from 22.7 to 8.1 — bringing this ratio within the
Acknowledgement
SAA thanks the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, for Emeritus Fellowship and associated grants. NH thanks the UGC for the Maulana Azad National Fellowship.
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Concurrently Visiting Associate Professor, Department of Fire Protection Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA 01609, USA.