Carbon exchange fluxes over peatlands in Western Siberia: Possible feedback between land-use change and climate change
Graphical abstract
Introduction
The growing demand for agricultural products has been leading to an expansion and intensification of agriculture around the world (Foley et al., 2011, McKenzie and Williams, 2015). The agricultural potential is virtually exhausted in many developed countries, meaning that the costs of further intensification or expansion would outweigh the potential benefits. However, large, unused capacities still exist in developing and transitional countries (Godfray et al., 2010, Schierhorn et al., 2014a). The regions of the former Soviet Union play a key role in this context, where in Russia alone 45 million ha were abandoned after the collapse of collective farming in the early 1990s (Bokusheva, 2005, Kurganova et al., 2014, Schierhorn et al., 2013). Abandoned cropland in Russia was found to significantly mitigate the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) increase by accumulating carbon in the soils (Dolman et al., 2012, Kurganova et al., 2015, Schierhorn et al., 2013). However, the available estimates vary largely, and are mostly located in European Russia (Alcantara et al., 2013, Vuichard et al., 2008). Since 2000, agriculture is strongly developing again and unused ex-arable land is currently reclaimed in vast regions of the former Soviet Union (Griffiths et al., 2013, Kamp et al., 2011, Rosstat, 2015). In South Western Siberia, for example, the efficiency of land use has been enhanced by mechanization, shallower crop rotations, and an increased input of pesticides and fertilizer during the last few years (Kühling et al., 2016). In parallel, the transition zone between the temperate and boreal climates (Kottek et al., 2006), i.e. between the forest steppe and pre-taiga in the South of Western Siberia, is strongly affected by climate change (Balzter et al., 2010, Frey and Smith, 2003, Tchebakova et al., 2009). Shulgina et al. (2011) and Degefie et al. (2014) revealed a significant increase of growing season length and number of growing degree days in the past four decades in South Western Siberia. Degefie et al. (2014) further state that the South of South Western Siberia is expected to become drier and warmer, while the North shows the tendency to get wetter and warmer. In conjunction with a worldwide growing demand for arable land, these changes could not only foster a recultivation of ex-arable land in South Western Siberia, but, in a long-term, may also lead to an expansion of the Western Siberian grain belt into drained peatland areas to the North (Kicklighter et al., 2014, Perelet et al., 2007, Robarts et al., 2013). Simulations of Kicklighter et al. (2014) estimate an increase of the agriculturally used land of 16–22% over the 21st century in Northern Eurasia due to climate-induced vegetation-shifts. Such a development might lead to a degradation of carbon stocks in the soils, turning the South of Western Siberia from a sink to a source of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. So it is crucial to study the consequences of this land transition with respect to the carbon cycling (Kamp, 2014, Schiermeier, 2013). It is known that land use can exert significant impact on the carbon turnover. For example, crop rotations, fertilization, tillage, drainage or irrigation can determine whether, and in which intensity, fields act as carbon sinks or carbon sources (Hauggaard-Nielsen et al., 2016, Negassa et al., 2015, Oberholzer et al., 2014). Climate models and regional projections should be adapted to account for these processes, but data on this topic are scarce (Haddaway et al., 2014). Most of the relevant research on that topic was carried out in Finland, Canada, The Netherlands, and Germany, commonly based on flux chamber or soil properties measurements, and focusing on the comparison of dry versus wet, of fertilized versus less fertilized, of restored versus unrestored, and of drained versus undrained conditions. However, there is a general lack of carbon exchange data east of the Ural Mountains (Gilmanov et al., 2010, ORNL DAAC, 2013). There are only few studies on forests (Kotani et al., 2014, Röser et al., 2002), bogs and fens (Arneth et al., 2002, Kurbatova et al., 2002) and tundra and steppe grasslands (e.g., Marchesini et al., 2007, Mbufong et al., 2014). Studies about land-use effects in agricultural systems on GHG emissions are practically non-existing (Guo and Gifford, 2002, Haddaway et al., 2014). Findings from western studies concerning the effect of cultivation would not be comparable to the conditions in Western Siberia, not only because of the highly continental climate, but also because of the very different cropping system with major differences in the dominance of summer cultures, the timing of tillage, sowing and harvesting, and the amount and type of fertilizers applied. The climate-induced start time of tillage and sowing is probably the most important parameter leading to bare soil conditions until the middle of June (Bondeau et al., 2007, Rosstat, 2015). Up to now, no study has been carried out on the comparison between cropped and unused or bare soil in boreo-temperate ecosystems, and the effect of the respective agricultural practices on the cycling of carbon and greenhouse gases.
Our study addresses this knowledge gap. The goal is to determine the impact of a conversion from non-used peat grasslands to cultivated fields on the GHG fluxes and thus climate change in Western Siberia, where future land-use change has to be anticipated. We analyze the atmosphere-ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide and methane of an arable field and a corresponding unused grassland on peat soil with the eddy covariance technique over a full vegetation period in the pre-taiga of the Tyumen Oblast in Western Siberia. This twin-station experiment shall (i) exhibit differences of GHG fluxes between these two sites, (ii) unveil differences in timing (phenology) of CO2 fluxes between the two systems, and (iii) assess differences in the carbon budgets of the two fields. The results of this comparison are used as a proxy for land-use change, for which the potential feedback with climate change will be discussed.
Section snippets
Description of the study area and study sites
The study sites are located in the southern part of the Western Siberian Lowland, approximately 20 km northeast of the city of Tyumen in Russia and in the transition between the temperate zone (forest steppe) to the south and the boreal zone to the north (Schmithüsen, 1976) (Fig. 1). The area exhibits a humid, continental climate with mean annual temperatures between − 2.3 and + 2.7 °C. The average temperature in July is 17–21 °C, and − 25 to − 12 °C in January (Tyumen weather station, 1971–2011; 37 km
Fluxes of the grassland
The NEE at the grassland generally followed a seasonal pattern (Fig. 5, Fig. 6). It was low at the beginning of the measurement period when the surface was covered by snow. At this time small emissions in the order of 1 to 2 g CO2 m− 2 d− 1 (about 0.1 to 1 μmol CO2 m− 2 s− 1) were found (Fig. 5). After snow melt, the photosynthetic activity started immediately, and increased strongly over time. The highest exchange rates occurred in late spring and summer between end of May and July when the environmental
Evaluation of the methane fluxes
Western Siberian peatlands comprise about 13% of the global peatland area and are expected to strongly contribute to global CH4 emissions (Friborg, 2003, Peregon et al., 2009, Smith et al., 2004). However, estimates of the CH4 fluxes from Western Siberian mire landscapes vary largely and Glagolev et al. (2011) suggest that they do not appear to be a major contributor. This might be, compared to tropical wetlands, due to long winters during which emissions are strongly reduced. Additionally, the
Acknowledgments
This work was conducted as part of project SASCHA (‘Sustainable land management and adaptation strategies to climate change for the Western Siberian grain belt’). We are grateful for funding by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research within their Sustainable Land Management funding framework (reference 01LL0906D). Furthermore, we thank the farming enterprise ZAO Kaskara, Tyumen, Russia, for the possibility to carry out this research on the enterprise's ground, and Maxim Dorotov
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