Microstructural relationships between compounds in the Ti–Si–C system

doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.05.014

Scripta Materialia

Volume 55, Issue 5, September 2006, Pages 445-448

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.05.014 Get rights and content

Microstructural relationships between Ti₅Si₃ and TiC, and Ti₃SiC₂ and TiC are reported. Ti₅Si₃ and TiC were determined to share a coherent interface following a new set of orientation relationships, i.e., ( $1 1 \bar{2} 4$ )Ti₅Si₃∥( $1 \bar{1} 0$ )TiC and [ $2 2 \bar{4} \bar{3}$ ]Ti₅Si₃∥[1 1 0]TiC. Moreover, direct atomic resolution observation through Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy showed that Ti₃SiC₂ nucleated within TiC. The close microstructural relationships between compounds in the Ti–Si–C system benefit the understanding of the reaction mechanism for the synthesis of Ti₃SiC₂.

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Ti atoms obtained sufficient energy from the strong laser fluence to diffuse seriously in the sub-interface of the steel, and formed several strong bonds with the C and Fe atoms, e. g. TiC, FeTi and Fe2Ti [35]. Around the interface between the transitional Ti layer and the adhesive SiC layer, it had been experimental proved that the reaction of Ti and SiC initially resulted in the formation of TiCx and the release of Si [36,37]. Then the out-diffused Si atoms might react with TiCx to form Ti3SiC2 or react with Ti to form Ti5Si3 and TiSi2 [38,39].
The amorphous SiC layers played an essential role of improving adhesive property in the pulsed laser deposition-grown multilayer DLC coating. Comparison of several experiments exhibited that the adhesive SiC layer enhanced the adhesive strength of the DLC layer on the transitional Ti layer. Meanwhile, the ‘inserted’ buffer thin SiC layers, which had strong binding force with the DLC layers, divided the thick DLC layer (about 1.2 μm) into several relatively thin layers. It's thought that the buffer SiC layers reduced accumulation of internal stress in each finite thickness and then prevented the cracking of the DLC layer. And the total thickness of optimized multilayer DLC coating reached to 2 μm. The multilayer DLC coating with the adhesive SiC layer and buffer SiC layers showed an excellent adhesive performance on the stainless steel. The similar tribological property of SiC layer to the DLC layer conferred this multilayer DLC coating a low friction coefficient and a low wear rate.
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A multi-modal, multi-scale correlative tomography investigation of Al-TiC metal matrix composites processed via flux-assisted reaction synthesis is reported. Synchrotron X-ray microradiography is utilized to visualize the reaction and particle evolution in real-time. Changes in particle diameter and areal number density suggest that the process is nucleation- rather than growth-dominated. At 950 °C, the bulk of the reaction takes place in a relatively short time span of less than 600 s. The microstructure is imaged at higher resolution in 2D (scanning electron microscopy) and 3D (synchrotron X-ray nanotomography), revealing the formation of carbide particles with a hexagonal platelet morphology. We propose that the morphology arises due to the incorporation of Si impurities during the experiment. It is expected that the correlative tomography workflow and analysis may guide future metal matrix composite (MMC) processing strategies.
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Moreover, Ti3SiC2 comes from the reaction of TiC and Ti–Si phases at high temperatures [23,24]. During the synthesis of Ti3SiC2, TiC or Ti5Si3 often coexisted with Ti3SiC2 [25]. In the recent years, many researchers have paid attention to the in-situ synthesis and their properties of Ti3SiC2 based composites containing TiC/Ti5Si3.
The Ti₃SiC₂–Ti₅Si₃–TiC composite coatings with various Si content were in-situ prepared by reactive plasma spraying with the mixture of Ti-graphite-Si powders. Results showed that the sprayed coatings consisted of Ti₃SiC₂, Ti₅Si₃ and TiC phases. With increasing in Si contents, the content percent of Ti₃SiC₂ phase increased, and TiC and Ti₅Si₃ phases decreased. The sizes of the crystallized phases were 50–100 nm.The Ti₃SiC₂–Ti₅Si₃–TiC composite coatings had a lamellar structure with good-bonding interfaces. The increased Si contents enhanced the fracture toughness and wear resistance of the Ti₃SiC₂–Ti₅Si₃–TiC composite coatings, and failed to enhance their hardness. The wear mechanism of Ti₃SiC₂–Ti₅Si₃–TiC composite coatings were abrasive wear, accompanied by adhesive wear and tribo-oxidation wear.
Synthesis and microstructural evolution in ternary metalloceramic Ti<inf>3</inf>SiC<inf>2</inf> consolidated via the Maxthal 312 powder route
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A bulk specimen containing Ti₃SiC₂, TiSi₂ and TiC was prepared through an in situ spark plasma sintering/solid-liquid reaction powder metallurgy method using the Maxthal 312 (nominally-Ti₃SiC₂) powder as a starting material. The reaction mechanism, phase constituents and evolution of the microstructure were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) system, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Vickers microhardness testing. Phase analysis and microstructural characterization revealed that the bulk sample contained binary ancillary phases, possibly due to Si evaporation and/or carburization. The deformed microstructure around the indents revealed evidence of plasticity, intrinsic lubricity and toughening. The Microstructural and orientation relationships between the phases contained in the bulk sample are reported.
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In this paper, Ti₃SiC₂-based materials were fabricated by reactive melt infiltration (RMI), and the effect of carbon and Al on the formation of Ti₃SiC₂ was discussed. In the infiltration process of Si melt, the existence of carbon in the initial preform is beneficial to the formation of Ti₃SiC₂. Carbon can react with TiSi₂ to form new TiC with more carbon vacancies than the initial TiC, promoting the formation of TiC twins and Ti₃SiC₂. In the infiltration process of Al–Si alloy, the existence of Al can effectively decrease the twin boundary energy of TiC grains, leading to the formation of TiC twins and nucleation of Ti₃SiC₂. There is a diffusion–competition process existing between Si and Al melts, leading to a higher Si/Al ratio in the final samples than in the Al–Si alloy. A possible formation mechanism was proposed to explain the final products.
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Citation Excerpt :
To our knowledge, except the traditional MAX phases, including 211, 312, and 413 phases etc., there are several other layered compounds consisting of mixed M-X and A layers, for example, 523 phase (Ti5Al2C3) [23]. According to previous investigation, Si layer could insert into the TiC grains to form the twin microstructure, which could be one clear explanation about the synthesis mechanism of Ti3SiC2 [24]. Of course, the converse reaction surely exists that the decomposition of Ti3SiC2 often formed the hexagonal Ti3C2 firstly which then transformed into cubic TiCx phase [25].
Present work reviewed the discovery of new MAX phases since 2004. To date, there were new compounds synthesized in the Ti–Si–C (Ti₄SiC₃, Ti₅Si₂C₃ and Ti₇Si₂C₅), Ti–Al–C (Ti₅Al₂C₃), Ti–Ge–C (Ti₄GeC₃, Ti₅Ge₂C₃ and Ti₇Ge₂C₅), Ti–Sn–C (Ti₃SnC₂), Ti–Ga–C (Ti₄GaC₃), V–Al–C (V₃AlC₂ and V₄AlC₃), V–Cr–Al–C ((V_0.5Cr_0.5)₃AlC₂ and (V_0.5Cr_0.5)₅Al₂C₃), Ta–Al–Sn–C (Ta₃Al_0.6Sn_0.4C₂), Ta–Al–C (α-Ta₄AlC₃, β-Ta₄AlC₃, β-Ta₆AlC₅), Nb–Al–C (Nb₄AlC₃), and Ti–Nb–Al–C ((Ti,Nb)₅AlC₄) systems. The synthesis processes of new phases were introduced and the crystal parameters, atomic stacking sequences, as well as the atomic positions and basic physical and mechanical properties, of these new MAX phases were systemically described. Additionally, the possible directions and techniques of discovering new more MAX phases were summarized.

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Microstructural relationships between compounds in the Ti–Si–C system

Mater. Lett.

J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.

J Mater. Synth. Proc.

J. Alloy. Compd.

Scr. Mater.

Acta Mater.

Acta Mater.

Acta Mater.

J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.

Mater. Sci. Eng. A

Scr. Mater.

Scr. Mater.