Alluvial fan deposition along a rift depocentre border from the Neuquén Basin, Argentina

doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.12.007

Sedimentary Geology

Volume 301, 15 March 2014, Pages 70-89

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.12.007 Get rights and content

Abstract

The interaction between hangingwall block rotation and alluvial deposition is examined from Late Triassic–Early Jurassic successions exposed along the Catán Lil half-graben border fault system in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Analysis of transport and depositional processes, clast composition and rock body geometry allowed the identification of three distinctive fan-shaped alluvial units. The contrasting lithologic nature of the basement (igneous-metamorphic) and syn-rift fill (volcanic and volcanic-derived) permits detailed studies of clast provenance. The origin of each alluvial system (footwall- vs. hangingwall-derived) can thus be verified. A simple method was implemented to establish the geometry of each alluvial unit by comparing the stereographic projection of its bedding to that of an idealised fan shaped body. Results show that the three alluvial systems occupied the same relative location in the rift depocentre. Unit 1 is interpreted as an alluvial fan orientated transverse to the depocentre border fault system and fed from the footwall. Non-cohesive debris flow deposition was the dominant process in this environment. Unit 2 is interpreted as a mainly hangingwall-fed alluvial fan, parallel to the depocentre border fault system and shows an upward decrease in footwall-derived clasts. Hyperconcentrated flow was the principal transport process. Unit 3 represents a fan delta, parallel to the depocentre border fault system. Its components are completely hangingwall-derived and hyperconcentrated flow deposition was the dominant process. Differences in grain-size, composition, transport directions and fan body geometry are proved to be directly linked to variations in ground tilting induced by the direction of hangingwall block rotation in an endorheic rift depocentre.

Introduction

Most of the published examples of alluvial evolution along border fault systems result from studies undertaken in rift depocentres limited by strongly interacting fault segments over relatively well integrated drainage networks (e.g., Alexander and Leeder, 1987, Jackson and Leeder, 1994, Eliet and Gawthorpe, 1995, Leeder et al., 1996, Leeder and Mack, 2001). Linkage of small fault segments into large border fault systems controls the location, size and shape of footwall catchments and the focusing of sediment supply to hangingwall depocentres (e.g., Roberts and Jackson, 1991, Gawthorpe and Hurst, 1993, Leeder and Jackson, 1993), favouring the inception of alluvial systems orientated either transverse or parallel to the fault scarps (e.g. Gawthorpe et al., 1994, Eliet and Gawthorpe, 1995, Leeder et al., 1996, Cowie et al., 2006). As a result, well established depocentre- to basin-scale predictive models of alluvial evolution in rift basins already exist (e.g., Eliet and Gawthorpe, 1995, Gawthorpe and Leeder, 2000, Cowie et al., 2006). In contrast, more detailed scale models are still needed in order to understand the evolution of individual fans and the local controls operating over them. The work presented in this study documents the evolution of alluvial units in a presumably hydrologically-closed depocentre next to a border fault system in which fault segments were already linked. This isolated condition prevented the development of axial fluvial systems connecting different depocentres and interacting with any transverse alluvial system elements (e.g., Mack and Leeder, 1999, Leeder and Mack, 2001). In the absence of propagating and linking fault segments along the border fault system, differences in hangingwall block rotation and subsidence were the main control over alluvial fan/fan delta configuration and orientation. Some of these characteristics are addressed as being originated from deforming a more competent hangingwall substrate as opposed to rift basin situations where the deforming hangingwall substrate is composed of relatively thick unconsolidated syn-rift sediments and/or sedimentary rock pre-rift units. The main objective of this contribution is to evaluate the evolution of an alluvial environment originated along a half-graben border, in terms of changes in fan geometry and orientation, source areas and sedimentary processes, and how the integration of these parameters can be used in order to understand the effects of ground tilting and hangingwall block rotation. The data used for this purpose come from the analysis of an inverted and eroded fossil rift depocentre and the interpretations are based on its reconstructed fill. The methodology used and the results obtained from the present analysis are expected to be of general applicability to other similar areas and can contribute to the generation of predictive models of potential use in the mineral and oil industries.

Section snippets

Geological setting

The Neuquén Basin is located between latitudes 32° and 40°S, mainly in west-central Argentina but also extending west into Chile (Fig. 1A). The basin has a triangular shape, occupying an area of about 160,000 km², and the basin fill stratigraphy extends from the Early Triassic to Holocene, with a maximum thickness of at least 7000 m (Vergani et al., 1995). The origin of the basin lies in pre-Andean extensional processes related to the extensional collapse of the Gondwanic Orogen (Uliana and

Study area

This work focuses on alluvial deposits from the syn-rift Precuyano Cycle and their transition to the Cuyano Cycle in the Catán Lil Depocentre (Fig. 1). Exposures lie along the Catán Lil and Chachil ranges, about 70 km southwest of the city of Zapala, where outcrops of basement rocks and syn-rift successions are well preserved (Fig. 1, Fig. 3). The basement includes Permian–Carboniferous granitoids of the Chachil Plutonic Complex (Leanza, 1990) intruding Siluro-Devonian schists of the Piedra

Methodology

Detailed geologic mapping, sedimentary logging and facies analysis were performed in order to determine the main depositional characteristics of the alluvial units. Six log sections were logged at 1:100 scale. The geometry of the three syn-rift alluvial units was studied by constructing 2D cross sections parallel to the border fault system and by stereographic projection techniques. The latter consists in plotting the bedding dip and dip direction in a stereographic projection and comparing it

Alluvial deposits

Four different facies were defined for Unit 1, two for Unit 2 and two for Unit 3. Their descriptions are given below and summarised in Table 1. Compositional data are shown in Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 for Units 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

Composition of the alluvial units

As a whole, the alluvial successions studied show a definite upwards decrease in the proportion of granitic clasts (Fig. 6, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4). The change in composition is abrupt from Unit 1 to Unit 2 and is then gradual up to Unit 3. This indicates a general decrease in footwall-derived components and corresponding enrichment in hangingwall-derived ones. It is significant, however, that such diminution is not detected in the case of outsized clasts (i.e., cobbles and boulders), where

Discussion

Alluvial deposition along the border fault system in a half-graben depocentre is characterised by the development of three distinctive elements (e.g., Leeder and Gawthorpe, 1987, Jackson and Leeder, 1994, Eliet and Gawthorpe, 1995, Leeder et al., 1996, Gawthorpe and Leeder, 2000): a) relatively high-gradient transverse footwall-sourced alluvial fans, b) lower gradient transverse hangingwall-fed alluvial fans typically coalesced into a bajada, and c) an axial river. From these, neither the

Conclusions

A succession of three different alluvial systems was deposited along the border fault of the Catán Lil half-graben in the Neuquén Basin: a transverse footwall-fed alluvial fan dominated by debris flow deposition (Unit 1), a longitudinal hangingwall-fed alluvial fan dominated by hyperconcentrated flow deposition (Unit 2) and a longitudinal hangingwall-fed fan delta dominated by hyperconcentrated flow deposition (Unit 3). Hangingwall rotation is proposed as the main structural control over the

Acknowledgements

M. Muravchik was granted a PhD scholarship by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina (CONICET). His PhD project was supported by research grants from Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT 07-8451 and 25304). Alejandro Dajil, Laura Lamarca, Nicolás Sandoval, Martín Griffin, Irene Hernando and Mariano Hernández are acknowledged for their assistance in the field and friendship. Marta Pesqueira and Oscar Isasi are specially

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Alluvial fan deposition along a rift depocentre border from the Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Geological setting

Study area

Methodology

Alluvial deposits

Composition of the alluvial units

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Journal of Structural Geology

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Earth-Science Reviews

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