In situ growth of gold nanoparticles on hydrogen-bond supramolecular structures with high peroxidase-like activity at neutral pH and their application to one-pot blood glucose sensing

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.141

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical

Volume 245, June 2017, Pages 656-664

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.141 Get rights and content

Highlights

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A simple and general procedure is designed for in situ growth of AuNPs on MCA hydrogen-bond supramolecular structures.
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The nanocomposites AuNPs/MCA exhibit high peroxidase-like activity at neutral pH, as well as excellent stability.
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AuNPs/MCA are successfully used for the quantitative determination of blood glucose via one-pot colorimetric assay.

Abstract

A simple and general procedure is designed for in situ growth of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on hydrogen-bond supramolecular structures. The resulting nanocomposites are obtained via a one-pot synthetic method using chloroauric acid (HAuCl₄), sodium citrate, melamine (M) and cyanuric acid (CA) as precursors. At room temperature, melamine cyanurate (MCA) is formed immediately by M and CA through hydrogen bond self-assembly, possesses rich nitrogen content (49.4 wt%), and provides evenly dispersed and active sites to anchor and stabilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as an ideal scaffold. The nanocomposites (AuNPs/MCA) exhibit high peroxidase-like activity that can catalyze the oxidation-reduction reaction of H₂O₂ and peroxidase substrates over a broad pH range, including nearly neutral conditions (pH 5.0–7.4), as well as excellent stability. Combined with glucose oxidase (GO_x), AuNPs/MCA are successfully used for the quantitative determination of blood glucose via one-pot colorimetric assay. This study develops an economic approach for preparation of peroxidase mimetics with high catalytic activity at neutral pH, and well stability, expected to provide guidelines for other types of inorganic/supramolecule nanocomposites, and to broaden their applications in analytical chemistry and environmental science.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Natural peroxidases, such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP), are of great importance and widely employed in the fields of disease control, food safety and environmental protection [1], [2], [3]. Nevertheless, most enzymes are proteins, and often stomach some defects, including poor stability by proteases digesting, sensitive to environment, costly preparation and purification [4], [5], [6]. Accordingly, construction of peroxidase mimetics with high catalytic activity and stability, has great practical significance. Since Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were found to possess peroxidase-like activity, many nanoscale materials have been developed as the efficient peroxidase alternatives, involving metal-based nanoparticles, metal oxide-based nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials and other nanomaterials [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]. However, a majority of the developed peroxidase mimetics have well catalytic activity in acidic conditions (pH < 5.0), including Fe₃O₄ MNPs (pH 4.5) [22], gold NPs (pH 4.0) [23], silver NPs (pH 4.0) [24], V₂O₅ (pH 4.0) [25], graphene oxide (pH 4.0) [26], carbon nanodots (pH 3.5) [27], C₆₀-carboxyfullerenes (pH 3.5) [28] and Cu(OH)₂ supercages (pH 4.5) [29]. Few report that nanomaterials exhibit high peroxidase-like activity in nearly neutral conditions (pH 5.0–7.4) [30], [31]. However, peroxidases are widely used in the one-pot assay for some compounds in combination with other enzymes which have high catalytic activities in neutral conditions. Therefore, the design of a peroxidase mimetic, with high catalytic activity at neutral pH, via a convenient and cost-effective means, is of great interest.

Natural enzymes, nanometer-sized stuffs, are created by polymeric chain-like components folding and self-assembling through supramolecular interactions [32], [33]. The supramolecular interactions, involving hydrogen bond interaction, electrostatic interaction, vander Waals interaction, π–π interaction, have extensively been introduced in the construction of effective artificial enzymes [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40]. Xu et al. have demonstrated the self-assembly of functional group hemin and amino acid derivatives, and the resulting supramolecular complexes with high peroxidase-like catalytic activity [41]. Naik et al. have reported a robust inorganic mimic, which is formed by biotemplated cadmium sulfide and cadmium sulfide-platinum, and exhibits enhanced catalytic activity, optical activity and elevated temperatures activity [42]. Supramolecular nanotubes, interesting self-assembled products, have been used as scaffolds to frame enzyme mimics [43]. Liu and coworkers have designed and synthesized a class of artificial enzymes, by functionalizing giant nanotubes and using selenium or tellurium as the catalytic center [44]. Although many impressive advances have been achieved in the exploration of supramolecular structured artificial enzymes, it is still highly desirable to develop new artificial enzymes based on supramolecular structures.

Here, melamine (M) and cyanuric acid (CA), are used for preparation of in situ growth of gold nanoparticles on hydrogen-bond supramolecular structures. Melamine cyanurate (MCA), which is formed by M and CA, with hydrogen-bond supramolecular structures and rich nitrogen content (49.4 wt%), is an ideal scaffold, possessing evenly dispersed and active sites to anchor and stabilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The resulting self-assembled supramolecular complexes (AuNPs/MCA), show excellent peroxidase-like activity at neutral pH, which can catalyze the oxidation-reduction reaction of H₂O₂ and peroxidase substrates. For further application, AuNPs/MCA are successfully used for the quantitative determination of blood glucose with high sensitivity (a detection limit of 0.1 μM) and selectivity via one-pot colorimetric assay.

Section snippets

Materials

Melamine (C₃N₆H₆) was purchased from Acros Organics. Citric acid trisodium salt (C₆H₅Na₃O₇·2H₂O), cyanuric acid (C₃H₃N₃O₃), hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) trihydrate (HAuCl₄·3H₂O), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 30%) and glucose were all from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), o-phenylenediamine (OPD), glucose oxidase (GO_x, from Aspergillus Niger) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP, lyophilized power)

Synthesis and characterization of and AuNPs/MCA

As shown in Scheme 1, in the presence of HAuCl₄, the free amine group in melamine (M) were protonated. Thus, they were available to bind the gold complex ions (AuCl₄⁻), resulting in the formation of gold/melamine complexes (C₃N₅H₄NH₃⁺AuCl₄⁻) (Step 1). Subsequently, the addition of cyanuric acid (CA) resulted in fast precipitation of hydrogen-bond supramolecular product (melamine cyanurate, MCA) (Step 2). Finally, using sodium citrate as the reducing agent, gold complex ions (AuCl₄⁻) were

Conclusions

In summary, we reported a new, simple, environmental friendly synthetic technique for in situ growth of gold nanoparticles on MCA hydrogen-bond supramolecular structures. Compared with the previous work [54], the present work rendered several novelties. First, the synthesis procedure of AuNPs/MCA became simpler, using one-pot synthetic method to obtain the nanocomposites with catalytic activity, through hydrogen bond interaction and electrostatic interaction. Second, the resulting AuNPs/MCA

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21375153) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2016A030310188).

Rui-min Li is an associate research follow in School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University. She received her Ph.D. degree from the Institute of Chemistry (ICCAS), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Beijing in 2015. Her research interests include optical sensor and biosensors, functional nanomaterials and biomaterials, Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as catalyzers.

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Li Zou received his master’s degree from Analytical Chemistry, Wuhan University in 2015. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University and his research interests are optical sensor and biosensors, functional nanomaterials and biomaterials, fluorescence spectroscopy.

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Jing Wang received her master’s degree from Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology in 2015. She is currently a Ph.D. candidate in School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University and her research interests are optical sensor and biosensors, functional nanomaterials and biomaterials, fluorescence spectroscopy.

Chun-ying Shu is a Professor of Chemistry at the Institute of Chemistry (ICCAS), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Beijing. Her research interests include imaging of nano-biomaterials, multifunctional nanomaterials for the theranostics of diseases.

Chun-ru Wang is a Professor of Chemistry at the Institute of Chemistry (ICCAS), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Beijing. His research interests include production, isolation and characterizations of novel fullerenes and endohedral fullerenes, nanomaterials and nanodevices, biochemistry.

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In situ growth of gold nanoparticles on hydrogen-bond supramolecular structures with high peroxidase-like activity at neutral pH and their application to one-pot blood glucose sensing

Highlights

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Materials

Synthesis and characterization of and AuNPs/MCA

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Sens. Actuators B Chem.

Sens. Actuators B Chem.

Sens. Actuators B Chem.

Biosens. Bioelectron.

Effective conversion of metmyoglobin to oxymyoglobin by cysteine-substituted polyphenols

J. Agric. Food Chem.

Horseradish peroxidase-mediated, iodide-catalyzed cascade reaction for plasmonic immunoassays

Anal. Chem.

Slow biotransformation of carbon nanotubes by horseradish peroxidase

Environ. Sci. Technol.

Catalytically active nanomaterials: a promising candidate for artificial enzymes

Acc. Chem. Res.

Stable-on-the-Table enzymes: engineering the enzyme–graphene oxide interface for unprecedented kinetic stability of the biocatalyst

ACS Catal.

Meso-unsubstituted iron corrole in hemoproteins: remarkable differences in effects on peroxidase activities between myoglobin and horseradish peroxidase

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles

Nat. Nanotechnol.

Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes

Chem. Soc. Rev.

Design of AgM bimetallic alloy nanostructures (M = Au, Pd, Pt) with tunable morphology and peroxidase-like activity

Chem. Mater.

Multi-enzyme co-embedded organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers: synthesis and application as a colorimetric sensor

Nanoscale

Highly dispersed CeO2 on TiO2 nanotube: a synergistic nanocomposite with superior peroxidase-like activity

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

In situ growth of porous platinum nanoparticles on graphene oxide for colorimetric detection of cancer cells

Anal. Chem.

Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures

Anal. Chem.

Dual enzyme-like activities of iron oxide nanoparticles and their implication for diminishing cytotoxicity

ACS Nano

Dendrimer-encapsulated Pt nanoparticles with peroxidase-mimetic activity as biocatalytic labels for sensitive colorimetric analyses

Chem. Commun.

Bio-inspired synthesis of metal nanomaterials and applications

Chem. Soc. Rev.

Graphene nanosheet: synthesis, molecular engineering, thin film, hybrids, and energy and analytical applications

Chem. Soc. Rev.

Prussian blue modified iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and their high peroxidase-like activity

J. Mater. Chem.

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Anal. Chem.

Positively-charged gold nanoparticles as peroxidiase mimic and their application in hydrogen peroxide and glucose detection

Chem. Commun.

Peroxidase-like activity of chitosan stabilized silver nanoparticles for visual and colorimetric detection of glucose

Analyst

V2O5 nanowires with an intrinsic peroxidase-like activity

Adv. Funct. Mater.

Graphene oxide: intrinsic peroxidase catalytic activity and its application to glucose detection

Adv. Mater.

Highly dispersed CeO₂ on TiO₂ nanotube: a synergistic nanocomposite with superior peroxidase-like activity

V₂O₅ nanowires with an intrinsic peroxidase-like activity