Elsevier

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Volume 20, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 354-365
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Sonochemical synthesis of silver vanadium oxide micro/nanorods: Solvent and surfactant effects

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.05.002Get rights and content

Abstract

In this investigation, a facile sonochemical route has been developed for the preparation of silver vanadium oxide (SVO) micro/nanorods by using silver salicylate and ammonium metavanadate as silver and vanadate precursor, respectively. Here, silver salicylate, [Ag(HSal)], is introduced as a new silver precursor to fabricate AgVO3 nanorods. The effect of numerous solvents and surfactants on the morphology and sonochemical formation mechanism of AgVO3 nanorods was studied. AgVO3 nanorods were characterized by SEM and TEM images, XRD patterns, FT-IR, XPS, and EDS spectroscopy. SEM, TEM, and XRD results showed that AgO nanoparticles were formed onto AgVO3 nanorods in the presence of ethanol, cyclohexanol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and acetone. By using polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as organic additives, the thickness of AgVO3 nanorods decreased.

Highlights

► AgVO3 micro/nanorods were produced via sonochemical route. ► Silver salicylate was applied as silver precursor. ► The effect of solvent and surfactant on the morphology of products was investigated.

Introduction

In the past decade, one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials due to their potential applications in numerous areas such as sensors [1], lasers [2], single-electron transistors [3], field-effect transistors [4], interconnections in nanoelectronics [5], and photodetectors [6], [7] have attracted much attention. Among these nanomaterials, silver vanadium oxides (SVOs) have been recognized as a field emitter due to their magnetic properties [1], visible light-driven photocatalysts [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], electrochemical cells [13], and cathode material in lithium batteries [14], [15]. Up to now, numerous methods including hydrothermal [16], [17], precipitation [8], CTAB-assisted hydrothermal [18], and mechanochemical routes [19] have been applied to fabricate SVOs. Besides, Holtz et al. synthesized silver vanadate nanowires decorated with silver nanoparticles as a novel antibacterial agent through hydrothermal method [20]. When hydrothermal, mechanochemical, and precipitation routes have been applied for the preparation of silver vanadium oxide nanostructures, the synthesis processes were carried out at high temperatures for long time [16], [17], [8], [18], [19], [20]. Therefore, the development of a simple and fast synthetic method that can control the shape and particle size of nanostructures under ambient conditions remained an important topic of investigations.

Recently, the ultrasonic process as a fast, convenient, and economical method has been widely used to generate novel nanostructured materials under ambient conditions [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26]. The chemical effects of ultrasound arise from acoustic cavitation, which is the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid. The growth of the bubble occurs through the diffusion of solute vapor into the volume of the bubble, while the collapse of the bubble occurs when the bubble size reaches its maximum value. When solutions are exposed to ultrasound irradiation, the bubbles are implosively collapsed by acoustic fields in the solution. According to hot spot theory, very high temperatures (>5000 K) are obtained upon the collapse of a bubble. Since this collapse occurs in less than a nanosecond, very high cooling rates (>1010 K/s) are also obtained [27], [28]. These extreme conditions can drive a variety of chemical reactions to fabricate nano-sized materials. In this study, AgVO3 nanorods have been prepared by using [Ag(HSal)] and NH4VO3 as starting reagents via a simple sonochemical method. The effect of preparation parameters such as solvent, and surfactant on the morphology and sonochemical formation mechanism of AgVO3 nanorods was investigated.

Section snippets

Materials and physical measurements

All the reagents for the synthesis of AgVO3 nanorods including silver nitrate, sodium salicylate (C7H5O3Na), ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3), ethanol, cyclohexanol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), ethylene glycol, acetone, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-8000), polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000 and 6000), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were commercially available and employed without further

Results and discussion

To determine the number of coordinated or crystallization water molecules of silver salicylate complex, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermogravimetric (DTG), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were carried out between 30 and 500 °C in air. Fig. 1a shows the TGA, DTG, and DTA curves of [Ag(HSal)] precursor. As shown in Fig. 1a, two weight loss steps are shown in the TGA curve. According to TGA/DTG results, the first weight loss observed at 276.9 °C, and the second weight

Conclusion

In summary, AgVO3 micro/nanorods were produced by using silver salicylate and ammonium metavanadate as starting agents in the presence of ultrasound irradiation. SEM and XRD results indicated that AgVO3 nanorods decorated with AgO nanoparticles have been obtained in the presence of ethanol, cyclohexanol, DMSO, and acetone. Besides, AgVO3 nanorods with lower thickness were obtained by using DMF due to its lower vapor pressure. The obtained findings showed that by increasing the molecular weight

Acknowledgement

Authors are grateful to Council of University of Kashan for providing financial support to undertake this work.

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