Synthesis of pure, Cu and Zn doped CdO nanoparticles by co-precipitation method for supercapacitor applications

doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.01.042

Vacuum

Volume 162, April 2019, Pages 208-213

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.01.042 Get rights and content

Highlights

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The Cu and Zn doped CdO nanoparticles were synthesized by Co Precipitation technique.
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The structural and functional analyses were investigated by XRD, SEM and FTIR.
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Electrochemical analysis were described by Cyclic Voltammetry and the impedance analysis were estimated from Nyquist Plot.
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Finally the material has the long-term cyclic stability, low cost, and high electrochemical performance for supercapacitors.

Abstract

Pure, Copper and Zinc doped Cadmium oxide was incorporated by the co-precipitation method. In this preparation method cadmium chloride, copper chloride, zinc chloride has been utilized as a precursor material. X-Ray Diffraction pattern, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum and, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrum have affirmed the presence of the copper and zinc doped cadmium oxide nanoparticles. Scanning Electron Microscope uncovered the surface morphology, Ultra Violet-Vis Near Infra analysis and the optical band gap of the materials were observed to be 2.48 eV for Pure CdO, 2.35 eV for Cu single bond CdO and 2.28 eV for ZnCdO which were assessed from Tauc's plot. The predominant electrochemical capacitive execution using Cyclic Voltammetry which indicates that the material has the ability to form a capable electrode material for stable and high-performance electrochemical supercapacitors.

Introduction

These days, world energy necessity and water contamination have powerful attention with scientific researchers. The regularly expanding interest for energy asserts the development of high-performance energy storage devices. The electrochemical capacitor, otherwise called a supercapacitor, has become one of the most promising energy storage devices in the recent years, due to its high-energy density, large power density, faster recharge capabilities and longer cycle life contrasted with the commercial batteries [1]. The electrochemical performance of supercapacitors unequivocally relies on the properties of electrode materials. Transition metal oxides have met all requirements to be one of the electrode materials which can enhance energy and power density of supercapacitors [2]. Among different transition metal oxides, ruthenium oxide (RuO₂) has been considered as a stunning electrode material due to its high specific capacitance and magnificent cycle-life stability, however, its high cost is a noteworthy issue for commercial application [3]. In this unique circumstance, cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles could be an alternative low-cost electrode material for supercapacitor.

The high intrinsic durability of CdO nanoparticles coupled with magnificent Hall mobility gives high electrical conductivity (even without doping) due to the presence of shallow benefactors conveyed by intrinsic interstitial cadmium atoms and oxygen vacancies. CdO nanoparticle is an n-type semiconductor with a direct band gap of 2.3 eV, and an indirect one of 1.36 eV [4,5]. The nanostructure materials of CdO nanoparticles can play an important role in order to get cost effective and high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials due to their extensive surface area-to-volume ratio and conducting nature [6]. Lamentably, many endeavors have not been made on CdO nanoparticles because of its toxic nature. Only two or three reports envisaged usage of cadmium oxide nanoparticles as a supercapacitor electrode.

In this present work, Pure CdO, Cu and Zn doped CdO nanoparticle was synthesized by a co-precipitation method. During synthesis, the amount and rate of addition of ammonia solution were balanced appropriately so as to get desired CdO nanostructures. The structural and optical property of the synthesized nanoparticles was researched by XRD, SEM, FTIR and UV–vis. spectroscopy. The electrochemical execution of the synthesized nanoparticle was determined in order to exploit their suitability as supercapacitor electrode materials. The present work has shown the excellent electrochemical activity of the synthesized nanoparticles more flexible material with a specific end goal to build up a cheap and significant supercapacitor. The advancement of such low cost and an effective electrode is alluring for future applications in the field of supercapacitor applications.

Section snippets

Preparation of pure, Cu and Zn doped CdO

Pure, Cu and Zn doped Cadmium oxide nanoparticles are synthesized by the chemical co-precipitation method using the starting materials as described elsewhere [7]. Cadmium chloride was first disintegrated in deionized water and mixed well for 45 min. Ammonium hydroxide solution was utilized as a precipitating agent which was added in drops and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 8. The precipitate was washed with ethanol and water to remove the impurities present in it. The filtered

X-Ray Diffraction analysis

The x-ray powder diffraction pattern of pure, Cu doped and Zn doped CdO were displayed in Fig. 1. The prominent peak is found at 34.623° which is related to the (111) plane exhibiting pure CdO nanoparticles in a crystalline phase. Hence compared with (JCPDS card no: 50–0640). All the peaks of CdO nanoparticles corresponding to (200) (220) (311) and (222) diffraction patterns have occurred. The particle shows a hexagonal wurtzite structure. The sharpness of the peaks indicates that the material

Conclusion

The present research work cope with the Cu and Zn doped CdO nanoparticles. Co-precipitation technique was adopted for the synthesis process. The synthesized nanomaterials were analyzed using various characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, UV vis NIR spectral analysis, and Cyclic Voltammetry. The Cyclic Voltammetry and Galvanometric charge-discharge analysis were performed for Cu single bond CdO and ZnCdO electrode to investigate capacitive behavior. From the EIS, calculated the electronic

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Synthesis of pure, Cu and Zn doped CdO nanoparticles by co-precipitation method for supercapacitor applications

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Preparation of pure, Cu and Zn doped CdO

X-Ray Diffraction analysis

Conclusion

Electrochim. Acta

Electrochim. Acta

Phys. E

Thin Solid Films

J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol.

Mater. Res. Bull.

ACS Nano

Carbon

Mater. Res. Bull.