Nucleation of hydroxyapatite layer on wollastonite material surface: FTIR studies
Introduction
Apart from hydroxyapatite, bioglass, glass–ceramics and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), wollastonite has been recently playing an important role in bone tissue regeneration [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. All of the ceramic materials mentioned above are characterized by the bioactive features [7], [8], which means that they are able to form a chemical bond between the implant and the bone without forming the connecting tissue layer [4], [6], [8]. Chemical bonding between the implant and the host tissue takes place through the hydroxyapatite layer, which is created on the bioactive implant surface when in contact with the body fluids environment [6], [8], [9].
Wollastonite belongs to a group of calcium silicates (CaSiO3). When immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF), calcium together with silicon ions is released from its structure and reacts with other components (ions) from the SBF solution. According to the mechanism described in literature [6], [10], [11], hydroxyapatite layer on the wollastonite surface is formed.
Wollastonite was obtained by the controlled pyrolysis of organosilicon precursors together with inorganic fillers [5]. Such a method leads to obtaining wollastonite-containing ceramics with a presence of carbon traces which can be easily removed during the oxidation process.
In the presented work research on hydroxyapatite layer formation was carried out. To analyze hydroxyapatite layer nucleation on the wollastonite surface after immersion in SBF, FTIR-ATR and SEM–EDS methods were used. In comparison to other spectroscopic methods, ATR allows to analyze the chemical composition of the surface without interference with its morphology [12], [13], [14], [15]. It is very important in the case of this experiment, as the surface is examined in the early stage of hydroxyapatite nucleation. After such a short period of time (1–11 days) hydroxyapatite layer is very thin, easy to damage and, therefore, difficult to examine by other methods.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
Lukosil 901 (polymethylphenylsiloxane dissolved in toluene, produced by Lucebni Zavody, Kolin in Czech Republic), together with commercially available inorganic active fillers (powders of calcium hydroxide and nano-grain sized silica) were used. From such components, wollastonite powders were obtained by controlled pyrolysis method [16], [17].
The powder obtained during heat treatment of organosilicon substrates contains traces of carbon in its structure. It may be easily removed by the
Results and discussion
It is known from the literature [5] that after pyrolysis of organosilicon precursors with inorganic fillers pure α-wollastonite is obtained. During the sintering process at 1200 °C additional phase of α-crystobalite appears in the initial material. Therefore, apart from sintered materials, α-wollastonite (after pyrolysis and oxidation at 1000 °C) and α-crystobalite spectra were studied. Fig. 1 shows FTIR-ATR spectra of sintered wollastonite-containing ceramics (Fig. 1a), pure wollastonite (Fig. 1
Conclusions
Sintering of the wollastonite powders leads to obtaining wollastonite-containing ceramics consisting of two ceramic phases (α-wollastonite and α-crystobalite). Depending on the type of powder used for this process, material with different amounts of α-crystobalite can be obtained. FTIR-ATR study shows that apart from calcium silicate, also α-crystobalite has the influence on hydroxyapatite nucleation process. Sintered wollastonite-containing ceramics which contains higher amounts of
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