Hydrothermal recycling of waste and performance of the recycled wooden particleboards
Section snippets
Introduction – The need to recycle wood
Today’s rapid technological growth has led to dangerous degradation of the environment, which constitutes a serious threat for upcoming generations. Environmental pollution, the reduction in natural resources and the general disturbance of the ecological balance constitute problems that should be taken into serious consideration by our society (Lykidis and Grigoriou, 2005).
The increase in CO2 and CH4 emissions, resulting from the over-consumption of fuel, from forest fires and from the
The recycling of wood products
The current strategies in managing wood waste and their impact on the environment are presented in Table 1 (European Commission, 1997). Landfilling of organic material leads to CH4 emissions, which result in greenhouse gas potential 21 times higher than that of CO2 (European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research, 2002). Furthermore, Risholm-Sundman and Vestin (2005) reported that during the combustion of particleboard it is important to have the appropriate conditions;
Aim
The aim of the present research was to investigate the properties of recycled particleboards made from recovered wood particles. For the recovery of the wood particles, four different particle-recovery hydrothermal treatments were utilized. This applied particle-recovery method differed from other related methods (Moeller, 1993, Boehme and Michanickl, 1998, Michanickl and Boehme, 2003, Riddiough and Kearley, 2001, Riddiough, 2002, Hesch, 2002) due to the fact that during the recycling process,
Materials and methods
For the purposes of this research, one-layer laboratory particleboards with dimensions of 350 × 300 × 12 mm and with a nominal density of 0.65 g/cm3 were manufactured. The wood particles used were obtained from a particleboard manufacturer and produced by chipping poplar, fir, pine and waste wood. In order to minimize potential fine material loss, which would alter the results during the production of the boards, the particle fraction of k < 1.5 mm was removed. A commercial liquid urea–formaldehyde (UF)
Results
The results concerning the bulk density and fraction analysis of the recovered wood particles are presented in Table 2. The recovered particles showed higher levels of k < 1 mm in comparison with the original (control) material, which probably means that the recycling process involves a slight reduction in wood particle size. The reduction in particle size can degrade some mechanical properties of the panels (mostly modulus of rupture). In most cases, the recovered material, when compared to the
Conclusions
Particleboards produced from steam-recovered wood particles showed a quality (with the exception of the modulus of elasticity in static bending and the formaldehyde content) inferior to that of particleboards made from original particles (control). The 2nd recycling process caused further quality degradation in the boards compared with the 1st recycling process. Among the four hydrothermal treatments applied for particle recovery, the treatment of 6 bar/156 °C/45 min resulted in the strongest
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