,ABC. 1994. World News Tonight with Peter Jennings. 2 December.
Abramson, Phyllis. 1990. Sob Sister Journalism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Abramson, Paul, Aldrich, John, and Rohde, David. 1996. Change and Continuity in the 1994 Elections. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Abramson, Paul, Aldrich, John, and Rohde, David. 2002. Change and Continuity in the 2000 Elections. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Adamy, Janet, and Weisman, Jonathan. 2009. “Health-Care Anger Has Deeper Roots.” The Wall Street Journal, 1 September. www.online.wsj.com/article/SB125176363081674373.html.
,Advertising Age. 2008. “Power Players 2008.” 13 October. www.adage.com/article?article_id=131580.
Agranoff, Robert. 1976. The New Style in Election Campaigns. Boston: Holbrook Press.
Alchian, Armen A., and Demsetz, Harold. 1972. “Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization.” The American Economic Review 62: 777–95.
Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties?: The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Aldrich, John, and Rohde, David W.. 1996. “A Tale of Two Speakers: A Comparison of Policy Making in the 100th and 104th Congresses.” Paper presented to the 1996 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.
Alexander, Delroy. 2003. “Upgrade Edict by McDonald's Faces Challenge: Owner-Operators to Hire Law Firm.” Chicago Tribune, 3 September.
Allen, Jared, Soraghan, Mike, and Burke, Lauren. 2009. “House Healthcare Talks Break Down in Anger.” The Hill, 24 July. www.thehill.com/leading-the-news/house-healthcare-talks-break-down-in-anger-2009-07-24.html.
Allen, Mike. 2001. “Bush Brain Trust Hears Criticism: Cadre of Aides Blasted by Both Parties as Out of Touch in Wake of Jeffords Switch.” The Washington Post, 27 May: A14. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A82298-2001May26.html. Accessed: May 27, 2001.
Allen, Mike. 2004. “Next Question: Reporters Walk Line Between Deference and Diligence in Quizzing Bush.” The Washington Post, 1 December.
Allen, Mike. 2005. “DeLay Ethics Allegations Now Cause of GOP Concern.” The Washington Post, 14 March.
Allen, Mike. 2009. “Obama Launches Message War.” Yahoo! News, 14 March. www.news.yahoo.com/s/politico/20090314/pl_politico/20007/p…=X3oDMTB1MjgxN2UzBHBvcwMxNARzZWMDdG9vbHMtdG9wBHNsawNwcmludA-.
,Allpolitics, Jonathan Karl, and the Associated Press. 1998. “Livingston Bows out of the Speakership: He Makes a Stunning Announcement on House Floor; Clinton Urges Him to Reconsider.” CNN/Allpolitics.Com. www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/12/19/livingston.quits.
Althaus, Scott L. 2003. “When News Norms Collide, Follow the Lead: New Evidence for Press Independence.” Political Communication 20: 381–414.
Altman, Douglas G. 1991. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Ambinder, Marc. 2009. “Are Democrats in for an August Slaughter?” The Atlantic, 3 August. www.politics.theatlantic.com/2009/08/are_democrats_in_for_an_august_slaughter.php.
,American Political Science Review (APSA). 1950. “News and Notes.” 44: 154–76.
Aristotle, . n.d. On Rhetoric. Translation by W. Rhys Roberts. www.ac-nice.fr/philo/textes/Aristotle-Works/22-Rhetoric.pdf.
Arterton, Christopher. 1984. Media Politics: The News Strategies of Presidential Campaigns. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
Asch, Soloman. 1952. Social Psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall.
,Associated Press. 2001. “Jeffords Calls Bush ‘One-Term’.” www.dailynews.netscape.com/mynsnews/story.tmpl?table=n&cat=50700&2.00105251232e+20. Accessed: May 25, 2001.
,Associated Press. 2005. “Clinton Adviser: Kerry Ran Inconsistent Campaign.” Boston Herald, 17 March.
Atkinson, Claire. 2008. “2008 Political Ads Worth $2.5 Billion to $2.7 Billion.” Broadcasting & Cable, 12 December.
Babington, Charles. 2004. “Hastert Launches a Partisan Policy.” The Washington Post, 27 November.
Bacon, Perry, Jr. 2006. “Don't Mess with Nancy Pelosi.” Time, 27 August. www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1376213,00.html.
Baker, Peter. 2009. “Blaming the Guy Who Came Before Doesn't Work Long.” The New York Times, 11 June. www.nytimes.com/2009/06/12/us/politics/12memo.html?_r=1&src=sch.
Baker, Peter, and Zeleny, Jeff. 2009. “Emanuel Wields Power Freely, and Faces the Risks.” The New York Times, 16 August. www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/us/politics/16emanuel.html.
Balutis, Alan P. 1977. “Congress, the President, and the Press,” Journalism Quarterly 53: 509–15.
Balz, Dan. 2009. “After a Bruising August, Time for Obama Team to Regroup.” The Washington Post, 2 September. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/01/AR2009090103741_pf.html.
Barker, D. C. 1999. “Rushed Decisions: Political Talk Radio and Vote Choice, 1994–1996.” Journal of Politics 61: 27–540.
Barnes, James A., Cohen, Richard E., and Bell, Peter. 2009. “Insider Poll.” National Journal, 19 September. www.nationaljournal.com/njmagazine/print_friendly.php?ID=ip_20090919_1849.
Bartels, Larry. 1996. “Politicians and the Press: Who Leads and Who Follows?” Paper presented to the 1996 annual convention of the American Political Science Association.
Bartlett, John, comp. 1919. Familiar Quotations, 10th ed., rev. and enl. by Nathan Haskell Dole. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Bartleby.com, 2000. www.bartleby.com/100.
Barwise, P., Dunham, A., and Ritson, M.. 2000. “Ties That Bind.” In Brand New, ed. Pavitt, Jane. London: V&A Publications.
Bauder, David. 2009. “Rush Limbaugh Challenging Notion of New Politics.” Breitbart.com. 30 January. www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D961JE5G0&show_article=1.
Baum, Matthew. 2002. “The Constituent Foundations of the Rally-Round-the-Flag Phenomenon.” International Studies Quarterly 46 (June): 263–98.
Baum, Matthew, and Groeling, Tim. 2004. “Crossing the Water's Edge: Elite Rhetoric, Media Coverage, and the Rally-Round-the-Flag Phenomenon, 1979–2003.” Paper presented at the 2004 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL: 2–5 September.
Baum, Matthew A., and Groeling, Tim. 2008. “Shot by the Messenger: Partisan Cues and Public Opinion Regarding National Security and War.” Political Behavior 31: 157–86.
Baumann, Gregory C. 1997. “Baltimore McDonald's Franchisee Loses ‘Oversaturation’ Lawsuit.” The Daily Record, 14 February: 3A.
,BBC. 2003. /3205889.stm. “Galloway Expelled by Labour.” BBC News, 24 October. www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics.
,BBC. 2005. “Paxman v Galloway.” BBC News, 6 May. www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/vote_2005/blog/4519553.stm.
Beaumont, Thomas. 2005. “Iowa's Top Statesmen Have Low U.S. Profile.” The Des Moines Register (online edition), 10 October.
Bennett, James O'Donnell. 1924. “New Attorney General Quiet Guardian of Law: Simple in Word and Deed, Mr. Stone Is Described as Man People Can Put Full Trust In.” Los Angeles Times, 27 April: 1.
Bennett, W. Lance. 1990. “Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States.” Journal of Communication 40: 103–25.
Bennett, W. Lance. 1997. News: The Politics of Illusion, 3rd ed. New York: Longman.
Bennett, W. Lance. 2003. “The Burglar Alarm That Just Keeps Ringing: A Response to Zaller.” Political Communication 20 (April/June): 131–8.
Bennett, W. Lance, Lawrence, Regina, and Livingston, Steven. 2006. “None Dare Call It Torture: Indexing and the Limits of Press Independence in the Abu Ghraib Scandal.” Journal of Communication 56: 467–85.
Bercovici, Jeff. 2008. “Mixed Media: Maddow Hire Speeds MSNBC's Leftward Drift.” Conde Nast Portfolio.com. 20 August. www.portfolio.com/views/blogs/mixed-media/2008/08/20/maddow-hire-speeds-msnbcs-leftward-drift.
Bercovici, Jeff. 2010. “Is America Getting Over Keith Olbermann?” AOL Daily Finance. 29 January. www.dailyfinance.com/story/media/is-america-gettingover-keith-olbermann/19337944.
Berke, Richard L. 2001. “Democrats See a Party Adrift as Presidential Loss Sinks In.” The New York Times, 16 February: A18.
Berman, Ari. 2005. “Going Nowhere: The DLC Sputters to a Halt.” The Nation, 4 March.
Best, Kathleen. 1994. “350 GOP Candidates Make Vow.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 28 September.
Billings, Erin. 2003. “Democrats Clash on Communications.” Roll Call, 5 November.
Blechman, Barry M., and Kaplan, Stephen S.. 1978. Force without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Bond, Jon R., and Fleisher, Richard. 2000. Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Partisan Era. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Bovitz, Gregory, Druckman, James, and Lupia, Arthur. 2002. “When Can a News Organization Lead Public Opinion? Ideology versus Market Forces in Decisions to Make News.” Public Choice 113: 127–55.
Bradley, Bill. 2005. “A Party Inverted.” The New York Times, 30 March.
Bradley, Lian, and Oneal, John. 1993. “Presidents, the Use of Military Force, and Public Opinion.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 37 (2): 277–300.
Brady, David, Cogan, John, Gaines, Brian, and Rivers, Douglas. 1996. “The Perils of Presidential Support: How the Republicans Took the House in the 1994 Midterm Elections.” Political Behavior 18: 345–67.
Broder, David. 2001a. “Bush's Tougher Leadership Challenge.” The Washington Post, 25 May: A01. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A74601-2001May24.html. Accessed: May 27, 2001.
Broder, David. 2001b. “A Crack in Bush's Governance.” The Washington Post, 27 May. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/opinion/columns/broderdavid/A80283-2001May26.html. Accessed: May 27, 2001.
Broder, David. 2010. “The Fable of Emanuel the Great.” The Washington Post. 4 March. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/03/AR2010030301776.html. Accessed: March 8, 2010.
Brody, Richard A. 1989. Assessing the President: The Media, Elite Opinion, and Public Support. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Brooks, David. 2004. “Strength in Disunity.” The New York Times, 23 November.
Brownstein, Ronald. 1992. “Some GOP Hopefuls Hedge Bets with Clinton Tie-Ins.” Los Angeles Times, 26 October.
Brownstein, Ronald. 2009. “The Parliamentary Challenge.” National Journal Magazine, 12 September. www.nationaljournal.com/njmagazine/print_friendly.php?ID=nj_20090912_2821.
Buckley, Christopher. 2008. “Sorry, Dad, I'm Voting for Obama.” The Daily Beast, 10 October. www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2008-10-10/the-conservative-case-for-obama.
Bunting, Madeline. 2001. “The New Gods.” The Guardian (UK). 9 July. www.guardian.co.uk/media/2001/jul/09/marketingandpr.g22.
Burns, James MacGregor. 1963. The Deadlock of Democracy: Four-Party Politics in America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
,C-SPAN. 1999. American Profiles. Interview with Newt Gingrich. www.cspan.org/guide/americanprofiles/newt_transcript1.asp. Accessed May 11, 2000.
Calderone, Michael. 2009a. “Sen. Stabenow Wants Hearings on Radio ‘Accountability’; Talks Fairness Doctrine.” Politico.comemphasis. 5 February. www.politico.com/blogs/michaelcalderone/0209/Sen_Stabenow_wants…hearings_on_radio_accountability_talks_fairness_doctrine.html?showall.
Calderone, Michael. 2009b. “Clinton Wants ‘More Balance’ on Airwaves.” Politico.com. 12 February. www.politico.com/blogs/michaelcalderone/02/09/Clinton_wants_more_balance_on_the_airwaves.html).
Cameron, Charles, Howell, William, and Adler, E. Scott. 1997. “Toward an Understanding of the Institutional Performance of Congress in the Postwar Era: Structural Explanations for Surges and Slumps in the Production of Significant Legislation, 1945–1994.” Presented at the Midwest Political Science Association annual meeting, Chicago, IL: 10–13 April.
Campbell, Angus, Converse, Philip E., Miller, Warren E., and Stokes, Donald E.. 1960. The American Voter. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Campbell, James E. 1993. The Presidential Approach to Congressional Elections. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
Campbell, James. 1996. As quoted on NPR's “All Things Considered.” 17 October.
Canellos, Peter S. 1996. “New TV Ad Mentions a GOP Unmentionable.” The Boston Globe, 29 October.
Cappella, Joseph N., and Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 1997. Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good. New York: Oxford University Press.
Carney, Timothy. 2004. “Thank You, Arlen: We Reelected the Worst Republican Senator, and Still Lost Pennsylvania.” National Review Online, 3 November.
Carty, R. Kenneth. 2004. “Parties as Franchise Systems: The Stratarchical Organizational Imperative.” Party Politics 10: 5–24.
Cater, Douglas. 1959. The Fourth Branch of Government. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Cattani, Richard J. 1980. “Reagan, Congressional Republicans Display Unified Front; President Fights Political Brush Fires at the White House; GOP's ‘Governing Team Day’ Shows New Togetherness in Minority Party.” The Christian Science Monitor, 16 September.
Chiou, Fang-Yi, and Rothenberg, Lawrence. 2003. “When Pivotal Politics Meets Partisan Politics.” American Journal of Political Science 47: 503–22.
Clinton, William Jefferson. 1995. “Battle over the Budget; Clinton's Statement on Plan to Balance Federal Budget by 2005.” The New York Times, 14 June. query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE3DE133FF937A25755C0A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2.
“CMPA Coding Guidebook.” 1997. File “TRACK1.BOK,” August: 120.
,CNN. 1994. Inside Politics. 8 December.
,CNN. 1994. Newsmaker Saturday. 26 November.
,CNN. 2000. Transcript #00112702V54, CNN Live Event/Special, 27 November. LexisNexis: 4 December.
,CNN. 2006. “Elections 2006, Rhode Island Senate Exit Poll.” www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/states/RI/S/01/epolls.0.html.
,CNN. 2010. “CNN Poll: Most Americans Applaud Democrats' Loss of Supermajority.” 25 January. politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/01/25/cnn-poll-most-americans-applaud-democrats-loss-of-supermajority.
Cohen, Bernard. 1963. The Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Coleman, John J. 1999. “Party Images and Candidate-Centered Campaigns in 1996: What's Money Got to Do with It?” In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, 3rd ed., eds. Green, John C. and Shea, Daniel M.. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Coleman, Kevin, Cantor, Joseph, and Neale, Thomas. 2000. Presidential Elections in the United States: A Primer. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
Condon, Stephanie. 2009. “Obama's Political Group Pushes Health Reform in Ad.” CBSNews.com, 15 July. www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/07/15/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry5161695.shtml.
,Congressional Quarterly Almanac. 1996. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. P. C-15.
Connelly, William F., and Pitney, John J.. 1994. Congress's Permanent Minority?Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Connolly, Ceci. 2009. “Obama Urges Groups to Stop Attacks.” The Washington Post, 4 July. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/03/AR2009070302309_pf.html.
Cook, Thomas, and Campbell, Donald. 1979. Quasi-Experimentation. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Cook, Timothy E. 1986. “House Members as Newsmakers: The Effects of Televising Congress.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 11: 203–26.
Cook, Timothy E. 1989. Making Laws and Making News: Media Strategies in the U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Cook, Timothy E. 1998. Governing with the News: The News Media as a Political Institution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cooper, Kenneth J. 1994. “GOP Offers a ‘Contract’ to Revive Reagan Years.” The Washington Post, 28 September.
Coraso, Ryan. 2008. “Biden's Traveling Press Corps Finds Little Opportunity to Ask Him Questions.” CBSnews.com. 22 October. www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2008/10/22/politics/fromtheroad/entry4539166.shtml.
Courrielche, Patrick. 2009. “Explosive New Audio Reveals White House Using NEA to Push Partisan Agenda.” Big Hollywood, 21 September. www.bighollywood.breitbart.com/pcourrielche/2009/09/21/explosive-new-audio-revealswhite-house-using-nea-to-push-partisan-agenda.
Cox, Gary, and Kernell, Sam. 1991. “Introduction: Governing in a Divided Era.” In The Politics of Divided Government. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Cox, Gary, and Magar, Eric. 1999. “How Much Is Majority Status in the U.S. Congress Worth?” American Political Science Review 93: 299–309.
Cox, Gary, and McCubbins, Mathew. 1993. Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Crawford, Vincent P., and Sobel, Joel. 1982. “Strategic Information Transmission.” Econometrica 50: 1431–51.
Cronkite, Walter. 1998. “Reporting Presidential Campaigns: A Journalist's View.” In The Politics of News: The News of Politics, eds. Graber, D., McQuail, D., and Norris, P.. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press: 57–69.
Curl, Joseph. 2009a. “Obama Still Cashing in on Bush's Failings.” The Washington Times, 29 July. www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jul/29/obamastill-cashing-in-on-bushs-economic-failings/print.
Curl, Joseph. 2009b. “Dems Still Run against Bush in N.J., Va.: Voters Transition to Judge Obama on own Record.” The Washington Times, 22 September. www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/sep/22/bush-as-rival-risky-tactic.
Cusack, Bob, and Nichols, Hans. 2003. “Pelosi's August Recess Memo Takes the Cake.” The Hill, 6 August: 1.
Cutler, Lloyd. 1988. “Some Reflections about Divided Government.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 18: 485–92.
Dahl, Robert A. 1961. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Chernatony, Leslie, and McDonald, Malcolm. 2000. Creating Powerful Brands in Consumer, Service, and Industrial Markets. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Keeter, Scott. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dionne, E. J. Jr. 2005. “A GOP Plan to ‘Fix’ the Democrats.” The Washington Post, 10 May.
Dole, Bob. 1993. Interview on This Week with David Brinkley. 22 August.
Donohew, Lewis. 1965. “Publishers and Their ‘Influence’ Groups.” Journalism Quarterly 42: 112–14.
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
Druckman, James. 1999. “The Limits of Political Manipulation: Psychological and Strategic Determinants of Framing.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, San Diego.
Druckman, James. 2001. “Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens' Conversations Limit Elite Influence.” American Journal of Political Science 47: 729.
Druckman, James. 2004. “Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)relevance of Framing Effects.” American Political Science Review 98: 671.
Dutton, Donald. 1973. “The Maverick Effect: Increased Communicator Credibility as a Result of Abandoning a Career.” Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 5: 145–51.
Eagly, Alice H. 1981. “Recipient Characteristics as Determinants of Responses to Persuasion.” In Cognitive Responses and Persuasion, eds. Petty, R., Ostrom, T., and Brok, T.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Eagly, Alice H., Wood, Wendy, and Chaiken, Shelly. 1978. “Causal Inferences about Communicators, and Their Effect on Opinion Change.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36: 424–35.
Edney, Anna, Hunt, Kasie, and Cohn, Peter. 2009. “Dems Start to Push Back Hard to Prevent a ‘Waterloo’.” National Journal, 22 July. www.nationaljournal.com/congressdaily/hca_20090722_6620.php.
Edsall, Thomas B., and Broder, David. 2001. “A Defection Highlights GOP's Fragile Coalition.” The Washington Post, 26 May: A1. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A79602-2001May25.html. Accessed: May 27, 2001.
Edwards, George C., and Wood, B. Dan. 1999. “Who Influences Whom? The President and the Public Agenda.” American Political Science Review 93: 327–44.
Edwards, George C., III, Barrett, Andrew, and Peake, Jeffrey. 1997. “The Legislative Impact of Divided Government.” American Journal of Political Science 41 (2): 545–63.
Eilperin, Juliet. 2000. “GOP Moderates Fend off Attacks from Right.” The Washington Post, 17 March: A04.
Entman, Robert. 1989. Democracy without Citizens: Media and the Decay of American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Entman, Robert. 2004. Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Entman, Robert M. 2005. “Media and Democracy without Party Competition.” In Mass Media and Society, eds. Curran, James and Gurevitch, Michael. New York: Oxford University Press.
Entman, Robert, and Page, Benjamin. 1994. “The News Before the Storm.” In Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War, eds. Bennett, Lance W. and Paletz, David. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Epstein, Edward. 1973. News from Nowhere: Television and the News. New York: Random House.
Erbe, Bonnie. 2008. “Parties Switch Roles.” Metrowest Daily News, 1 August. www.metrowestdailynews.com/opinion/x280666137/Erbe-Parties-switch-roles.
Evans, C. Lawrence. 2001. “Committees, Leaders, and Message Politics.” In Congress Reconsidered, 7th ed., eds. Dodd, Lawrence C. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Evans, C. Lawrence, and Lipinski, Daniel. 2005. “Obstruction and Leadership in the U.S. Senate.” In Congress Reconsidered, 8th ed., eds. Dodd, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, Bruce. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Evans, C. Lawrence, and Oleszek, Mark J.. 1999. “Procedural Features of House Republican Rule.” In New Majority or Old Minority?: The Impact of Republicans on Congress, eds. Rae, Nicole C. and Campbell, Colton C.. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Evans, C. Lawrence, and Oleszek, Mark J.. 2001. “Message Politics and Partisan Theories of Congress.” Paper presented to the 2000 convention of the Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago, IL: 19–22 April.
Farhi, Paul. 2009. “Limbaugh's Audience Size? It's Largely up in the Air.” The Washington Post, 7 March. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/06/AR2009030603435_pf.html.
Farnsworth, Stephen, and Lichter, S. Robert. 2004. “Source Material: New Presidents and Network News: Covering the First Year in Office of Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 34: 674–90.
,Federal Communications Commission (FCC). 1985. “The General Fairness Doctrine Obligations of Broadcast Licensees.” 102 F.C.C. 2d 145, 146.
Fenno, Richard F. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Ferraro, Thomas. 2001. “New Democratic Voice May Be Heard Tuesday.” Reuters Online, 26 October. dailynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/20010226/pl/democrats/dc_5.html.
Festinger, Leon. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
Fineman, Howard. 2005. “That Bush Political Capital Thing: When to Spend It and What's the Payback?” MSNBC News, 27 April.
Fiorina, Morris. 1981. Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Fitzgerald, Toni. 2008. “Dollar-Wise, 2008 Elections Fall Short: Total Ad Spending is Likely to Come in at $2.5 Billion.” Media Life Magazine, 4 November. www.medialifemagazine.com/artman2/publish/Television_44/Dollar-wise_2008_elections_fall_short.asp.
Fletcher, Martin. 1994. “Democrat Hold on House Attacked.” The Times of London, 28 September.
Foerstel, Karen. 2000. “Choosing Chairmen: Tradition's Role Fades.” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 9 December.
Foerstel, Karen. 2001. “Democrats See Brighter Days in a Shared Spotlight.” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 14 April.
Fordham, Benjamin, and Sarver, Christopher Charles. 2001. “Militarized Interstate Disputes and United States Uses of Force.” International Studies Quarterly 45 (3): 455–66.
,Fortune. 1939. “The Press and the People – A Survey.” August 1939, 70: 64–78.
Franklin, Charles H. 1991. “Eschewing Obfuscation? Campaigns and the Perception of U.S. Senate Incumbents.” The American Political Science Review 85(4): 1193–214.
Franz, Michael, and Goldstein, Kenneth. 2002. “Following the (Soft) Money: Party Advertisements in American Elections.” In The Parties Respond, 4th ed., ed. Maisel, Sandy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Freedburg, Louis. 2002. “Personal Perspective: Democrats v. Democrats.” San Francisco Chronicle, 18 November.
Freedland, Jonathan. 1996a. “US Election: With One Week to Go, the Battle Shifts to Congress: Hopeful Clinton's Weak Underbelly; The House Staring Defeat in the Face. Mr. Dole Is Now Limping on for His Party's Sake.” The Guardian (London), 20 October.
Freedland, Jonathan. 1996b. “Republicans to Put Their Hopes in Congress.” The Guardian (London), 25 October.
Friendly, Fred. 1976. The Good Guys, The Bad Guys, and the First Amendment. New York: Random House.
Galtung, Johan, and Ruge, Marl. 1965. “The Structure of Foreign News.” Journal of Peace Research 2: 64–90.
Gans, Herbert J. 1979. Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time. New York: Random House.
Garfield, Bob. 2005. “How Sweet the Beat.” NPR/WNYC's “On the Media,” 21 January.
Geer, John, ed. 1998. Politicians and Party Politics. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Germain, David. 2009. “No More Docs? Moore Mulls Post-‘Capitalism’ Career.” Associated Press, 15 September. www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iRmEDXX8SS3TD0HcP4SZF021S7vAD9ANMQ4O0.
Gieber, Walter. 1956. “Across the Desk: A Study of 16 Telegraph Editors.” Journalism Quarterly 31: 61–8.
Gieber, Walter. 1960. “How ‘Gatekeepers’ View Local Civil Liberties News.” Journalism Quarterly 37: 199–205.
Gigot, Paul. 1999. “The News Hour with Jim Lehrer,” 28 May. www.pbs.org/newshour/shields&gigot/may99/sg_5-28.html. Accessed: May 31, 1999.
Goldberg, Jeffrey. 2005. “The Unbranding: Can the Democrats Make Themselves Look Tough?” The New Yorker, 18 March.
Goodsell, Paul. 1994. “Christensen Signs GOP Pact; Hoagland Sees Flaws in Agenda GOP Pledge.” Omaha World-Herald, 28 September.
Gorman, Bill. 2009. “NBC Nightly News Wins 2008–9 Season.” TV by the Numbers, 22 September. www.tvbythenumbers.com/2009/09/22/nbc-nightlynews-wins-2008-9-season/28124.
Graber, Doris. 1997. Mass Media and American Politics. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, Inc.
Green, Joshua. 2005. “The Enforcer.” Rolling Stone, 20 October. www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/8091986/the_enforcer.
Groeling, Tim. 1999. “Virtual Discussion: Web-Based Discussion Forums in Political Science.” Los Angeles: University of California, Department of Communication Studies/Speech. Unpublished manuscript. escholarship.org/uc/item/99d387c8.
Groeling, Tim. 2008. “Who's the Fairest of Them All? An Empirical Test for Partisan Bias on ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox News.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 38: 631–57.
Groeling, Tim, and Baum, Matthew. 2006. “Rally ‘Round the Opposition: Presidential Rallies in Unified and Divided Government.” In The Public Domain: Presidents and the Challenge of Public Leadership, eds. Heath, Diane and Han, Lori Cox. Albany, NY: SUNY Albany Press.
Groeling, Tim, and Baum, Matthew. 2008. “Crossing the Water's Edge: Elite Rhetoric, Media Coverage, and the Rally-Round-the-Flag Phenomenon.” Journal of Politics 70: 1065–85.
Groeling, Tim, and Baum, Matthew. 2009. “Journalists' Incentives and Media Coverage of Elite Foreign Policy Evaluations.” Conflict Management and Peace Sciences 26: 437–70.
Groeling, Tim, and Engstrom, Erik. 2009. “Who Cleans up When the Party's Over? The Decline of Partisan Media and Rise of Split-Ticket Voting in the 20th Century.” Paper presented at the 2009 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. Toronto, Canada: 3–9 September.
Groeling, Tim J., and Kernell, Samuel. 1998. “Is Network News Coverage of the President Biased?” The Journal of Politics 60: 1063–87.
Grossman, Michael Baruch, and Kumar, Martha Joynt. 1981. Portraying the President. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Grossman, Michael Baruch, and Rourke, Francis E.. 1976. “The Media and the Presidency: An Exchange Analysis.” Political Science Quarterly 91: 455–70.
Grynaviski, Jeffrey D. 2002. “McDonald's, Martin van Buren, and the American Mass Party.” Durham, NC: Duke University. Unpublished dissertation.
Halberstam, David. 1979. The Powers That Be. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Hallin, Daniel. 1986. The “Uncensored War”: The Media and Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hamilton, James. 2004. All the News That's Fit to Sell: How the Market Transforms Information into News. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hamilton, Lee. 1999. Introductory remarks to “Two Decades of House Television: For Better or Worse?” A seminar on March 19, 1999, at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC.
Hardin, Garrett. 1968. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162: 1243–48.
Hart, Roderick P. 2000. Campaign Talk: Why Elections Are Good for Us. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Harwood, John. 2009. “The President's Best Hope in the G.O.P.” The New York Times, 20 September. www.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/us/politics/21caucus.html.
Havemann, Joel. 2005. “Most Democrats Opt Against Social Security Brainstorming.” Los Angeles Times, 7 May.
Hecht, Peter. 2009. “GOP Moves to Punish Members Who Backed Budget.” The Sacramento Bee, 23 February. www.sacbee.com/capitolandcalifornia/story/1644908.html.
Helms, E. Allen. 1949. “The President and Party Politics.” In “The Presidency in Transition.” The Journal of Politics. 11(1): 42–64.
Henry, Ed. 1996. “What the 104th Congress Did; Gloating Democrats and Burned-Out Republicans Learned the Same Lesson: Don't Bite Off More Than You Can Chew.” Cleveland Plain Dealer, 8 August.
Hernandez, Raymond. 2005. “Bush's Plan for Retirement Leaves G.O.P. in a Quandary.” The New York Times, 23 May. www.nytimes.com/2005/05/23/nyregion/23social.html.
Herrnson, Paul 2003. Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington, 4th ed. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Hess, Stephen. 1986. The Ultimate Insiders: U.S. Senators in the National Media. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Hess, Stephen. 1991. Live from Capitol Hill. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Hofstadter, Richard. 1969. The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hollings, Ernest. 2006. “Stop the Money Chase.” The Washington Post, 19 February.
Hook, Janet. 2004. “Bush on Notice Despite Win in Congress.” Los Angeles Times, 9 December.
Hovland, Carl I., Janis, Irving L., and Kelly, Harold H.. 1953. Communication and Persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hovland, Carl, and Weiss, Walter. 1951–1952. “The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness.” Public Opinion Quarterly 15: 635–50.
Hulse, Carl. 2009a. “Speaker Makes Room for New No. 1 Democrat.” The New York Times, 4 January. www.nytimes.com/2009/01/05/us/politics/05Pelosi.html.
Hulse, Carl. 2009b. “Democrats Eye (Shh!) Reconciliation.” The New York Times, 1 August. www.nytimes.com/2009/08/02/us/politics/02hulse.html.
Hurt, Charles. 2009. “On-the-Air Prez Seems Like Endless ‘Infomercial.’” New York Post, 21 September. www.nypost.com/p/news/national/on_the_air_prez_seems_like_endless_QNYXXyakSyHi8h306QRAKL.
Hutchings, Vincent. 2003. Public Opinion and Democratic Accountability: How Citizens Learn about Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Iyengar, Shanto. 1991. Is Anyone Responsible?: How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Iyengar, Shanto, and Kinder, Donald R.. 1987. News That Matters: Television and American Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jackson, K. O. 2004. “Racism Still Wins Votes in Tennessee.” Mansfield (Ohio) News Journal, 8 August. www.mansfieldnewsjournal.com/news/stories/20040808/localnews/1003970.html.
Jacobson, Gary. 1990. The Electoral Origins of Divided Government: Competition in U.S. House Elections 1946–1988. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Jacobson, Gary. 2004. The Politics of Congressional Elections, 6th ed. New York: Pearson Longman.
Jacobson, Gary. 2005. “Polarized Politics and the 2004 Congressional and Presidential Elections.” Political Science Quarterly 120: 199–218.
Jacobson, Gary. 2008. A Divider, Not a Uniter: George W. Bush and the American People – The 2006 Election and Beyond. New York: Pearson Longman.
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 1984. Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 1992. Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Janowitz, Morris. 1975. “Professional Models in Journalism: The Gatekeeper and the Advocate.” Journalism Quarterly 52: 618–26, 662.
Jarvis, Sharon. 2005. The Talk of the Party: Political Labels, Symbolic Capital, and American Life. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Jeffords, James. 2001. Speech given on May 24, 2001. www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/onpolitics/transcripts/jeffordstext_052401.htm. Accessed: May 27, 2001.
Jones, Charles O. 1970. The Minority Party in Congress. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Jones, Charles O. 1994. The Presidency in a Separated System. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.
Jones, Charles O. 2002. “Presidential Leadership in a Government of Parties: An Unrealized Perspective.” In Responsible Partisanship? The Evolution of American Political Parties Since 1950, eds. Green, John C. and Herrnson, Paul. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Jones, Douglas A. 1998. “Political Talk Radio: The Limbaugh Effect on Primary Voters.” Political Communication 15: 367–81.
Kane, Paul. 2008. “2 Democrats to Submit Compromise on Lieberman: Connecticut Senator Would Be Sanctioned for Backing GOP Ticket but Could Keep Key Committee Post.” The Washington Post, 18 November: A13.
Kane, Paul, Pershing, Ben, and Bacon, Perry Jr. 2009. “Deeply Divided House Democrats Return to Work – and the Same Set of Problems.” The Washington Post, 8 September. www.washingtonpost.com/wp_dyn/content/article/2009/09/07/AR2009090701988_pf.html.
Kaplan, Jonathan E. 2007. “Emanuel Tells Freshmen to Avoid Stephen Colbert.” The Hill, 15 March.
Kaplowitz, Stan A., Fink, Edward L., Mulcrone, James, Atkin, David, and Dabil, Saleh. 1991. “Disentangling the Effects of Discrepant and Disconfirming Information.” Social Psychology Quarterly 54: 191–207.
Katz, Elihu, and Lazarsfeld, Paul. 1955. Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communication. New York: The Free Press.
Kedrowski, Karen. 1996. Media Entrepreneurs in the United States Congress. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton.
Kelly, Sean Q. 1993. “Divided We Govern: A Reassessment.” Polity 25 (1): 475–84.
Kernell, Samuel. 1977. “Presidential Popularity and Negative Voting: An Alternative Explanation of the Midterm Congressional Decline of the President's Party.” American Political Science Review 71: 44–66.
Kernell, Samuel. 1997. Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Kernell, Samuel, and Jacobson, Gary C.. 1987. “Congress and the Presidency as News in the Nineteenth Century.” Journal of Politics 49: 1016–35.
Kesten, Lou. 2005. “Shays: DeLay Should Quit as House Leader: GOP Congressman Tells AP That Texas Rep. Tom DeLay Should Step Down as House Majority Leader.” Associated Press, 10 April. www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=658259&CMP=OTC-RSSFeeds0312.
Key, V. O. 1966. The Responsible Electorate. New York: Vintage.
Kiewiet, D. Roderick, and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1991. The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kinder, Donald, and Palfrey, Thomas, eds. 1993. Experimental Foundations of Political Science. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
King, Gary, Tomz, Michael, and Wittenberg, Jason. 2000. “Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation.” American Journal of Political Science 44: 341–55.
Kingdom, John. 1999. Government and Politics in Britain: An Introduction. 2nd Edition. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Kingdon, John W. 1984. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Kingdon, John W. 1989. Congressmen's Voting Decisions, 3rd ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Klein, Rick. 2005a. “House GOP Seen Straying from Pledges in ‘Contract’.” The Boston Globe, 10 January.
Klein, Rick. 2005b. “Foes Cite Progress vs. Bush Agenda: Say Strategy Fuels GOP Infighting.” The Boston Globe, 11 April.
Koeske, Gary F., and Crano, William D.. 1968. “The Effect of Congruous and Incongruous Source-Statement Combinations upon the Judged Credibility of a Communication.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 4: 384–99.
Kondracke, Morton. 1996. “Strange Bedfellows in Washington.” The San Diego Union-Tribune, 7 August.
Krehbiel, Keith. 1996. “Institutional and Partisan Sources of Gridlock: A Theory of Divided and Unified Government.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 8 (1): 7–40.
Krehbiel, Keith. 1998. Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, David Paul, and Martin, Jonathan. 2007. “Republican Candidates Begin Snubbing Bush.” Politico.com, 19 June.
Kuklinski, James H., and Hurley, Norman L.. 1996. “It's A Matter of Interpretation.” In Political Persuasion and Attitude Change, eds. Mutz, Diana C., Sniderman, Paul M., and Brody, Richard A.. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Kuklinski, James, and Sigelman, Lee. 1992. “When Objectivity Is Not Objective: Network Television and the ‘Paradox of Objectivity.’” Journal of Politics 54: 810–33.
Kurtz, Howard. 1998. Spin Cycle: How the White House and the Media Manipulate the News. New York: The Free Press.
Kurtz, Howard. 2000. “Feeding the Media Beast: Leaks, Rats, and BlackBerrys.” The Washington Post, 17 December: C1.
Kurtz, Howard. 2004. “Republican Convention Gets Under Way; Kerry Interviewed on ‘The Daily Show.’” CNN's Reliable Sources, 29 August. www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0408/29/rs.00.html. Accessed: August 31, 2004.
Lakoff, George. 1996. Moral Politics: What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don't. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lamb, Brian. 1995. C-SPAN Interview with Newt Gingrich, “To Renew America.” Book Notes, 23 July. www.booknotes.org/transcripts/10148.htm. Accessed: August 21, 2004.
Lambro, Donald. 2005. “Centrist Democrats Warn Liberals.” The Washington Times, 4 April.
Lancaster, John. 2001. “Senate Republicans Try to Regroup; GOP Caucus Unites Behind Lott as Leader in the Wake of Jeffords's Defection.” The Washington Post, 26 May: A18.
Langdon, Steve. 1994. “Clinton's High Victory Rate Conceals Disappointments: President Lost on Few Votes, but Some Big Issues Never Made It to the Floor of Either Chamber.” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Review, 31 December: 3619.
Lasorsa, Dominic, and Reese, Stephen. 1990. “News Source Use in the Crash of 1987: A Study of Four National Media.” Journalism Quarterly 67: 60–3.
Lauter, David. 1994. “Clinton Holds out His Record as Election Issue Politics: In Risky Move, He Urges Voters to Choose Between His Policies and What the GOP Is Proposing.” Los Angeles Times, 8 October: 1.
Lawrence, David. 1928. “Reporting the Political News at Washington.” The American Political Science Review 22: 893–902.
Levine, John M., and Valle, Ronald S.. 1975. “The Convert as a Credible Communicator.” Social Behavior and Personality Journal 3: 81–90.
Libit, Daniel. 2009. “GOP Warns Dems of September Heat.” Politico.com. 1 September. www.dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=734A2CF2-18FE-70B2-A83836F45AFBA867.
Lichter, S. Robert, and Amundson, Daniel. 1994. “Less News Is Worse News: Television News Coverage of Congress.” In Congress, the Press and the Public, eds. Mann, Thomas E. and Ornstein, Norman. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute and The Brookings Institution.
Lichter, S. Robert, and Noyes, Richard E.. 1995. Good Intentions Make Bad News: Why Americans Hate Campaign Journalism. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Lichter, S. Robert, Rothman, Stanley, and Lichter, Linda S.. 1986. The Media Elite. Bethesda, MD: Adler and Adler.
Limbaugh, Rush. 2005. “Judges Are GOP Litmus Test.” The Rush Limbaugh Show. 9 May. www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/daily/site_050905/content/rush_warning.guest.html.
Linsky, Martin. 1986. Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking. New York: Norton & Company.
Lipinski, Daniel. 1999. “Communicating the Party Record: How Congressional Leaders Transmit Their Messages to the Public.” Paper prepared for delivery at the 1999 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Atlanta, GA: 2–5 September.
Lipinski, Daniel. 2004. Congressional Communication: Content and Consequences. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Lipinski, Daniel. n.d. A New Theory of Congressional Party Government. Unpublished manuscript.
Lipman, Larry. 1999. “Fellow Democrats Don't Want Medicare Reform.” Palm Beach Post, 12 May: 16A.
Lippmann, Walter. 1920. Liberty and the News. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe.
,Los Angeles Times. 1949. (Unsigned Article.) “McGrath to Crack Down on Dixiecrats.” 9 May.
,Los Angeles Times. 1955. (Unsigned Article.) “Truman's Address to Indiana Group.” 28 August.
,Los Angeles Times. 1997. “McDonald's Franchisees Join the McFight; Fast Food: Disgruntled Owner-Operators Back Federal ‘Good Faith’ Legislation.” 22 May: 8.
Love, John F. 1986. McDonald's: Behind the Arches. New York: Bantam Books.
Lupia, Arthur. 1994. “Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections.” The American Political Science Review, 88 (1): 63–76.
Lupia, Arthur, and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know?Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Macomber, Shawn. 2005. “Campaign Crawlers: The Toomey Revolution.” The American Spectator, 7 January.
Madison, James. 1787. “Federalist No. 10: The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection.” New York Packet, 23 November. www.thomas.loc.gov/home/histdox/fed_10.html. Accessed: March 7, 2010.
Madison, James. 1788. “Federalist No. 51: The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments.” New York Packet, 8 February. Accessed: March 7, 2010. www.thomas.loc.gov/home/histdox/fed_51.html.
Mainelli, John. 2005. “Radio $.O.$ Signal.” New York Post, 27 September.
Maltzman, Forrest, and Sigelman, Lee. 1996. “The Politics of Talk: Unconstrained Floor Time in the U.S. House of Representatives.” Journal of Politics 58: 810–21.
Maraniss, David, and Weisskopf, Michael. 1996. Tell Newt to Shut Up! Prizewinning Washington Post Journalists Reveal How Reality Gagged the Gingrich Revolution. New York: Touchstone.
Martin, Jurek. 1994. “Resurgent Republicans Eye the Polls.” Financial Times, 28 September.
Martis, Kenneth C. 1989. The Historical Atlas of the Political Parties in the United States Congress: 1789–1989. New York: Macmillan.
,Master-McNeil, Inc. 2003. “Brand Name.” Glossary. www.naming.com/resources.html. Accessed August 6, 2004.
Matthews, Donald R. 1960. U.S. Senators and Their World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Mayhew, David R. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Mayhew, David R. 1991. Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations 1946–1990. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
,McDonald's Corporation. 2003. “2003 Financial Report.” Oak Brook, IL.
,McDonald's Corporation. 2004. “Franchising.” www.media.mcdonalds.com/secured/company/franchising/usfactsheet/media/franpt1.pdf. Accessed: August 6, 2004.
McGrory, Brian. 1996. “President's Party Basks as He Signs Wage Bill.” The Boston Globe, 21 August.
McGrory, Mary. 2001. “Aftershocks.” The Washington Post, 27 May: B1. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/opinion/columns/mcgrorymary/A80309-2001May26.html. Accessed: May 27, 2001.
McManus, John. 1992. “What Kind of Commodity Is News?” Communication Research, 19: 787–805.
,Michigan Court of Appeals. 2000. (Unpublished Opinion.) “Dawn N. Ison, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Tenika Hiter, V William Pickard, Bearwood Management Company, Inc., and Braille Corporation and McDonald's Corporation.” No. 207199, Wayne Circuit Court, LC No. 95–53 5765, 24 March. www.michbar.org/opinions/appeals/2000/032400/6620.html. Accessed: August 9, 2004.
Milkis, Sidney. 1993. The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System since the New Deal. New York: Oxford University Press.
Milligan, Susan. 2001. “Centrists Hold Sway, to Leader's Chagrin.” The Boston Globe, 4 May: A2.
Mills, Jim. 2000. “Spooky Stuff.” Roll Call, 27 October.
Mirrlees, James A. 1976. “The Optimal Structure of Incentives and Authority within an Organization.” The Bell Journal of Economics 7: 105–31.
Mitchell, Alison. 2001. “Musical Chairs: Democrats Take Their Turn in the Hot Seat.” The New York Times, 27 May.
Morris, Dick. 1999. Behind the Oval Office: Getting Reelected Against All Odds. Los Angeles: Renaissance Books.
Mott, Frank Luther. 1944. “Newspapers in Presidential Campaigns.” Public Opinion Quarterly 8: 348–67.
Mueller, John E. 1970. “Presidential Popularity from Truman to Johnson.” American Political Science Review 64: 18–34.
Mueller, John E. 1973. War, Presidents, and Public Opinion. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Murphy, Cullen, and Purdum, Todd S.. 2009. “Farewell to All That: An Oral History of the Bush White House.” Vanity Fair (February). www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/02/bush-oral-history200902?printable=true¤t-Page=all.
Mutz, Diana. 1992. “Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience.” American Journal of Political Science 36: 483–508.
Nagourney, Adam. 2006. “Democratic Hard Chargers Try to Return Party to Power.” The New York Times, 30 April.
Nagourney, Adam. 2009. “In Gingrich Mold, a New Voice for Solid Resistance in Republican Party.” International Herald Tribune, 15 February. www.iht.com/bin/printfriendly.php?id=20195088.
Needham, Catherine. 2002. “Branding Public Policy: Marketed Government under Clinton and Blair.” Paper presented at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Boston, MA: 29 August–1 September.
Needham, Catherine. 2005. “Brand Leaders: Clinton, Blair and the Limitations of the Permanent Campaign.” Political Studies 53: 343–61.
Neustadt, Richard E. 1990. Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: The Free Press.
Newport, Frank. 2009. “Americans More Likely to Say Government Doing Too Much.” Gallup, 21 September. www.gallup.com/poll/123101/Americans-Likely-Say-Government-Doing-Too-Much.aspx.
Nicholas, Peter. 2009. “Obama Team Keeps Distance from Carter's Charges of Racism.” Los Angeles Times, 17 September. www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/healthcare/la-na-carter-obama17-2009sep17,0,4980703.story.
Nichols, Hans. 2005. “Soros Says Be Patient.” The Hill, 20 April.
Nicholson, Stephen P., Segura, Gary M., and Woods, Nathan D.. 2002. “Presidential Approval and the Mixed Blessing of Divided Government.” The Journal of Politics 64: 701–20.
Nie, Norman, Verba, Sidney, and Petrocik, John. 1976. The Changing American Voter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Norquist, Grover. 1999. “Politics: The Chairman's Candidates – A Candid Assessment of the GOP Presidential Field.” The American Spectator, June. www.atr.org/opeds/tas/tas0699.html. Accessed: September 10, 2004.
Novak, Robert. 2001. “New Dem on the Block Chips Away at Gridlock.” Chicago Sun-Times, 25 January. www.suntimes.com/output/novak/novak251.html.
Novak, Robert. 2004. “Dictated by Bush.” CNN Inside Politics. www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/08/26/novak.bush/index.html. Accessed September 5, 2004.
Novak, Robert. 2005. “Quest to Get a Republican to Fight DeLay May Have Crossed a Line.” Chicago Sun-Times, 11 April.
,NPR. 1996. “Weekend Edition Saturday,” 28 September.
O'Brien, Michael. 2009a. “Congressman: Centrist Dems Talking Healthcare Coalition with GOP.” The Hill's Blog Briefing Room, 18 July. www.briefingroom.thehill.com/2009/07/18/congressman-centrist-dems-approached-gop-toform-healthcare-coalition.
O'Brien, Michael. 2009b. “Waters Blames Rahm for Recalcitrant Dems on Healthcare.” The Hill's Blog Briefing Room, 28 July. www.briefingroom.thehill.com/2009/07/28/waters-blames-rahm-for-recalcitrant-dems-on-healthcare.
Olsen, Stefanie. 2003. “Online Ad Outlook Brightens.” CNET News, 21 April. www.news.com.com/2100-1024-997369.html?part=dht&tag=ntop. Accessed: August 6, 2004.
Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Oneal, John R., Lian, Bradley, and Joyner, James H., Jr. 1996. “Are the American People ‘Pretty Prudent?’ Public Responses to U.S. Uses of Force, 1950–1988.” International Studies Quarterly 40: 261–280.
Orne, M. T. 1962. “On the Psychology of the Psychology Experiment.” American Psychologist 17: 776–83.
Osborne, David. 1984. “Newt Gingrich: Shining Knight of the Post-Reagan Right.” Mother Jones (November/December). www.bsd.mojones.com/mother_jones/ND84/index.html. Accessed: October 31, 1999.
Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Owens, Simon. 2009. “May '09 Political Blog Readership 53% Lower Than It Was in October '08.” Bloggasm.com. 11 June. www.bloggasm.com/may-09-political-blog-readership-53-lower-than-it-was-in-october-08.
Page, Benjamin. 1996. Who Deliberates?Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Paletz, David L., and Entman, Robert M.. 1981. Media Power Politics. New York: The Free Press.
Parker, Sarah. 2008. “Palin Problem: She's out of Her League.” National Review Online, 26 September. article.nationalreview.com/?q=MDZiMDhjYTU1NmI5Y2MwZjg2MWNiMWMyYTUxZDkwNTE=.
Parks, Daniel J. 2001. “Will Bush Turn His Veto Pen on a Fiscally Wayward GOP?” CQ Weekly Report, 19 May: 1128.
Patterson, Thomas E. 1996. “Bad News, Period.” PS: Political Science and Politics 29: 17–20.
Patterson, Thomas E. 2000. “Doing Well and Doing Good.” Research Report. Cambridge, MA: Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy, Harvard University.
Patterson, Thomas E. 2003. “The Search for a Standard: Markets and the Media.” Political Communication 20: 139–43.
Petrocik, John. 1996. “Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study.” American Journal of Political Science 40: 825–50.
Petrocik, John, Benoit, William, and Hansen, Glenn. 2003. “Issue Ownership and Presidential Campaigning, 1952–2000.” Political Science Quarterly 118: 599–626.
,Pew Research Center. 2004. “News Audiences Increasingly Politicized: Online News Audience Larger, More Diverse.” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 8 June www.people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=215. Accessed: August 17, 2004.
,Pew Research Center. 2008a. “Audience Segments in a Changing News Environment: Key News Audiences Now Blend Online and Traditional Sources.” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 17 August.
,Pew Research Center. 2008b. “Internet's Broader Role in Campaign 2008: Social Networking and Online Videos Take Off.” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 11 January.
Phillips, Kate. 2009. “Republicans Slam Democrats for Planned Wilson Rebuke.” The New York Times, 15 September. www.thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/15/republicans-slam-democrats-for-planned-wilson-rebuke.
Popkin, Samuel L. 1991. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Potter, Mitch. 2009. “How Barack Obama Lost his Mojo.” The Star, 6 September. www.thestar.com/news/insight/article/691563.
Elaine, Povich. 1996. “Partners and Adversaries: The Contentious Connection Between Congress and the Media.” Arlington, VA: Freedom Forum. www.freedomforum.org/FreedomForum/resources/media_and_soc/congress_and_media/ Accessed: October 31, 1999.
Powell, G. Bingham Jr., and Whitten, Guy D.. 1993. “A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting: Taking Account of the Political Context.” American Journal of Political Science 37: 391–414.
Preston, Mark. 2006. Republicans and Democrats Head Home with Talking Points. www.cnn.com/2006/politics/06/30/mg.fri/CNN.com. Accessed: June 30, 2006.
,Printers' Ink. 1933. Unsigned Article. “Hitler on Advertising: ‘See with Eyes of the Masses’ Is Advice of Germany's New Dictator.” 20 July.
,Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ). 2002. “Local TV News Project–2002.” www.journalism.org/resources/research/reports/localTV/2002/public.asp. Accessed: September 10, 2004.
Przybyla, Heidi. 2009. “Obama Campaign Activists Find Health Care Harder Sell (Update1).” Bloomberg. www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20670001&refer=&sid=arSw7zOwyxKo. Accessed: June 17, 2009.
Quirk, Paul J., and Nesmith, Bruce. 1995. “Divided Government and Policy Making: Negotiating the Laws.” In The Presidency and the Political System, 4th ed., ed. Nelson, Michael. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Rae, Nichol. 1998. “Party Factionalism, 1946–96.” In Partisan Approaches to Postwar American Politics, ed. Shafer, Byron E.. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
Raju, Manu. 2009. “Republicans Chew on DeMint.” Politico.com, 27 January.dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=15B18F32-18FE-70B2-A8EAFE8949E9B160.
Ranney, Austin. 1954, Doctrine of Responsible Party Government. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press.
Ranney, Austin. 1983. Channels of Power: The Impact of Television on American Politics. New York: Basic Books.
,Rasmussen Reports. 2009. “Does Obama Face a 2012 Challenge in His Own Party?” 4 September. www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/obama_admin…n/september_2009/does_obama_face_a_2012_challenge_in_his_own_party.
Reagan, Ronald. 1990. An American Life. New York: Pocket Books, Simon & Schuster, Inc.
,Reuters News Service. 2001. “Streisand Calls Bush ‘Destructive’.” San Diego Union-Tribune, 3 April: A-6.
Reynolds, John F. 2006. The Demise of the American Convention System, 1880–1911. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Roberts, Cokie. 1993. This Week with David Brinkley. 17 October.
Roberts, Cokie. 1996. As quoted on ABC's World News Tonight with Peter Jennings. 18 October.
Robertson, Campbell. 2009. “Obama Factor Plays to Senator's Advantage.” The New York Times, 10 September. www.nytimes.com/2009/09/11/us/11vitter.html?_r=1&src=sch.
Robins, Lynton, and Jones, Bill. 1997. Half a Century of British Politics. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
Robinson, Michael J. 1976. “Public Affairs Television and the Growth of Political Malaise.” American Political Science Review 70: 409–32.
Robinson, Michael J., and Appel, Kevin R.. 1979. “Network News Coverage of Congress.” Political Science Quarterly 94: 407–18.
Robinson, Michael J., and Sheehan, Margaret A.. 1983. Over the Wire and on TV: CGS and UPI in Campaign '80. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Roff, Peter. 2009. “Democrats' Healthcare Censorship Shows How Desperate They've Become.” U.S. News, 27 July. www.usnews.com/blogs/peter-roff/2009/07/24/democrats-healthcare-censorship-shows-how-desperate-theyvebecome.html.
Rohde, David. 1991. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rohde, David, Aldrich, John H., and Tofias, Michael. 2007. “One D Is Not Enough: Measuring Conditional Party Government in 1887–2002.” In Process, Party and Policy Making: Further New Perspectives on the History of Congress, eds. Brady, David W. and McCubbins, Mathew D.. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Rosen, Jay. 2004. “Are We Headed for an Opposition Press?” Press Think Online, 3 November. www.journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/weblogs/pressthink.
Rosenstiel, Tom. 2004. “The End of ‘Network News.’” The Washington Post, 12 September: B07.
Rothenberg, Stuart. 1998. “Analysis: A Small but Historic Shift for the Democrats: What Will the Shift Mean for Both Parties?” CNN On-Politics. www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/11/03/election/house/roundup.
Rowley, James, and Jensen, Kristin. 2009. “Hoyer Says House May Leave Before Health-Care Vote (Update3).” Bloomberg, 21 July. www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aEAi6zSd837c.
Rozell, Mark J. 1994. Executive Privilege: The Dilemma of Secrecy and Democratic Accountability. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Russert, Tim. 2005a. “Guest: Howard Dean, Chairman of the Democratic Party.” NBC News: Meet the Press. 22 May.
Russert, Tim. 2005b. “Transcript for October 2: John Abizaid, Rahm Emanuel, Thomas Reynolds, Dan Balz, and John Harwood.” NBC News: Meet the Press, 2 October. www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9542948.
Rutkus, Denis Steven. 1991. Newspaper and Television Network News Coverage of Congress during the Summers of 1979 and 1989: A Content Analysis. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
Sabato, Larry J. 1991. Feeding Frenzy: How Attack Journalism Has Transformed American Politics. New York: The Free Press.
Sabato, Larry J., and Larson, Bruce A.. 2002. The Party's Just Begun, 2nd ed. New York: Longman.
Salant, Jonathan D. 2008. “Obama Leveraged Record Fundraising, Spending to Defeat Rivals.” Bloomberg, 4 November. www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087.
Sammon, Bill. 2009. “Bush Says He Refused to Bail out Republicans with Iraq Withdrawal.” Fox News, 11 January. www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/01/10/bush-says-refused-bail-republicans-iraq-withdrawal.
Sanders, David J. 2009. “Blue Dog Democrats Oppose Card Check.” Arkansas News, 18 February. www.arkansasnews.com/?p=26290.
Sawyer, Jon. 1996. “Races Indicate Democrats Face Election Struggles; Congressional Hopefuls Low on Funds in South.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 August.
Schattschneider, E. E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Rinehart.
Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The Semi-Sovereign People. Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press.
Schieffer, Bob. 1995. “President Clinton's Budget Proposal Draws Criticism on Capitol Hill by Fellow Party Members.” CBS This Morning, 14 June.
Schlesinger, Joseph. 1984. “On the Theory of Party Organizations.” The Journal of Politics 46: 369–400.
Schlosser, Eric. 2001. Fast Food Nation. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Schneider, Judy. 2001. “Special Order Speeches: Current House Practices.” Congressional Research Service Report. www.house.gov/rules/rl30136.pdf.
Schramm, Wilbur. 1949. “The Nature of News.” Journalism Quarterly 26: 259–69.
Schudson, Michael. 1978. Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers. New York: Basic Books.
Seelye, Katharine Q., Engelberg, Stephen, and Gerth, Jeff. 1995. “Birth of a Vision: Files Show How Gingrich Laid a Grand G.O.P. Plan.” The New York Times, 3 December.
Sellers, Patrick. 2005. “Constructing News in Congress: The Response of the Rank and File.” Paper presented to the 2005 meeting of the American Political Science Association. Washington, DC: 1–3 September.
Sellers, Patrick, and Schaffner, Brian. 2007. “Winning Coverage in the U.S. Senate.” Political Communication 24: 377–91.
Shapiro, Walter. 2005. “Democrats Won't Win by Whining.” The Los Angeles Times, 3 January. www.articles.latimes.com/2005/jan/03/opinion/oeshapiro3.
Sharkey, Mary Anne. 1994. “GOP Contract Is Hokum and the Voters Know It.” The (Cleveland) Plain Dealer, 28 September.
Shaw, David. 2003. “The More Pernicious Bias Is Less Substance, More Fluff.” Los Angeles Times, 19 January.
Siemaszko, Corky. 2009. “Advertisers Continue to Abandon Glenn Beck after Pundit Had Called President Obama a ‘Racist.’” New York Daily News, 3 September. www.nydailynews.com/money/2009/09/03/2009-09-03_advertisers_.html.
Sifry, Micah. 2009. “The Obama Roadblock: Why He's Sagging Online.” Techpresident.com. 21 September. www.techpresident.com/blog-entry/obamaroadblock-why-hes-sagging-online.
Sigal, Leon V. 1973. Reporters and Officials: The Organization and Politics of Newsmaking. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company.
Sigal, Leon V. 1986. “Sources Make the News.” In Reading the News: A Pantheon Guide to Popular Culture, eds. Manoff, R. K. and Shudson, M.. New York: Pantheon Books.
Simon, Herbert A. 1957. Models of Man: Social and Rational. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sinclair, Barbara. 1989. “The Transformation of the U.S. Senate.” Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Sinclair, Barbara. 1997. Unorthodox Lawmaking: New Legislative Processes in the U.S. Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Sinclair, Barbara. 2002. “The Dream Fulfilled? Party Development in Congress, 1950–2000.” In Responsible Partisanship? The Evolution of American Political Parties Since 1950, eds. Green, John C. and Herrnson, Paul. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Singer, Jane. 1997. “Still Guarding the Gate? The Newspaper Journalist's Role in an On-line World.” Convergence: The Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 3: 72–89.
Smith, Ben. 2008. “Obama: Don't Fund Independent Groups.” Politico.com. 13 May. www.dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=E3B0286A-3048-5C12-002C0EDCA4CE3CF7.
Smith, Ben, and Henderson, Nia-Malika. 2009. “Glenn Beck Up, Left Down and Van Jones Defiant.” Politico.com. 7 September. www.politico.com/news/stories/0909/26813.html.
Smith, Culver. 1977. The Press, Politics, and Patronage. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Smoller, Frederic T. 1990. The Six O'Clock Presidency: A Theory of Presidential Press Relations in the Age of Television. New York: Praeger.
Snider, Paul. 1967. “‘Mr. Gates’ Revisited: A 1966 Version of the 1949 Case Study.” Journalism Quarterly 44: 419–27.
Sniderman, Paul, Brody, Richard, and Tetlock, Philip. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Soraghan, Mike. 2009. “Dem Memo Plots Message War on Insurers.” The Hill, 30 July. www.thehill.com/leading-the-news/dem-memo-plots-messagewar-on-insurers-2009-07-30.html.
Spence, A. Michael. 1973. Market Signaling. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Spilotes, Constantine, and Vavreck, Lynn. 2002. “Campaign Advertising: Partisan Convergence or Divergence?” Journal of Politics 64: 249–61.
Squire, Peverill. 1988. “Who Gets National News Coverage in the U.S. Senate?” American Politics Quarterly 16: 139–56.
Stanley, Alessandra. 2004. “The TV Watch: Just Barely Off Broadway, the G.O.P. Puts on a Show.” The New York Times, 2 September.
Stanley, Harold W., and Niemi, Richard G.. 1998. Vital Statistics on American Politics, 1997–1998. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, Inc.
Stanley, Harold W., and Niemi, Richard G.. 2000. Vital Statistics on American Politics, 1999–2000. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, Inc.
Stein, Sam. 2008. “Air American Is Changing Ownership.” The Huffington Post, 21 February. www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/02/21/air-america-ischanging-o_n_87765.html.
Stein, Sam. 2009. “Obama and DNC Try Turning Angry Mobs and Drudge into Benefits.” The Huffington Post, 4 August. www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/04/obama-and-dnc-try-turning_n_250890.html.
Stevenson, Richard. 2001. “News Analysis: Bush's Capitol Hill Two-Step.” The New York Times, 6 May. www.nytimes.com/2001/05/06/politics/06BUSH.html.
Stevenson, Richard. 2005. “Some in GOP Call on Bush to Focus on Governing.” The New York Times, 27 June.
Stevenson, Richard, and Toner, Robin. 2005. “2 Top GOP Lawmakers Buck Bush on Social Security.” The New York Times, 18 February.
Stewart, Charles H. 1991. “Lessons from the Post–Civil War Era.” In The Politics of Divided Government, Cox, Gary and Kernell, Samuel. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Stirland, Sarah Lai. 2008. “Obama's Secret Weapons: Internet, Databases and Psychology.” Wired.com, 29 October. www.blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2008/10/obamas-secret-w.html.
Stolberg, Sheryl G. 2004. “The Keynote Speaker: Disaffected Democrat Who Is Now a G.O.P. Dream.” The New York Times, 1 September.
Sullivan, Andrew. 1996. “Do They Want Bill 1 or Bill 2?” The Sunday Times of London, 27 October.
Sundquist, James. 1988. “Needed: A Political Theory for the New Era of Coalition Government in the United States.” Political Science Quarterly 103: 613–35.
Sundquist, James. 1992. Constitutional Reform and Effective Government (rev. ed.). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.
,Talkers. 2003. “Top Talk Radio Audiences by Size.” Talkers Magazine. Fall.
Taylor, Andrew. 2001a. “A Senate of Singular Personalities and Possibilities.” CQ Weekly Report, 27 January: 212.
Taylor, Andrew. 2001b. “GOP Members Grapple with Roles as Bush Team Players.” CQ Weekly Report, 3 February: 269.
Taylor, Andrew J. 2005. Elephant's Edge: The Republicans as a Ruling Party. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Thrush, Glenn. 2009. “Big Dem Cash Dump on Eve of Climate Vote.” Politico.com, 17 July. www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0709/Big_Dem_cash_dump_on_eve_of_climate_vote.html?showall.
Tidmarch, Charles M., and Pitney, John J., Jr. 1985. “Covering Congress.” Polity 17: 463–83.
,TNS Media Intelligence. 2004. “U.S. Political Advertising Spending Reaches $1.45 Billion Reports TNS Media Intelligence/CMR.” Press release. www.tns-mi.com/news/11012004.htm.
Tobianski, Sarah. 2009. “Obama Rallies the Troops and Money with DeMint's ‘Waterloo.’” ABC News: Political Punch, 21 July. www.blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2009/07/obama-rallies-the-troops-and-money-with-demintswaterloo-.html.
Toner, Robin. 1996. “Put Re-Election Before Dole, Gingrich Advises.” The New York Times, 4 October.
Toner, Robin, and Hulse, Carl. 2005. “In the Partisan Power Struggle, a New Underdog Tries New Tricks.” The New York Times, 11 April.
Tuchman, Gaye. 1972. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: MacMillan.
Tufte, Edward R. 1975. “Determinants of the Outcomes of Midterm Congressional Elections.” American Political Science Review 69: 812–26.
Uliano, Dick. 2009. “Dems Target Right-Wing Talk Radio.” CNN: Political Ticker, 13 February. www.politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/02/13/dems_target_right_wing_talk_radio.
,Unsigned Commentary. 1994. “Our Perspective: Newtspeak; Will Voters Swallow Reagan Redux?” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 28 September.
,Unsigned Editorial. 1994. “The G.O.P's Deceptive Contract.” The New York Times, 28 September.
Upbin, Bruce. 1999. “Beyond Burgers.” Forbes Magazine, 1 November.
Vargas, Jose Antonio. 2008. “Obama's Wide Web: From YouTube to Text Messaging, Candidate's Team Connects to Voters.” The Washington Post, 20 August: C01.
Vieth, Warren, and Hook, Janet. 2004. “White House Admits Social Security ‘Fix’ Means Borrowing.” Los Angeles Times, 7 December.
Vinson, C. Danielle. 2005. “Congress Goes Public: Who Is Using the Media for Policymaking Goals?” Paper presented to the 2005 annual convention of the American Political Science Association.
Viser, Matt, and Ryan, Andrew. 2009. “Senate Republicans Halt Debate on Bill for a Kennedy Fill-in.” The Boston Globe, 19 September. www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/09/19/senate_republicans_halt_debate_on_bill_for_kennedy_fill_in.
Volokh, Eugene. 1995. “Cheap Speech and What It Will Do.” The Yale Law Journal, May. www.adager.com/VeSoft/CheapSpeech.html. Accessed: March 10, 2002.
Walster, E., Aronson, E., and Abrahams, D.. 1966. “On Increasing the Persuasiveness of a Low Prestige Communicator.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2: 325–42.
Washington, George. 1796. “Farewell Address.” www.avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp. Accessed: January 9, 2009.
,Washington School of CPAs. n.d. Washington Association of CPAs online glossary: “Franchise” in “Accounting Glossary.” www.wscpa.org/wscpa/acctgterms.cfm. Accessed: August 6, 2004.
,Washington Times. 2004. “Who Is Barack Obama?” 2 August.
Wattenberg, Martin P. 1996. The Decline of American Political Parties: 1952–1994. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Weaver, David H., and Wilhoit, G. Cleveland. 1974. “News Magazine Visibility of Senators.” Journalism Quarterly 51: 67–72.
Weaver, David, Graber, Doris, McCombs, Maxwell, and Eyal, Chaim. 1981. Media Agenda-Setting in a Presidential Election. New York: Praeger.
Weisman, Jonathan, and Bendavid, Naftali. 2009. “New Rx for Health Plan: Split Bill.” Wall Street Journal, 20 August. online.wsj.com/article/SB125072573848144647.html.
Weisman, Jonathan, and VandeHei, Jim. 2005. “GOP Is Divided on Social Security Push.” Washington Post, 7 January.
West, Darrell. 2001. Air Wars: Television Advertising in Election Campaigns, 1952–2000. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Westin, Drew. 2007. Political Brain: The Role of Emotion in Deciding the Fate of the Nation. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Book Group.
Westley, Bruce, and MacLean, Malcolm. 1957. “A Conceptual Model for Communications Research.” Journalism Quarterly 34: 31–8.
Westlye, Mark C. 1991. Senate Elections and Campaign Intensity. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
White, David. 1950. “The Gatekeeper: A Case Study in Selection of News.” Journalism Quarterly 27: 383–90.
White, John Kenneth, and Mileur, Jerome. 2002. “In the Spirit of Their Times: ‘Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System’ and Party Politics.” In Responsible Partisanship? The Evolution of American Political Parties Since 1950, eds. Green, John C. and Herrnson, Paul. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Wilson, Woodrow. 1908. Constitutional Government. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wilson, Woodrow. 1911. Constitutional Government in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wilson, Woodrow. “Mr. Cleveland's Cabinet.” In Public Papers, I: 221–2. Quoted in Austin Ranney, 1954, Doctrine of Responsible Party Government. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press.
Wolfsfeld, Gadi. 1991. Media, Protest, and Political Violence: A Transactional Analysis. Columbia, SC: Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.
Wormser, Michael D. 1982. Guide to Congress, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
York, Byron. 2009. “GOP Thinks the Unthinkable: Victory in 2010.” Washington Examiner, 14 August. www.washingtonexaminer.com/politics/GOP-thinks-the-unthinkable-Victory-in-2010-8103193-53174842.html.
Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Zaller, John. 1997. “A Model of Communication Effects at the Outbreak of the Gulf War.” In Do the Media Govern?: Politicians, Voters, and Reporters in America, eds. Iyengar, Shanto and Reeves, Richard. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Zaller, John. n.d. A Theory of Media Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Zaller, John, and Chiu, Dennis. 2000. “Government's Little Helper: U.S. Press Coverage of Foreign Policy Crises, 1946–1999. In Decision Making in a Glass House, eds. Nacos, Brigitte L., Shapiro, Robert Y., and Isernia, Pierangelo. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Zeleny, Jeff. 2009. “Health Debate Fails to Ignite Obama's Grass Roots.” The New York Times, 14 August. www.nytimes.com/2009/08/15/health/policy/15ground.html?src=sch.
Zuckman, Jill. 1994. “GOP Musters for House Control; Party Promises Voters a Very Different Future.” The Boston Globe, 28 September.
Zurawik, David. 2004. “Captains of TV Weigh the Future of the Anchor: Personnel Changes Could Open Door to Newscasts Driven by Ideology.” Baltimore Sun, 28 November.
