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³⁵ Crawford, O. G. S., Ethiopian Itineraries Circa 1400–;1524 (Cambridge, 1958), pp. 161-75.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ Ronald J. Horvath in his study ‘Towns in Ethiopia’ does not define the Ethiopian town in terms of population, which he says ranges from 100 to 6,750. He states, ‘The settlements are locally referred to as “ketema”, the Amharic word for city or town.’ Or, I might add, the Amharic word for any nucleated administrative or marketing center. He further notes the population of a kätäma is overwhelmingly engaged in urban occupations, which he defines as ‘nonfarm’. Actually, such populations, when not consisting of agriculturalists, often have craft and service occupations which exist elsewhere apart from urban centers. These occupations, therefore, in no way impart an urban quality to a kätäma. Frequently a kätäma is a collection of structures with a rural way of life for its population, often less in number than in nearby villages and neighborhoods.

⁴¹ Horvath, ‘Towns in Ethiopia’, p. 45.

⁴² Pankhurst, ‘Notes on the Demographic History’.

⁴³ Many of the estimates are not of population but of the number of houses in a community. Pankhurst multiplies the number of houses by an average 6.5 persons. My fieldwork in parts of northcentral Ethiopia indicates that 5 to 5.5 persons per dwelling would be a more accurate figure for these areas. Thus, many of the populations reckoned by Pankhurst may actually have been lower. Additionally, as Pankhurst notes for Ifag and elsewhere (‘Notes on the Demographic History’, pp. 60, 62), populations given under certain place names may include that of the surrounding countryside. Thus, the Qemant Agäw community of Čelga listed in Pankhurst's study with estimated populations of 2,000 to 3,000 (ibid., p. 62) has always been a dispersed ‘neighborhood’ (see Murdock, George P., Social Structure (New York, 1949), p. 80Google Scholar) rather than a nucleated village. Maps of Ethiopia are replete with names of ‘villages’ which upon first-hand inspection turn out to be communities very widely dispersed across the countryside. For example, the major Qemant community of Kärkär, a neighborhood, today has a population of about 6,000 but does not even remotely rank as an urban center because it is so dispersed as to defy walking across it in one day. Thus many populated places noted by travelers may be names of neighborhoods and not of villages. These comments on inhabitants per dwelling and the nature of the neighborhood, then, further reduce any evidence for concentrations of population greater than that of villages, which one might try to find in Pankhurst's demographic survey.

⁴⁴ Fallers, Compare, ‘Are African Cultivators to be Called Peasants?’, p. 108Google Scholar; Dalton, George, Tribal and Peasant Economies (Garden City, N.Y., 1967), pp. 543–4.Google Scholar

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⁴⁸ Foster, George M., ‘Introduction: What is a Peasant?’, p. 6.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ An important example of such a belief is von Dietze, ‘Peasantry’, p. 48.

⁵⁰ Wolf, , Peasants, pp. 9–10.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Markets located in the new kätämas now springing up here and there along the new interprovincial highway network are phenomena of the past two or three decades.

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⁶⁴ The Governor Generalate (province) of Bägémder and Semén, which is surveyed in Simoons, Frederick J.’ Northwest Ethiopia (Madison, 1960)Google Scholar and the northern part of the Governor Generalate of Gojjam in which an excellent enthnographic study has been completed, Hoben, Allen's The Role of Ambilineal Descent Groups in Goffam Amhara Social Organization (Ph.D. Dissertation in Anthropology, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, 1963).Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Compare Redfield, , Peasant Society and Culture, p. 18.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Armillas, Pedro, ‘Urban Revolution. III. The Concept of Civilization’, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 16 (New York, 1968), 221.Google Scholar

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⁶⁸ Compare Sjoberg, , The Preindustrial City, pp. 290–306.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Fallers, , ‘Are African Cultivators to be Called Peasants?’, p. 110.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Hoselitz, Bert F., ‘The Role of Cities in the Economic Growth of Underdeveloped Countries’, in Sociological Aspects of Economic Growth, by B. F. Hoselitz (Glencoe, Ill., 1960), p. 163Google Scholar; Foster, , ‘Interpersonal Relations in Peasant Society’, p. 175.Google Scholar

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⁷² The Guida dell' Africa Orientale Italiana (Milano, 1938) gives a good review of Italian construction of roads and major buildings and, perhaps overly generously, estimates urban populations in the late 1930s.

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