Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T22:29:05.758Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Emotional resilience and beyond:

a synthesis of findings from lifespan psychology and psychopathology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2010

By
Eva-Marie Kessler  and
Ursula M. Staudinger
Edited by
Prem S. Fry  and
Corey L. M. Keyes
Prem S. Fry
Affiliation:
Trinity Western University, British Columbia
Corey L. M. Keyes
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
Get access

Summary

Abstract

The aim of the chapter is to attempt a synthesis of age-comparative research on emotional resilience. To do so, we integrate extant studies on age-related differences in indicators of normal and successful aging and indicators of psychopathology (emotional well-being/depressive disorders). Our review of empirical findings underscores the enormous emotional reserve capacity of aging individuals proposed by previous research. For example, in contrast to old-age stereotypes, negative affect as well as major depression do not occur more often in old age compared with younger ages; in young old age, negative emotional states even seem to be less frequent. However, positive states decrease in very old age. This is indicated by increasing levels of subsyndromal forms of depression based on anhedonia, but also by decreasing levels of positive, high-arousal affect and social vitality. We also demonstrate that the positive age trends in emotional resilience are to be seen in combination with a flattening of measures of emotional maturity during adulthood and old age.

Introduction

Over the last 20 years, an increasingly large number of studies has provided evidence on age differences and changes in emotional functioning across adulthood and old age, including lifespan psychology (e.g., Carstensen et al., 2000; Charles, Reynolds, and Gatz, 2001; Kessler and Staudinger, 2009), personality psychology (e.g., Donnellan and Lucas, 2008; McCrae et al., 1999) as well as clinical psychology and epidemiology (e.g., Blazer et al., 1991; Wernicke et al., 2000).

Type
Chapter
Information
New Frontiers in Resilient Aging
Life-Strengths and Well-Being in Late Life
 , pp. 258 - 282
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexopoulos, G. S. (2005). Depression in the elderly. The Lancet, 365, 1961–1970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Baldwin, R. C. and O'Brien, , J. (2002). Vascular basis of late-onset depressive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 157–160.CrossRef
Baltes, P. B., and Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In Baltes, P. B. and Baltes, M. M. (eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1–34). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B., Lindenberger, U., and Staudinger, U. M. (2006). Lifespan theory in developmental psychology. In Lerner, R. M. (ed.), Handbook of child psychology, vol. I, 6th edn. (pp. 569–664). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B., Reese, H. W., and Nesselroade, J. R. (1988). Life-span developmental psychology: An introduction to research methods. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Barrick, A. L., Hutchinson, R. L., and Deckers, L. H. (1989). Age effects on positive and negative emotions. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4, 421–429.Google Scholar
Bauer, J. J., and McAdams, D. P. (2004). Growth goals, maturity, and well-being. Developmental Psychology, 40, 14–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard-Fields, F. (2007). Everyday problem solving and emotion: An adult developmental perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(1), 26–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blazer, D. (2003). Depression in late life: Review and commentary. The Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 58(3), 249–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blazer, D., Burchett, B., Service, C., and George, L. K. (1991). The association of age and depression among the elderly: An epidemiologic exploration. The Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 46(6), 210–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandtstädter, J., and Greve, W. (1994). The aging self: Stabilizing and protective processes. Developmental Review, 14, 52–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, J. D., Assanand, S., and Di Paula, A. (2003). The structure of the self-concept and its relation to psychological adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71, 115–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, J. M., Yik, M. S., Russell, J. A., and Barrett, L. F. (1999). On the psychometric principles of affect. Review of General Psychology, 3(1), 14–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. H., and Charles, S. T. (2003). Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 103–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., and Nesselroade, J. R. ( 2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 644–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandler, M. J., and Holliday, S. (1990). Wisdom in a postapocalyptic age. In Sternberg, R. J. (ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 121–141). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Charles, S. T., Mather, M., and Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(2), 310–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charles, S. T., Reynolds, C. A., and Gatz, M. (2001). Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 136–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Compton, W. C. (2001). Toward a tripartite factor structure of mental health: Subjective well-being, personal growth, and religiousity. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 135(5), 486–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Consedine, N. S., and Magai, C. (2006). Emotion development in adulthood: A developmental functionalist review and critique. In C. Hoare (ed.), The Oxford handbook of adult development and learning (pp. 209–244). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T., and McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668–678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, P. T., and McCrae, R. R. (1984). Personality as a lifelong determinant of well-being. In Malatesta, C. Z. and Izard, C. E. (eds.), Emotion in adult development (pp. 141–157). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Diener, E., and Fujita, F. (1995). Resources, personal strivings, and subjective well-being: A nomothetic and idiographic approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(5), 926–935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diener, E., and Suh, E. M. (1998). Subjective well-being and age: An international analysis. In Schaie, K. W. and Lawton, M. P. (eds.), Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, vol. VIII (pp. 304–324). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Donahue, E. M., Robins, R. W., Roberts, B. W., and John, O. P. (1993). The divided self: Concurrent and longitudinal effects of psychological adjustment and social roles on self-concept differentiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 834–846.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donnellan, M. B., and Lucas, R. E. (2008). Age differences in the big five across the life span: Evidence from two national samples. Age differences in the big five across the life span: Evidence from two national samples. Psychology and Aging, 23(3), 558–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dörner, J., and Staudinger, U. M. (2010). A self-concept measure of personality maturity. Jacobs University Bremen, Germany.Google Scholar
Ernst, C., and Angst, J. (1995). Depression in old age. Is there a real decrease in prevalence? A review. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245, 272–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferring, D., and Filipp, S.-H. (1997). Subjektives Wohlbefinden im Alter: Struktur- und Stabilitatsanalysen. [Subjective well-being in old age: Analyses of stability and structure.]. Psychologische Beitraege, 39(3), 236–258.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). The value of positive emotions. American Scientist, 91, 330–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L., and Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19(3), 313–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatz, M., Kasl-Godley, J. E., and Karel, M. J. (1996). Aging and mental disorders. In Birren, J. E. and Schaie, K. W. (eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 365–382). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gayman, M. D., Turner, R. J., and Cui, M. (2008). Physical limitations and depressive symptoms: exploring the nature of the association. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63, 219–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geiselmann, B., and Bauer, M. (2000). Subthreshold depression in the elderly: Qualitative or quantitative distinction?Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 32–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greve, W., and Staudinger, U. M. (2005). Resilience in later adulthood and old age: Resources and potentials for successful aging. In Cicchetti, D. and Cohen, A. (eds.), Developmental psychopathology, 2nd edn. (pp. 796–840). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 224–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, J. J., Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Tsai, J., Skorpen, C. G., and Hsu, A. Y. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control. Psychology and Aging, 12(4), 590–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haynie, D. A., Berg, S., Johansson, B., Gatz, M., and Zarit, S. H. (2001). Symptoms of depression in the oldest old: A longitudinal study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56B, 111–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckhausen, J., Dixon, R. A., and Baltes, P. B. (1989). Gains and losses in development throughout adulthood as perceived by different adult age groups. Developmental Psychology, 25(1), 109–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckman Coats, A., and Blanchard-Fields, F. (2008). Emotion regulation in interpersonal problems: The role of cognitive-emotional complexity, emotion regulation goals, and expressivity. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 39–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heeren, T. H., Van Hemert, A. M., Lagaay, A. M., and Rooymans, G. M. (1992). The general population prevalence of non-organic psychiatric disorders in subjects aged 85 years and over. Psychological Medicine, 22, 733–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helmchen, H., Baltes, M. M., Geiselmann, B.et al. (1999). Psychiatric illness in old age. In Baltes, P. B. and Mayer, K. U. (eds.), The Berlin Aging Study: Aging from 70 to 100 (pp. 167–196). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Helson, R., and Kwan, V. S. Y. (2000). Personality development in adulthood: The broad picture and processes in one longitudinal sample. In Hampson, S. (ed.), Advances in personality psychology, vol. I (pp. 77–106). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Helson, R., and Wink, P. (1987). Two conceptions of maturity examined in the findings of a longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3), 531–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, A. S., Jorm, A. F., and Mackkinnon, A. (1993). The prevalence of depressive disorders and the distribution of depression in late life. Psychological Medicine, 23, 719–792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbrich, I. (2006). Developmental patterns of positive and negative affect in old and very old age: Longitudinal findings from the Berlin Aging Study. Unpublished Diploma Thesis. Dresden University, Dresden.
Hess, T. M. (1999). Cognitive and knowledge-based influences on social representations. In Hess, T. M. and Blanchard-Fields, F. (eds.), Social cognition and aging (pp. 237–263). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Osowski, N. L., and Leclerc, C. M. (2005). Age and experience influences on the complexity of social inferences. Psychology and Aging, 20, 447–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isen, A. M. (2003). Positive affect as a source of human strength. In Aspinwall, L. G. and Staudinger, U. M. (eds.), A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology (pp. 179–195). Washington, DC: American Psychologist Association.Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahoda, M. (1958). Current concepts of positive mental health. New York: Basic Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, Q., Mather, M., and Carstensen, L. L. (2004). The role of motivation in the age-related positivity effect in autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 15(3), 208–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, E.-M., and Staudinger, U. M. (2009). Affective experience in adulthood and old age: The role of affective arousal and perceived regulation. Psychology and Aging, 24(2), 349–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., and Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraaij, V., Arensman, E., and Spinhoven, P. (2002). Negative life events and depression in elderly persons: A meta-analysis. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57B(1), 87–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunzmann, U. (2008). Differential age trajectories of positive and negative affect: Further evidence from the Berlin Aging Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 63B, P261–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunzmann, U., Little, T. D., and Smith, J. (2000). Is age-related stability of subjective well-being a paradox? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 15(3), 511–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labouvie-Vief, G. (2003). Dynamic integration: Affect, cognition, and the self in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(6), 201–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labouvie-Vief, G., Chiodo, L. M., Goguen, L. A., Diehl, M., and Orwoll, L. (1995). Representations of self across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 10(3), 404–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labouvie-Vief, G., DeVoe, M., and Bulka, D. (1989). Speaking about feelings: Conceptions of emotion across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 4, 425–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labouvie-Vief, G., and Medler, M. (2002). Affect optimization and affect complexity: Modes and styles of regulation in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 17(4), 571–587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawton, M. P. (1996). Quality of life and affect in later life. In Magai, C. and McFadden, S. H. (eds.), Handbook of emotion, adult development and aging (pp. 327–348). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lawton, M. P., Kleban, M. H., and Dean, J. (1993). Affect and age: Cross-sectional comparisons of structure and prevalence. Psychology and Aging, 8(2), 165–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawton, M. P., Kleban, M. H., Rajagopal, D., and Dean, J. (1992). Dimensions of affective experience in three age groups. Psychology and Aging, 7(2), 171–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., and Fischer, S. A. (1993). Age-cohort changes in the lifetime occurrence of depression and other mental disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 110–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindesay, J., Briggs, K., and Murphy, E. (1989). The Guy's Age Concern survey: prevalence rates of cognitive impairment, depression and anxiety in an urban elderly community. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 317–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linville, P. W. (1987). Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-­related depression and illness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 663–676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loevinger, J. (1976). Ego development: Conception and theory. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.Google Scholar
Magai, C. (2001). Emotions over the life span. In Birren, J. E. and Schaie, K. W. (eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 399–426). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Magai, C., Consedine, N. S., Krivoshekova, Y. S., Kudadjie-Gyamfi, E., and McPherson, R. (2006). Emotion experience and expression across the adult life span: Insights from a multimodal assessment study. Psychology and Aging, 21(2), 303–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malatesta, C. Z., and Kalnok, M. (1984). Emotional experience in younger and older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 39, 301–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mather, M., and Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces. Psychological Science, 14(5), 409–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mather, M., and Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 496–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mather, M., and Knight, M. R. (2006). Angry faces get noticed quickly: Threat detection is not impaired among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61, 54–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., de Lima, M. P.et al. (1999). Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 466–477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F.et al. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 173–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mickler, C., and Staudinger, U. M. (2008). Personal wisdom: Validation and age-related differences in a performance measure. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 778–799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mroczek, D. K., and Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1333–1349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mroczek, D. K., and Spiro, A. I. (2003). Modeling intraindividual change in personality traits: Findings from the Normative Aging Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58B(3), P153–P165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, T. D. (2002). Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Nordhus, I. H. (2008). Manifestations of depression and anxiety in older adults. In Woods, B. and Clare, L. (eds.), Handbook of the clinical psychology of aging. Chichester, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
Prince, M., Beekman, A., Deeg, D.et al. (1999). Depression symptoms in late life assessed using the EURO-D scale – Effect of age, gender and marital status in 14 European centres. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 339–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., and Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 1–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, L. N., and Regier, D. A. (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Rothermund, K., and Brandtstädter, J. (2003). Age stereotypes and self-views in later life: Evaluating rival assumptions. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27(6), 549–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(4), 99–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C. D., and Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryff, C. D., Singer, B., Love, G. D., and Essex, M. J. (1998). Resilience in adulthood and later life: Defining features and dynamic processes. In Lomranz, J. (ed.), Handbook of aging and mental health: An integrative approach (pp. 69–96). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Simon, G., and Korff, M. (1992). Reevaluation of secular trends in depression rate. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135, 1411–1422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Small, B. J., Hertzog, C., Hultsch, D. F., and Dixon, R. A. (2003). Stability and change in adult personality over 6 years: Findings from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58B(3), P166–P176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sneed, J. R., and Whitbourne, S. K. (2003). Identity processing and self-consciousness in middle and later adulthood. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58B(6), P313–P319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snowdon, J. (1990). The prevalence of depression in old age. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 141–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Viele Gründe sprechen dagegen und trotzdem fühlen viele Menschen sich wohl: Das Paradox des subjektiven Wohlbefindens. [Even though many reasons speak against it, many people are happy]Psychologische Rundschau [German Journal of Psychology], 51, 185–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., and Fleeson, W. (1996). Self and personality in old and very old age: A sample case of resilience?Development and Psychopathology, 8, 867–885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Freund, A., Linden, M., and Maas, I. (1999). Self, personality, and life regulation: Facets of psychological resilience in old age. In Baltes, P. B. and Mayer, K. U. (eds.), The Berlin Aging Study: Aging from 70 to 100 (pp. 302–328). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., and Kessler, E.-M. (2009). Adjustment and personality growth: Two trajectories of positive personality development across adulthood. In Smith, M. C. and Reio, T. J. (eds.), The handbook on adult development and learning (pp. 241–268). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Kessler, E.-M., and Dörner, J. (2006). Wisdom in social context. In Schaie, K. W. and Carstensen, L. (eds.), Social structures, aging, and self-regulation in the elderly (pp. 33–54). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., and Kunzmann, U. (2005). Positive adult personality development: Adjustment and/or growth?European Psychologist, 10(4), 320–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Marsiske, M., and Baltes, P. B. (1995). Resilience and reserve capacity in later adulthood: Potential and limits of development across the life span. In Cicchetti, D. and Cohen, D. J. (eds.), Developmental psychopathology, vol. II: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 801–947). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Mickler, C., and Dörner, J. (2005). Wisdom and personality. In Sternberg, R. and Jordan, J. (eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 191–219). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Steunenberg, B., Twisk, J. W. R., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., and Kerkhof, A. J. F. M. (2005). Stability and change of neuroticism in aging. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(1), 27–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoner, S. B., and Spencer, W. B. (1986). Age and sex differences on the State-Trait Personality Inventory. Psychological Reports, 35, 263–266.Google Scholar
Watson, D., and Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 465–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D., and Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wernicke, T. F., Linden, M., Gilberg, R., and Helmchen, H. (2000). Ranges of psychiatric morbidity in the old and the very old: Results from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 250, 111–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrosch, C., Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., and Schulz, R. (2003). The importance of goal disengagement in adaptive self-regulation: When giving up is beneficial. Self and Identity, 2, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×