Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 45
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
March 2015
Print publication year:
2002
Online ISBN:
9780511815034

Book description

As the gateway to scientific thinking, an understanding of the scientific method is essential for success and productivity in science. This book is the first synthesis of the practice and the philosophy of the scientific method. It will enable scientists to be better scientists by offering them a deeper understanding of the underpinnings of the scientific method, thereby leading to more productive research and experimentation. It will also give scientists a more accurate perspective on the rationality of the scientific approach and its role in society. Beginning with a discussion of today's 'science wars' and science's presuppositions, the book then explores deductive and inductive logic, probability, statistics, and parsimony, and concludes with an examination of science's powers and limits, and a look at science education. Topics relevant to a variety of disciplines are treated, and clarifying figures, case studies, and chapter summaries enhance the pedagogy. This adeptly executed, comprehensive, yet pragmatic work yields a new synergy suitable for scientists and instructors, and graduate students and advanced undergraduates.

Reviews

‘In encouraging scientists to examine the basic beliefs and attitudes they share, Gauch provides an enriching journey into a humanities-rich version of science. And because it is a book written by a scientist for scientists, its practical use improves productivity while enriching the experience of discovery.’

Marye Anne Fox - Chancellor of the University of California, former President of Sigma Xi (2001 – 2002), and Chair of the National Research Council Committee on Undergraduate Science Education

‘Written by a scientist for scientists, this is an impressive and comprehensive treatment of the principles of scientific method. Hugh Gauch provides an important, and well-informed, contribution to our contemporary understanding of the practice of science.’

Roger Trigg - Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick and Chair of the British Philosophical Association

‘Hugh Gauch’s discussion of the science wars and the impact this has had on science education is significant and important. Extensive international studies reflect the regrettable consequences of such philosophical diversions. This book helps one understand the issues.’

William H. Schmidt - University Distinguished Professor of Education at Michigan State University and National Research Coordinator for the U.S. participation in the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)

‘Gauch’s claim that a deeper appreciation of the philosophical and theoretical principles undergirding the scientific method would improve the focus, effectiveness and productivity of research scientists is fundamentally sound. Using examples drawn from many fields in science and technology, including pharmacology and clinical medicine, he ably illustrates the relevance and practical benefits of his ideas. This book has much to offer students, educators and professional scientists alike.’

Bartholomew J. Votta - Senior Investigator, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals

‘… a resource that should improve the perspective and productivity of almost any student, educator or professional scientist who reads it.’

Source: Journal of Biological Education

'… educationalists should find much of benefit in Gauch's elaboration of 'Scientific Method in Practice'.

Source: Science and Education

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References
References
AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science). 1989. Science for All Americans: A Project 2061 Report on Literacy Goals in Science, Mathematics, and Technology. Washington, DC: AAAS.
AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science). 1990. The Liberal Art of Science: Agenda for Action. Washington, DC: AAAS.
AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science). 1993. Benchmarks for Science Literacy. Oxford University Press
AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science). 2000. Designs for Science Literacy. Oxford University Press
Abd-El-Khalick, F., Bell, R. L., and Lederman, N. G. 1998. The nature of science and instructional practice: Making the unnatural natural. Science Education 82:417–436
Achinstein, P. (ed.). 1983. The Concept of Evidence. Oxford University Press
Ackoff, R. L. 1962. Scientific Method: Optimizing Applied Research Decisions. New York: Wiley
Adams, M. M. 1987. William Ockham (2 vols.). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press
Adams, P. D., Pannu, N. S., Read, R. J., and Brünger, A. T. 1997. Cross-validated maximum likelihood enhances crystallographic simulated annealing refinement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94:5018–5023
Adler, M. J. 1978. Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy. New York: Macmillan
Alters, B. J. 1997. Whose nature of science?Journal of Research in Science Teaching 34:39–55
Anderson, R. D., Anderson, B. L., Varanka-Martin, M. A., Romagnano, L., Bielenberg, J., Flory, M., Mieras, B., and Whitworth, J. 1994. Issues of Curriculum Reform in Science, Mathematics and Higher Order Thinking across the Disciplines. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education
Annas, J., and Barnes, J. 1985. The Modes of Scepticism: Ancient Texts and Modern Interpretations. Cambridge University Press
Annas, J., and Barnes, J. 1994. Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. Cambridge University Press
Annicchiarico, P. 1992. Cultivar adaptation and recommendation from alfalfa trials in northern Italy. Journal of Genetics & Breeding 46:269–278
Annicchiarico, P. 1997. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of genotype-location interaction in variety trials repeated over years. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 94:1072–1077
Annicchiarico, P. 1998. Yield gain from recommendation of lucerne varieties based on mega-environment identifications by AMMI analysis. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Congress of the European Society for Agronomy, vol. 2, pp. 121–122. Nitra: Slovak Agricultural University
Annicchiarico, P. 2000. Variety × location interaction and its implications on breeding of lucerne: A case study. In: Proceedings XIII EUCARPIA Medicago spp Group Meeting, pp. 35–43. Università di Perugia
Annicchiarico, P., Bertolini, M., and Mazzinelli, G. 1995. Analysis of genotype-environment interactions for maize hybrids in Italy. Journal of Genetics & Breeding 49:61–68
Annicchiarico, P., and Perenzin, M. 1994. Adaptation patterns and definition of macro-environments for selection and recommendation of common-wheat genotypes in Italy. Plant Breeding 113:197–205
Anscombe, G. E. M., and von Wright, G. H. (eds.). 1969. On Certainty (by Ludwig Wittgenstein). New York: Harper & Row
Apostle, H. G. 1969. Aristotle's Physics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Ashby, D. (ed.). 1993. Methodological and ethical issues in clinical trials. Statistics in Medicine 12:1373–1534
Asmis, E. 1984. Epicurus' Scientific Method. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Audi, R. (ed.). 1999. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press
Azzalini, A., and Diggle, P. J. 1994. Prediction of soil respiration rates from temperature, moisture content and soil type. Applied Statistics 43:505–526
Ball, W. W. R., and Coxeter, H. S. M. 1987. Mathematical Recreations and Essays, 13th ed. New York: Dover
Bandyopadhyay, P. S., and Boik, R. J. 1999. The curve fitting problem: A Bayesian rejoinder. Philosophy of Science (Proceedings) 66:S390–402
Banner, M. C. 1990. The Justification of Science and the Rationality of Religious Belief. Oxford University Press
Barnard, G. A. 1958. Studies in the history of probability and statistics. IX. Thomas Bayes's essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Biometrika 45:293–315
Barnes, B. 1991. How not to do the sociology of knowledge. Annals of Scholarship 8:321–335
Barnes, J. 1975. Aristotle's Posterior Analytics. Oxford University Press
Barnett, V. 1982. Comparative Statistical Inference, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley
Baumgardt, C. 1951. Johannes Kepler: Life and Letters. New York: Philosophical Library
Bayes, T. 1763. An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 53:370–418
Beauchamp, T. L. (ed.). 1999. David Hume: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Oxford University Press
Becker, B. J. 2000. MindWorks: Making scientific concepts come alive. Science & Education 9:269–278
Bell, R., Abd-El-Khalick, F., Lederman, N. G., McComas, W. F., and Matthews, M. R. 2001. The nature of science and science education: A bibliography. Science & Education 10:187–204
Bell, R. L., Lederman, N. G., and Abd-El-Khalick, F. 1998. Implicit versus explicit nature of science instruction: An explicit response to Palmquist and Finley. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 35:1057–1061
Ben-Chaim, D., Ron, S., and Zoller, U. 2000. The disposition of eleventh-grade science students toward critical thinking. Journal of Science Education and Technology 9:149–159
Benjamin, A. S., and Hackstaff, L. H. 1964. Saint Augustine: On Free Choice of the Will. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill
Benjamini, Y., and Hochberg, Y. 1995. Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 57:289–300
Bennett, J. H. (ed.). 1965. Experiments in Plant Hybridisation (by Gregor Mendel). London: Oliver & Boyd
Berger, J. O. 1985. Statistical Decision Theory and Bayesian Analysis, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag
Berger, J. O., and Berry, D. A. 1988. Statistical analysis and the illusion of objectivity. American Scientist 76:159–165
Berger, J. O., and Pericchi, L. R. 1996. The intrinsic Bayes factor for model selection and prediction. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Theory and Methods 91:109–122
Bernardo, J. M., Berger, J. O., Dawid, A. P., and Smith, A. F. M. (eds.). 1992. Bayesian Statistics 4: Proceedings of the Fourth Valencia International Meeting. Oxford University Press
Bernardo, J. M., DeGroot, M. H., Lindley, D. V., and Smith, A. F. M. (eds.). 1980. Bayesian Statistics: Proceedings of the First International Meeting. Valencia, Spain: University Press
Berry, D. A. 1987. Interim analysis in clinical trials: The role of the likelihood principle. American Statistician 41:117–122
Berry, D. A. (ed.). 1990. Statistical Methodology in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. New York: Marcel Dekker
Berry, D. A. 1996. Statistics: A Bayesian Perspective. Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press
Bettoni, E. 1961. Duns Scotus: The Basic Principles of his Philosophy. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press
Bevilacqua, F., Giannetto, E., and Matthews, M. R. (eds.). 2001. Science Education and Culture: The Contribution of History and Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Bhattacharyya, M. K., Smith, A. M., Ellis, T. H. N., Hedley, C., and Martin, C. 1990. The wrinkled-seed character of pea described by Mendel is caused by a transposon-like insertion in a gene encoding starch-branching enzyme. Cell 60:115–122
Blackburn, S. 1973. Reason and Prediction. Cambridge University Press
Blackburn, S. 1994. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press
Blackwell, R. J., Spath, R. J., and Thirlkel, W. E. 1963. Commentary on Aristotle's Physics by St. Thomas Aquinas. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Boehner, P. 1957. Ockham Philosophical Writings. New York: Nelson
Bohm, D., and Hiley, B. J. 1993. The Undivided Universe. London: Routledge
Bourgeois, D. 1999. New processing tools for weak and/or spatially overlapped macromolecular diffraction patterns. Acta Crystallographica, Section D 55:1733–1741
Bourne, L. E., Dominowski, R. L., Loftus, E. F., and Healy, A. F. 1986. Cognitive Processes, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Box, G. E. P., Hunter, W. G., and Hunter, J. S. 1978. Statistics for Experimenters: An Introduction to Design, Data Analysis, and Model Building. New York: Wiley
Box, G. E. P., and Tiao, G. C. 1973. Bayesian Inference in Statistical Analysis. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Boyd, R., Gasper, P., and Trout, J. D. (eds.). 1991. The Philosophy of Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Brancourt-Hulmel, M., Denis, J. B., and Lecomte, C. 2000. Determining environmental covariates which explain genotype-environment interaction in winter wheat through probe genotypes and biadditive factorial regression. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 100:285–298
Brändén, C.-I., and Jones, T. A. 1990. Between objectivity and subjectivity. Nature 343:687–689
Bricogne, G., and Carter, C. W. (eds.). 1996. Likelihood, Bayesian Inference and Their Application to the Solution of New Structures. Buffalo, NY: American Crystallographic Association
Broad, C. D. 1952. Ethics and the History of Philosophy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Broad, C. D. 1968. Induction, Probability, and Causation. Dordrecht: Reidel
Broad, W. J. 1979. Paul Feyerabend: Science and the anarchist. Science 206:534–537
Brodley, C. E., Lane, T., and Stough, T. M. 1999. Knowledge discovery and data mining. American Scientist 87(1):54–61
Brooke, J. H. 1991. Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives. Cambridge University Press
Brown, G. E. 1993. The Objectivity Crisis: Rethinking the Role of Science in Society. Chairman's report to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, 103rd Congress, first session, serial D. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
Brown, H. I. 1987. Observation and Objectivity. Oxford University Press
Brown, S. C. (ed.). 1984. Objectivity and Cultural Divergence. Cambridge University Press
Brünger, A. T. 1992. Free R value: A novel statistical quantity for assessing the accuracy of crystal structures. Nature 355:472–475
Brünger, A. T. 1993. Assessment of phase accuracy by cross validation: The free R value. Acta Crystallographica, Section D 49:24–36
Brünger, A. T. 1997. Free R value: Cross-validation in crystallography. Methods in Enzymology 277:366–396
Bugg, C. E., Carson, W. M., and Montgomery, J. A. 1993. Drugs by design. Scientific American 269(6):92–98
Bugliarello, G. 1992. Verifiable truths. American Scientist 80:306
Burks, A. W. 1977. Chance, Cause, Reason: An Inquiry into the Nature of Scientific Evidence. University of Chicago Press
Cajori, F. 1947. Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World. Berkeley: University of California Press
Caldin, E. F. 1949. The Power and Limits of Science: A Philosophical Study. London: Chapman & Hall
Callebaut, W. 1993. Taking the Naturalistic Turn, or How Real Philosophy of Science Is Done. University of Chicago Press
Callus, D. A. (ed.). 1955. Robert Grosseteste, Scholar and Bishop: Essays in Commemoration of the Seventh Centenary of His Death. Oxford University Press
Carey, S. S. 1994. A Beginner's Guide to Scientific Method. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Carnap, R., Hahn, H., and Neurath, O. 1929. Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung: Der Wiener Kreis. Wien: Artur Wolf Verlag
Carson, R. N. 1997. Science and the ideals of liberal education. Science & Education 6:225–238
Cartier, J. L., and Stewart, J. 2000. Teaching the nature of inquiry: Further developments in a high school genetics curriculum. Science & Education 9:247–267
Carus, P. 1902. Immanuel Kant: Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Can Qualify as a Science. La Salle, IL: Open Court
Caspar, M. 1959. Kepler, trans. C. D. Hellman. New York: Abelard-Schuman
Cederblom, J., and Paulsen, D. W. 1986. Critical Reasoning: Understanding and Criticizing Arguments and Theories, 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Chakrabarti, K. K. 1995. Definition and Induction: A Historical and Comparative Study. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
Charlton, W. 1970. Aristotle's Physics Books I and II. Oxford University Press
Chatalian, G. 1991. Epistemology and Skepticism: An Enquiry into the Nature of Epistemology. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press
Chattopadhyaya, D. P. 1991. Induction, Probability, and Skepticism. Albany: State University of New York Press
Cho, Y., Gorina, S., Jeffrey, P. D., and Pavletich, N. P. 1994. Crystal structure of a p53 tumor suppressor-DNA complex: Understanding tumorigenic mutations. Science 265:346–355
Cleave, J. P. 1991. A Study of Logics. Oxford University Press
Cohen, J. 1994. The earth is round (p ≪ 0.5). American Psychologist 49:997–1003
Collingwood, R. G. 1940. An Essay on Metaphysics. Oxford University Press
Collins, H. M. 1981. Stages in the empirical programme of relativism. Social Studies of Science 11:3–10
Collins, H., and Pinch, T. 1993. The Golem: What Everyone Should Know About Science. Cambridge University Press
Collins, H., and Pinch, T. 1998. The Golem at Large: What You Should Know About Technology. Cambridge University Press
Copleston, F. 1953. A History of Philosophy. Vol. III: Late Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy. New York: Doubleday
Cornelius, P. L., and Crossa, J. 1999. Prediction assessment of shrinkage estimators of multiplicative models for multi-environment cultivar trials. Crop Science 39:998–1009
Cottingham, J. (ed.). 1986. René Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy. Cambridge University Press
Cottingham, J. (ed.). 1992. The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. Cambridge University Press
Cottingham, J., Stoothoff, R., and Murdoch, D. 1988. Descartes: Selected Philosophical Writings. Cambridge University Press
Couvalis, G. 1997. The Philosophy of Science: Science and Objectivity. London: Sage
Cowtan, K. 1999. Error estimation and bias correction in phase improvement calculations. Acta Chrystallographica, Section D 55:1555–1567
Craig, E. (ed.). 1998. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 10 vols. London: Routledge
Crombie, A. C. 1962. Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science. Oxford University Press
Cromer, A. 1997. Connected Knowledge: Science, Philosophy, and Education. Oxford University Press
Curley, A. J. 1996. Augustine's Critique of Skepticism: A Study of Contra Academicos. New York: Peter Lang
Dales, R. C. 1973. The Scientific Achievement of the Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
Dalgarno, M., and Matthews, E. (eds.). 1989. The Philosophy of Thomas Reid. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Dampier, W. C. 1961. A History of Science and Its Relations with Philosophy and Religion. Cambridge University Press
Daniels, N. 1989. Thomas Reid's ‘Inquiry.’ Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Davenport, H. 1992. The Higher Arithmetic: An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. Cambridge University Press
Davis, W. A. 1986. An Introduction to Logic. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Deeds, D. G., Allen, C. S., Callen, B. W., and Wood, M. D. 2000. A new paradigm in integrated math and science courses: Finding common ground across disciplines. Journal of College Science Teaching 30:178–183
DeVito, S. 1997. A gruesome problem for the curve-fitting solution. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 48:391–396
Dewey, J. 1916. Democracy and Education. New York: Macmillan
Diederichs, K., and Karplus, P. A. 1997. Improved R-factors for diffraction data analysis in macromolecular crystallography. Nature Structural Biology 4:269–275
Ding, A. A., and Hwang, J. T. G. 1999. Prediction intervals, factor analysis models, and high-dimensional empirical linear prediction (HELP). Journal of the American Statistical Association 94:446–455
Dirac, P. A. M. 1963. The evolution of the physicist's picture of nature. Scientific American 208(5):45–53
Drake, S., and MacLachlan, J. 1975. Galileo's discovery of the parabolic trajectory. Scientific American 232(3):102–110
Driver, R., Newton, P., and Osborne, J. 2000. Establishing the norms of scientific argumentation in classrooms. Science Education 84:287–312
Duggan, T. J. 1978. Ayer and Reid: Responses to the skeptic. The Monist 61:205–219
Earman, J. 2000. Hume's Abject Failure: The Argument against Miracles. Oxford University Press
Easterbrook, G. 1997. Science and God: A warming trend?Science 277:890–893
Ebdon, J. S., and Gauch, H. G. 2002. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction analysis of national turfgrass performance trials. II. Cultivar recommendations. Crop Science 42:497–506
Economist, The. 1999. 20 February, p. 72
Edwards, P. (ed.). 1967. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 8 vols. New York: Macmillan
Einstein, A. 1936. Physics and reality, trans. Jean Piccard. Journal of the Franklin Institute 221:349–382
Einstein, A. 1954. Ideas and Opinions. New York: Crown
Ellis, B. 1990. Truth and Objectivity. Oxford: Blackwell
Ezzell, C. 2002. Proteins rule. Scientific American 286(4):40–47
Farnham, N. H., and Yarmolinsky, A. (eds.). 1996. Rethinking Liberal Education. Oxford University Press
Faust, D. 1984. The Limits of Scientific Reasoning. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
Ferejohn, M. 1991. The Origins of Aristotelian Science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Fetzer, J. H. (ed.). 1984. Principles of Philosophical Reasoning. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld
Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., and Sands, M. 1964. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, vol. II. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Finlay, K. W., and Wilkinson, G. N. 1963. The analysis of adaptation in a plant-breeding programme. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 14:742–754
Fisher, R. A. 1973. Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference, 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan. (Originally published 1956.)
Forman, P. 1997. Assailing the seasons. Science 276:750–752
Forster, M. R. 1999. Model selection in science: The problem of language variance. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 50:83–102
Forster, M., and Sober, E. 1994. How to tell when simpler, more unified, or less ad hoc theories will provide more accurate predictions. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45:1–35
Frank, P. G. (ed.). 1956. The Validation of Scientific Theories. Boston: Beacon Press
Frank, P. G. 1957. Philosophy of Science: The Link Between Science and Philosophy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Frege, G. 1893. Grundgesetze der Arithmetik. Jena: Hermann Pohle
Freireich, E. J., Gehan, E., Frei, E., Schroeder, L. R., Wolman, I. J., Anbari, R., Burgert, E. O., Mills, S. D., Pinkel, D., Selawry, O. S., Moon, J. H., Gendel, B. R., Spurr, C. L., Storrs, R., Haurani, F., Hoogstraten, B., and Lee, S. 1963. The effect of 6-mercaptopurine on the duration of steroid-induced remissions in acute leukemia: A model for evaluation of other potentially useful therapy. Blood 21:699–716
French, S. 1986. Decision Theory: An Introduction to the Mathematics of Rationality. New York: Wiley
Friedman, K. S. 1990. Predictive Simplicity: Induction Exhum'd. Elmsford Park, NY: Pergamon
Friedman, M. 1992. Kant and the Exact Sciences. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Friedman, M. 1999. Reconsidering Logical Positivism. Cambridge University Press
Fuller, S. 2000. Thomas Kuhn, A Philosophical History for Our Times. University of Chicago Press
Galison, P., and Stump, D. J. (eds.). 1996. The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Galton, F. 1894. A plausible paradox in chances. Nature 49:365–366, 413
Gálvez, A., Maqueda, M., Martínez-Bueno, M., and Valdivia, E. 2000. Scientific publication trends and the developing world. American Scientist 88: 526–533
Gärdenfors, P. (ed.). 1992. Belief Revision. Cambridge University Press
Gauch, H. G. 1982. Noise reduction by eigenvector ordinations. Ecology 63: 1643–1649
Gauch, H. G. 1988. Model selection and validation for yield trials with interaction. Biometrics 44:705–715
Gauch, H. G. 1992. Statistical Analysis of Regional Yield Trials: AMMI Analysis of Factorial Designs. New York: Elsevier
Gauch, H. G. 1993. Prediction, parsimony, and noise. American Scientist 81:468–478, 507–508
Gauch, H. G., and Zobel, R. W. 1997. Identifying mega-environments and targeting genotypes. Crop Science 37:311–326
Gerstein, M., and Levitt, M. 1998. Simulating water and the molecules of life. Scientific American 279(5):100–105
Gibbs, W. W. 2001. Cybernetic cells. Scientific American 265(2):52–57
Giere, R. N. 1984. Understanding Scientific Reasoning, 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston
Giere, R. N. 1997. Scientific inference: Two points of view. Philosophy of Science (Proceedings) 64:S180–184
Gillispie, C. C. (ed.). 1970. Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 18 vols. New York: Scribner
Glyer, D., and Weeks, D. L. (eds.). 1998. The Liberal Arts in Higher Education: Challenging Assumptions, Exploring Possibilities. Lanham, MD: University Press of America
Goldman, M. 1983. The Demon in the Aether: The Story of James Clerk Maxwell. Edinburgh: Paul Harris Publishing
Golinski, J. 1998. Making Natural Knowledge: Constructivism and the History of Science. Cambridge University Press
Good, R., and Shymansky, J. 2001. Nature-of-science literacy in Benchmarks and Standards: Post-Modern/Relativist or Modern/Realist?Science & Education 10:173–185
Goodman, N. 1983. Fact, Fiction, and Forecast, 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Gottfried, K., and Wilson, K. G. 1997. Science as a cultural construct. Nature 386:545–547
Gower, B. 1997. Scientific Method: An Historical and Philosophical Introduction. London: Routledge
Grinnell, F. 1987. The Scientific Attitude. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
Gross, P. R., and Levitt, N. 1994. Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Gross, P. R., Levitt, N., and Lewis, M. W. (eds.). 1996. The Flight from Science and Reason. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Gruender, D. 2001. A new principle of demarcation: A modest proposal for science and science education. Science & Education 10:85–95
Gunther, S. 1896. Kepler und Galilei. Berlin: E. Hofmann & Co.
Gustason, W. 1994. Reasoning from Evidence: Inductive Logic. New York: Macmillan
Guyer, P. (ed.). 1992. The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge University Press
Hacking, I. 1965. Logic of Statistical Inference. Cambridge University Press
Hald, A. 1990. A History of Probability and Statistics and Their Applications Before 1750. New York: Wiley
Halloun, I. A., and Hestenes, D. 1985a. The initial knowledge state of college physics students. American Journal of Physics 53:1043–1055
Halloun, I. A., and Hestenes, D. 1985b. Common sense concepts about motion. American Journal of Physics 53:1056–1065
Hamilton, A. G. 1978. Logic for Mathematicians. Cambridge University Press
Hamilton, W. (ed.). 1872. The Works of Thomas Reid, D. D.., 7th ed. Edinburgh: Maclachlan & Stewart
Hansen, H. V., and Pinto, R. C. (eds.). 1995. Fallacies: Classical and Contemporary Readings. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press
Haskins, C. H. 1923. The Rise of Universities. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Hayes, B. 1999. The web of words. American Scientist 87(2):108–112
Herbert, W. 1995. The PC assault on science. U.S. News & World Report 118(7): 64, 66
Himsworth, H. 1986. Scientific Knowledge and Philosophic Thought. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Hoefer, C., and Rosenberg, A. 1994. Empirical equivalence, underdetermination, and systems of the world. Philosophy of Science 61:592–607
Hoffmann, R., Minkin, V. I., and Carpenter, B. K. 1996. Ockham's razor and chemistry. Bulletin de la Société chimique de France 133(2):117–130
Hogan, K. 1999. Relating students' personal frameworks for science learning to their cognition in collaborative contexts. Science Education 83:1–32
Hogan, K., and Maglienti, M. 2001. Comparing the epistemological underpinnings of students' and scientists' reasoning about conclusions. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 38:663–687
Holton, G. 1993. Science and Anti-science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Horgan, J. 1991. Profile: Thomas S. Kuhn, reluctant revolutionary. Scientific American 264(5):40, 49
Horgan, J. 1992. Profile: Karl R. Popper, the intellectual warrior. Scientific American 267(5):38–44
Horgan, J. 1993. Profile: Paul Karl Feyerabend, the worst enemy of science. Scientific American 268(5):36–37
Horgan, J. 1996. The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowedge in the Twilight of the Scientific Age. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Howson, C. 1997a. A logic of induction. Philosophy of Science 64:268–290
Howson, C. 1997b. Error probabilities in error. Philosophy of Science (Proceedings) 64:S185–194
Howson, C. 2000. Hume's Problem: Induction and the Justification of Belief. Oxford University Press
Howson, C. and Urbach, P. 1993. Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach, 2nd ed. La Salle, IL: Open Court
Hübner, K. 1983. Critique of Scientific Reason. University of Chicago Press
Hunter, G. 1971. Metalogic: An Introduction to the Metatheory of Standard First Order Logic. Berkeley: University of California Press
Hurley, P. J. 1994. A Concise Introduction to Logic, 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Hyman, A., and Walsh, J. J. (eds.). 1973. Philosophy in the Middle Ages, 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett
Irwin, A. R. 2000. Historical case studies: Teaching the nature of science in context. Science Education 84:5–26
Irwin, T. H. 1988. Aristotle's First Principles. Oxford University Press
Irzik, G. 2001. Back to basics: A philosophical critique of constructivism. Studies in Philosophy and Education 20:152–175
Isaac, R. 1995. The Pleasures of Probability. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Jaki, S. L. 1966. The Relevance of Physics. University of Chicago Press
Jefferys, W. H., and Berger, J. O. 1992. Ockham's razor and Bayesian analysis. American Scientist 80:64–72, 116, 212–214
Jeffrey, R. C. 1983. The Logic of Decision, 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press
Jeffrey, R. C. 1991. Formal Logic: Its Scope and Limits, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
Jeffreys, H. 1973. Scientific Inference, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press
Jeffreys, H. 1983. Theory of Probability, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press
Johnson, M. A., and Lawson, A. E. 1998. What are the relative effects of reasoning ability and prior knowledge on biology achievement in expository and inquiry classes?Journal of Research in Science Teaching 35:89–103
Joyce, J. M. 1999. The Foundations of Causal Decision Theory. Cambridge University Press
Judson, L. (ed.). 1991. Aristotle's Physics: A Collection of Essays. Oxford University Press
Kadane, J. B. (ed.). 1996. Bayesian Methods and Ethics in a Clinical Trial Design. New York: Wiley
Kadane, J. B., Schervish, M. J., and Seidenfeld, T. 1999. Rethinking the Foundations of Statistics. Cambridge University Press
Kang, M. S., and Gauch, H. G. (eds.). 1996. Genotype-by-Environment Interaction. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Kearns, J. T. 1988. The Principles of Deductive Logic. Albany: State University of New York Press
Keeports, D., and Morier, D. 1994. Teaching the scientific method: Assessing a seminar on science and pesudoscience at Oakland's Mills College. Journal of College Science Teaching 24:45–50
Kelly, K. T. 2000. The logic of success. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 51:639–666
Kemeny, J. G. 1959. A Philosopher Looks at Science. New York: Van Nostrand
Keynes, J. M. 1962. A Treatise on Probability. New York: Harper & Row
Kieseppä, I. A. 1997. Akaike information criterion, curve-fitting, and the philosophical problem of simplicity. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 48:21–48
Kieseppä, I. A. 2001a. Statistical model selection criteria and Bayesianism. Philosophy of Science (Proceedings) 68:S141–152
Kieseppä, I. A. 2001b. Statistical model selection criteria and the philosophical problem of underdetermination. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 52:761–794
King, P. 1985. Jean Buridan's Logic. Dordrecht: Reidel
King, P. 1995. Augustine: Against the Academicians; The Teacher. Indianapolis: Hackett
Kleywegt, G. J., and Brünger, A. T. 1996. Checking your imagination: Applications of the free R value. Structure 4:897–904
Kleywegt, G. J., and Jones, T. A. 1995. Where freedom is given, liberties are taken. Structure 3:535–540
Kneale, W., and Kneale, M. 1986. The Development of Logic. Oxford University Press
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., and Larson, D. B. 2001. Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford University Press
Koertge, N. (ed.). 1998. A House Built on Sand: Exposing Postmodernist Myths about Science. Oxford University Press
Kolmogorov, A. N. 1933. Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. Berlin: Julius Springer
Kolmogorov, A. N. 1956. Foundations of the Theory of Probability, 2nd ed. New York: Chelsea
Kornblith, H. 1993. Inductive Inference and Its Natural Ground: An Essay in Naturalistic Epistemology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Koulaidis, V., and Ogborn, J. 1995. Science teachers' philosophical assumptions: How well do we understand them?International Journal of Science Education 17:273–283
Kretzmann, N., and Stump, E. (eds.). 1993. The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas. Cambridge University Press
Kuhn, T. S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. (Originally published 1962.)
Kukla, A. 1995. Forster and Sober on the curve-fitting problem. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 46:248–252
Kukla, A. 1996. Does every theory have empirically equivalent rivals?Erkenntnis 44:137–166
Kukla, A. 2001. Theoreticity, underdetermination, and the disregard for bizarre scientific hypotheses. Philosophy of Science 68:21–35
Kyburg, H. E. 1970. Probability and Inductive Logic. New York: Macmillan
Lakatos, I. (ed.). 1968. The Problem of Inductive Logic. Amsterdam: North-Holland
Lakatos, I., and Musgrave, A. (eds.). 1968. Problems in the Philosophy of Science. Amsterdam: North-Holland
Lakatos, I., and Musgrave, A. (eds.). 1970. Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press
Lakin, S., and Wellington, J. 1994. Who will teach the ‘nature of science’? Teachers' views of science and their implications for science education. International Journal of Science Education 16:175–190
Larochelle, M., Bednarz, N., and Garrison, J. (eds.). 1998. Constructivism and Education. Cambridge University Press
Larson, E. J., and Witham, L. 1999. Scientists and religion in America. Scientific American 281(3):88–93
Laudan, L. 1977. Progress and Its Problems: Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth. Berkeley: University of California Press
Laudan, L. 1996. Beyond Positivism and Relativism: Theory, Method, and Evidence. Boulder, CO: Westview
Lavoie, D. R. 1999. Effects of emphasizing hypothetico-predictive reasoning within the science learning cycle on high school students' process skills and conceptual understandings in biology. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 36:1127–1147
Lawson, A. E. 1990. Use of reasoning to a contradiction in grades three to college. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 27:541–551
Lawson, A. E. 1999. What should students learn about the nature of science and how should we teach it? Applying the ‘If-and-then-therefore’ pattern to develop students' theoretical reasoning abilities in science. Journal of College Science Teaching 28:401–411
Lawson, A. E., Clark, B., Cramer-Meldrum, E., Falconer, K. A., Sequist, J. M., and Kwon, Y.-J. 2000. Development of scientific reasoning in college biology: Do two levels of general hypothesis-testing skills exist?Journal of Research in Science Teaching 37:81–101
Lawson, A. E., and Weser, J. 1990. The rejection of nonscientific beliefs about life: Effects of instruction and reasoning skills. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 27:589–606
Leblanc, H., and Wisdom, W. A. 1976. Deductive Logic, 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon
Lederman, N. G. 1992. Students' and teachers' conceptions of the nature of science: A review of the research. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29:331–359
Lefevre, R., Escaut, A., and Bouldoires, B. 1997. Students' views of science and technology when entering university. Journal of Science Education and Technology 6:285–296
Lehrer, K. 1978. Reid on primary and secondary qualities. The Monist 61:184–191
Lehrer, K. 1989. Thomas Reid. London: Routledge
Leplin, J. (ed.). 1984. Scientific Realism. Berkeley: University of California Press
Leplin, J. 1997. A Novel Defense of Scientific Realism. Oxford University Press
Lester, D. R., Ross, J. J., Davies, P. J., and Reid, J. B. 1997. Mendel's stem length gene (Le) encodes a gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase. The Plant Cell 9:1435–1443
Levi, I. 1986. Hard Choices: Decision Making under Unresolved Conflict. Cambridge University Press
Levi, I. 1991. The Fixation of Belief and Its Undoing: Changing Beliefs through Inquiry. Cambridge University Press
Lewis, R. J., and Berry, D. A. 1994. Group sequential clinical trials: A classical evaluation of Bayesian decision-theoretic designs. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Theory and Methods 89:1528–1534
Lide, D. R. (ed.). 1995. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Lindberg, D. C. 1992. The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, 600 b.c. to a.d. 1450. University of Chicago Press
Losee, J. 1993. A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press
Loving, C. C. 1997. From the summit of truth to its slippery slopes: Science education's journey through positivist-postmodern territory. American Educational Research Journal 34:421–452
Lucas, J. R. 2000. The Conceptual Roots of Mathematics: An Essay on the Philosophy of Mathematics. London: Routledge
Lynch, S. 2001. ‘Science for all’ is not equal to ‘One size fits all’: Linguistic and cultural diversity and science education reform. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 38:622–627
McAllister, J. W. 1996. Beauty and Revolution in Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
McAllister, J. W. 1998. Is beauty a sign of truth in scientific theories?American Scientist 86:174–183
McCloskey, M. 1983. Intuitive physics. Scientific American 248(4):122–130
McComas, W. F. (ed.). 1998. The Nature of Science in Science Education: Rationales and Strategies. Dordrecht: Kluwer
McGinn, M. 1989. Sense and Certainty: A Dissolution of Scepticism. Oxford: Blackwell
Machamer, P. 1998. Philosophy of science: An overview for educators. Science & Education 7:1–11
Macilwain, C. 1997. Campuses ring to a stormy clash over truth and reason. Nature 387:331–333
MacKay, D. J. C. 1992. Bayesian interpolation. Neural Computation 4:415–447
McKay, T. J. 1989. Modern Formal Logic. New York: Macmillan
McKeon, R. 1941. The Basic Works of Aristotle. New York: Random House
McManners, J. (ed.). 1993. The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. Oxford University Press
McNeill, P. M. 1993. The Ethics and Politics of Human Experimentation. Cambridge University Press
Marbach-Ad, G., and Sokolove, P. G. 2000. Good science begins with good questions: Answering the need for high-level questions in science. Journal of College Science Teaching 30:192–195
Marrone, S. P. 1983. William of Auvergne and Robert Grosseteste: New Ideas of Truth in the Early Thirteenth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Marrone, S. P. 1985. Truth and Scientific Knowledge in the Thought of Henry of Ghent. Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America
Martin, J. 1992. Francis Bacon, the State, and the Reform of Natural Philosophy. Cambridge University Press
Matthews, M. R. 1994. Science Teaching: The Role of History and Philosophy of Science. London: Routledge
Matthews, M. R. (ed.). 1998a. Constructivism in Science Education: A Philosophical Examination. Dordrech: Kluwer
Matthews, M. R. 1998b. In defense of modest goals when teaching about the nature of science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 35:161–174
Matthews, M. R. 2000. Time for Science Education: How Teaching the History and Philosophy of Pendulum Motion Can Contribute to Science Literacy. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Mauldin, R. F., and Lonney, L. W. 1999. Scientific reasoning for nonscience majors: Ronald N. Giere's approach. Analyzing scientific press reports to teach nonmajors the value of research. Journal of College Science Teaching 28:416–421
Mayo, D. G. 1996. Error and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge. University of Chicago Press
Mayo, D. G. 1997. Error statistics and learning from error: Making a virtue of necessity. Philosophy of Science (Proceedings) 64:S195–212
Medawar, P. B. 1969. Induction and Intuition in Scientific Thought. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society
Medawar, P. B. 1984. The Limits of Science. New York: Harper & Row
Megill, A. (ed.). 1994. Rethinking Objectivity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press
Mendel, G. 1865. Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brünn 4:3–47
Mendenhall, W., and Beaver, R. J. 1994. Introduction to Probability and Statistics, 9th ed. Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press
Meyling, H. 1997. How to change students' conceptions of the epistemology of science. Science & Education 6:397–416
Midgley, M. 1992. Science as Salvation: A Modern Myth and Its Meaning. London: Routledge
Miller, R. W. 1987. Fact and Method: Explanation, Confirmation and Reality in the Natural and the Social Sciences. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Mintzes, J. J., Wandersee, J. H., and Novak, J. D. (eds.). 1998. Teaching Science for Understanding: A Human Constructivist View. Orlando, FL: Academic Press
Misak, C. J. 1995. Verificationism: Its History and Prospects. London: Routledge
Mooers, C. A. 1921. The agronomic placement of varieties. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 13:337–352
Moore, J. H. 1998. Public understanding of science – and other fields. American Scientist 86:498
Moreno-Gonzalez, J., and Crossa, J. 1998. Combining genotype, environment and attribute variables in regression models for predicting the cell-means of multi-environment cultivar trials. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 96:803–811
Morrison, D. R. O. 1997. Bad science, bad education. Scientific American 277(5): 114–118
Moss, D. M., Abrams, E. D., and Robb, J. 2001. Examining student conceptions of the nature of science. International Journal of Science Education 23:771–790
Mueller, I. 1981. Philosophy of Mathematics and Deductive Structure in Euclid's Elements. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Mukerjee, M. 1998. Undressing the emperor. Scientific American 278(3):30, 32
Mulaik, S. A. 2001. The curve-fitting problem: An objectivist view. Philosophy of Science 68:218–241
Nachit, M. M., Sorrells, M. E., Zobel, R. W., Gauch, H. G., Fischer, R. A., and Coffman, W. R. 1992a. Association of morpho-physicological traits with grain yield and components of genotype-environment interaction in durum wheat. Journal of Genetics and Breeding 46:363–368
Nachit, M. M., Sorrells, M. E., Zobel, R. W., Gauch, H. G., Fischer, R. A., and Coffman, W. R. 1992b. Association of environment variables with sites' mean grain yield and components of genotype-environment interaction in durum wheat. Journal of Genetics and Breeding 46:369–372
Nagel, E. 1950. Philosophy of Scientific Method, John Stuart Mill. New York: Hafner
NAS (National Academy of Sciences). 1995. Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
Nash, L. K. 1963. The Nature of the Natural Sciences. Boston: Little, Brown
Natter, W., Schatzki, T. R., and Jones, J. P. (eds.). 1995. Objectivity and Its Other. New York: Guilford Press
NCEE (National Commission on Excellence in Education). 1983. A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education
Neurath, M., and Cohen, R. S. (eds.). 1973. Otto Neurath: Empiricism and Sociology. Dordrecht: Reidel
Newell, R. W. 1986. Objectivity, Empiricism and Truth. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Newton, I. 1964. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. New York: Citadel Press
Newton-Smith, W. H. 1981. The Rationality of Science. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Newton-Smith, W. H. 1999. A Companion to the Philosophy of Science. Oxford University Press
Nicolaou, K. C., and Boddy, C. N. C. 2001. Behind enemy lines. Scientific American 282(5):54–61
Nielsen, D. R. 1992. Presidential address: Global agronomic opportunities. Agronomy Journal 84:131–132
Niemann, J. T., Cairns, C. B., Sharma, J., and Lewis, R. J. 1992. Treatment of prolonged ventricular fibrillation: Immediate countershock versus high-dose epinephrine and CPR preceding countershock. Circulation 85:281–287
Niven, I., Zucherman, H. S., and Montgomery, H. L. 1991. An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, 5th ed. New York: Wiley
Nola, R. 1997. Constructivism in science and science education: A philosophical critique. Science & Education 6:55–83
Norton, D. F. (ed.). 1993. The Cambridge Companion to Hume. Cambridge University Press
Nott, M., and Wellington, J. 1998. Eliciting, interpreting and developing teachers' understandings of the nature of science. Science & Education 7:579–594
Novak, J. D., and Gowin, D. B. 1984. Learning How to Learn. Cambridge University Press
NRC (National Research Council). 1996. National Science Education Standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
NRC (National Research Council). 1997. Science Teaching Reconsidered: A Handbook. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
NRC (National Research Council). 1999. Transforming Undergraduate Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
NSF (National Science Foundation). 1996. Shaping the Future: New Expectations for Undergraduate Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation
NSTA (National Science Teachers Association). 1995. A High School Framework for National Science Education Standards. Arlington, VA: National Science Teachers Association
O'Hear, A. 1989. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Oxford University Press
Pais, A. 1982. Subtle Is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford University Press
Palmer, H. 1985. Presupposition and Transcendental Inference. New York: St. Martin's Press
Parry, W. T., and Hacker, E. A. 1991. Aristotelian Logic. Albany: State University of New York Press
Patterson, R. 1995. Aristotle's Modal Logic: Essence and Entailment in the Organon. Cambridge University Press
Peace, K. E. (ed.). 1988. Biopharmaceutical Statistics for Drug Development. New York: Marcel Dekker
Pearson, E. S. 1947. The choice of statistical tests illustrated on the interpretation of data classed in a 2 × 2 table. Biometrika 34:139–169
Peltonen, M. (ed.). 1996. The Cambridge Companion to Bacon. Cambridge University Press
Pérez-Ramos, A. 1988. Francis Bacon's Idea of Science and the Maker's Knowledge Tradition. Oxford University Press
Phillips, D. C. 1995. The good, the bad, and the ugly: The many faces of constructivism. Educational Researcher 24(7):5–12
Piburn, M. D. 1990. Reasoning about logical propositions and success in science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 27:887–900
Pinborg, J. (ed.). 1976. The Logic of John Buridan. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum
Pinnick, C. L. 1992. Cognitive commitment and the strong program. Social Epistemology 6:289–298
Pirie, M. 1985. The Book of the Fallacy: A Training Manual for Intellectual Subversives. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Platt, J. R. 1964. Strong inference. Science 146:347–353
Polanyi, M. 1962. Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. University of Chicago Press
Pomerance, C. 1982. The search for prime numbers. Scientific American 247(6): 136–147
Popper, K. R. 1945. The Open Society and Its Enemies. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Popper, K. R. 1968. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Harper & Row. (Originally published 1959.)
Popper, K. R. 1974. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, 5th ed. New York: Harper & Row
Popper, K. R. 1979. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford University Press
Potter, M. 2000. Reason's Nearest Kin: Philosophies of Arithmetic from Kant to Carnap. Oxford University Press
Press, S. J. 1989. Bayesian Statistics: Principles, Models, and Applications. New York: Wiley
Quine, W. V. 1975. On empirically equivalent systems of the world. Erkenntnis 9: 313–328
Quinton, A. 1980. Francis Bacon. Oxford University Press
Raftery, A. E., Tanner, M. A., and Wells, M. T. (eds.). 2002. Statistics in the 21st Century. London: Chapman & Hall
Reif, F. 1995. Understanding and teaching important scientific thought processes. Journal of Science Education and Technology 4:261–282
Rescher, N. 1980. Induction: An Essay on the Justification of Inductive Reasoning. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press
Rescher, N. 1983. Risk: A Philosophical Introduction to the Theory of Risk Evaluation and Management. Lanham, MD: University Press of America
Rescher, N. (ed.). 1985. The Heritage of Logical Positivism. Lanham, MD: University Press of America
Rescher, N. 1998. Predicting the Future: An Introduction to the Theory of Forecasting. Albany: State University of New York Press
Rescher, N. 1999. The Limits of Science, rev. ed. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press
Rips, L. J. 1994. The Psychology of Proof: Deductive Reasoning in Human Thinking. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Ritchie, A. D. 1923. Scientific Method: An Inquiry into the Character and Validity of Natural Laws. New York: Harcourt, Brace
Robert, C. P. 1994. The Bayesian Choice: A Decision-Theoretic Motivation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Robinson, J. T. 1998. Science teaching and the nature of science. Science & Education 7:617–634. (Reprint of 1965 article.)
Romagosa, I., Fox, P. N., Garcia-del-Moral, L. F., and Ramos, J. M. 1993. Integration and statistical and physiological analyses of adaptation of near-isogenic barley lines. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 86:822–826
Romagosa, I., Ullrich, S. E., Han, F., and Hayes, P. M. 1996. Use of the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model in QTL mapping for adaptation in barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 93:30–37
Rose, L. E. 1968. Aristotle's Syllogistic. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas
Rosenberg, A. 2000. Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. London: Routledge
Rosenthal-Schneider, I. 1980. Reality and Scientific Truth: Discussions with Einstein, von Laue, and Planck. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press
Ross, A. (ed.). 1996. Science Wars. Durham, NC: Duke University Press
Ross, S. 1994. A First Course in Probability, 4th ed. New York: Macmillan
Royall, R. M. 1997. Statistical Evidence: A Likelihood Paradigm. London: Chapman & Hall
Rubinstein, M. F. 1986. Tools for Thinking and Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Russo, J. E., and Schoemaker, P. J. H. 1989. Decision Traps: Ten Barriers to Brilliant Decision-Making and How to Overcome Them. New York: Doubleday
Ryder, J., and Leach, J. 1999. University science students' experiences of investigative project work and their images of science. International Journal of Science Education 21:945–956
Salmon, W. C. 1967. The Foundations of Scientific Inference. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press
Salmon, W. C. 1984. Logic, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Salmon, W. C. 1999. The spirit of logical empiricism: Carl G. Hempel's role in twentieth-century philosophy of science. Philosophy of Science 66:333–350
Scheffler, I. 1982. Science and Subjectivity, 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett
Schield, M. 1996. Using Bayesian inference in classical hypothesis testing. In: Proceedings of the Section on Statistical Education, pp. 274–279. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association
Schilpp, P. A. (ed.). 1951. Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. New York: Tudor Publishing
Schilpp, P. A. (ed.). 1974. The Philosophy of Karl Popper, 2 vols. Evanston, IL: Library of Living Philosophers
Schrödinger, E. 1928. Collected Papers on Wave Mechanics, trans. J. F. Shearer. London: Blackie & Son
Schum, D. A. 1994. The Evidential Foundations of Probabilistic Reasoning. New York: Wiley
Segerstråle, U. (ed.). 2000. Beyond the Science Wars: The Missing Discourse about Science and Society. Albany: State University of New York Press
Shafer, G. 1976. A Mathematical Theory of Evidence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Shankar, N. 1994. Metamathematics, Machines, and Gödel's Proof. Cambridge University Press
Shiland, T. W. 1998. The atheoretical nature of the National Science Education Standards. Science Education 82:615–617
Siegmund, D. 1985. Sequential Analysis: Tests and Confidence Intervals. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Simon, H. A. 1962. The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106:467–482
Smith, M. U., Lederman, N. G., Bell, R. L., McComas, W. F., and Clough, M. P. 1997. How great is the disagreement about the nature of science? A response to Alters. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 34:1101–1103
Smith, M. U., and Scharmann, L. C. 1999. Defining versus describing the nature of science: A pragmatic analysis for classroom teachers and science educators. Science Education 83:493–509
Snedecor, G. W., and Cochran, W. G. 1989. Statistical Methods, 8th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press
Sneller, C. H., and Dombek, D. 1995. Comparing soybean cultivar ranking and selection for yield with AMMI and full-data performance estimates. Crop Science 35:1536–1541
Sneller, C. H., Kilgore-Norquest, L., and Dombek, D. 1997. Repeatability of yield stability statistics in soybean. Crop Science 37:383–390
Snow, C. P. 1993. The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge University Press. (Originally published 1959.)
Sober, E. 1975. Simplicity. Oxford University Press
Sokal, A. 1996. Transgressing the boundaries: Toward a transformative hermeneutics of quantum gravity. Social Text 46/47:217–252
Sokal, A., and Bricmont, J. 1998. Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science. New York; Picador
Souders, T. M., and Stenbakken, G. N. 1991. Cutting the high cost of testing. IEEE Spectrum 28(3):48–51
Stalker, D. (ed.). 1994. Grue! The New Riddle of Induction. La Salle, IL: Open Court
Stein, C. 1955. Inadmissibility of the usual estimator for the mean of a multivariate normal distribution. Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability 1:197–206
Stenmark, M. 1995. Rationality in Science, Religion, and Everyday Life: A Critical Evaluation of Four Models of Rationality. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press
Stephenson, B. 1987. Kepler's Physical Astronomy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Stewart, I. 1996. The interrogator's fallacy. Scientific American 275(3):172–175
Stirzaker, D. 1994. Elementary Probability. Cambridge University Press
Stove, D. C. 1973. Probability and Hume's Inductive Scepticism. Oxford University Press
Stove, D. C. 1982. Popper and After: Four Modern Irrationalists. Elmsford Park, NY: Pergamon
Swinburne, R. 1973. An Introduction to Confirmation Theory. London: Methuen
Swinburne, R. (ed.). 1974. The Justification of Induction. Oxford University Press
Swinburne, R. (ed.). 1989. Miracles. New York: Macmillan
Swinburne, R. 1997. Simplicity as Evidence of Truth. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press
Tarantola, A. 1987. Inverse Problem Theory: Methods for Data Fitting and Model Parameter Estimation. Amsterdam: Elsevier
Terwilliger, T. C., and Berendzen, J. 1996a. Bayesian difference refinement. Acta Crystallographica Section D 52:1004–1011
Terwilliger, T. C., and Berendzen, J. 1996b. Bayesian weighting for macromolecular crystallographic refinement. Acta Crystallographica Section D 52:743–748
Theocharis, T., and Psimopoulos, M. 1987. Where science has gone wrong. Nature 329:595–598
Thornburn, W. M. 1918. The myth of Occam's razor. Mind 27:345–353
Tobias, S. 1990. They're Not Dumb, They're Different: Stalking the Second Tier. Tucson, AZ: Research Corporation
Tobin, K. (ed.). 1993. The Practice of Constructivism in Science Education. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Todhunter, I. 1933. Euclid's Elements, Books I–VI, XI and XII. London: J. M. Dent
Trachtman, L. E., and Perrucci, R. 2000. Science under Siege? Interest Groups and the Science Wars. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
Treagust, D. F., Duit, R., and Fraser, B. J. (eds.). 1996. Improving Teaching and Learning in Science and Mathematics. New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University
Trigg, R. 1980. Reality at Risk: A Defence of Realism in Philosophy and the Sciences. Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble
Trigg, R. 1993. Rationality and Science: Can Science Explain Everything? Oxford: Blackwell
Troyer, A. F. 1996. Breeding widely adapted, popular maize hybrids. Euphytica 92: 163–174
Troyer, A. F. 1999. Background of U.S. hybrid corn. Crop Science 39:601–626
Trundle, R. 1999. Medieval Modal Logic and Science: Augustine on Scientific Truth and Thomas on Its Impossibility without a First Cause. Lanham, MD: University Press of America
Urbach, P. 1987. Francis Bacon's Philosophy of Science. La Salle, IL: Open Court
Velleman, D. J. 1994. How To Prove It: A Structured Approach. Cambridge University Press
Vier, P. C. 1951. Evidence and Its Function According to John Duns Scotus. St. Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute
Vilmorin-Andrieux, M. 1885. The Vegetable Garden. London: John Murray
Wade, N. 1977. Thomas S. Kuhn: Revolutionary theorist of science. Science 197: 143–145
Ward, S. C. 1996. Reconfiguring Truth: Postmodernism, Science Studies, and the Search for a New Model of Knowledge. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
Warren, B., Ballenger, C., Ognowski, M., Rosebery, A. S., and Hudicourt-Barnes, J. 2001. Rethinking diversity in learning science: The logic of everyday sense-making. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 38:529–552
Watkins, J. 1984. Science and Scepticism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Weaver, R. M. 1948. Ideas Have Consequences. University of Chicago Press
Weisheipl, J. A. (ed.). 1980. Albertus Magnus and the Sciences. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies
Whitehead, A. N. 1925. Science and the Modern World. Cambridge University Press
Whitehead, A. N., and Russell, B. 1910–13. Principia Mathematica, 3 vols. Cambridge University Press
Wilkinson, D. (ed.). 1991. Report of the Forty-sixth Annual Corn and Sorghum Research Conference. Washington, DC: American Seed Trade Association
Williams, L. P., and Steffens, H. J. 1978. The History of Science in Western Civilization. Vol. II: The Scientific Revolution. Lanham, MD: University Press of America
Williams, M. 1991. Unnatural Doubts: Epistemological Realism and the Basis of Scepticism. Oxford: Blackwell
Wilson, E. B. 1952. An Introduction to Scientific Research. New York: McGraw-Hill
Wilson, E. O. 1998. Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Knopf
Woolhouse, R. S. 1988. The Empiricists. Oxford University Press
Wright, J. N. 1991. Science and the Theory of Rationality. Aldershot, UK: Avebury
Wyckoff, S. 2001. Changing the culture of undergraduate science teaching: Shifting from lecture to interactive engagement and scientific reasoning. Journal of College Science Teaching 30:306–312
Yager, R. E. 1991. The constructivist learning model. The Science Teacher 58(6):52–57
Yates, F., and Cochran, W. G. 1938. The analysis of groups of experiments. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 28:556–580
Zeidler, D. L. 1997. The central role of fallacious thinking in science education. Science Education 81:483–496
Zhao, R., Pevear, D. C., Kremer, M. J., Giranda, V. L., Kofron, J. A., Kuhn, R. J., and Rossmann, M. G. 1996. Human rhinovirus 3 at 3.0 Å resolution. Structure 4:1205–1220
Zivin, J. A. 2000. Understanding clinical trials. Scientific American 282(4):69–75
Zoller, U., Ben-Chaim, D., Ron, S., Pentimalli, R., and Borsese, A. 2000. The disposition toward critical thinking of high school and university science students: An inter-intra Israeli-Italian study. International Journal of Science Education 22:571–582

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.