Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 30
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
June 2012
Print publication year:
2011
Online ISBN:
9780511977367

Book description

What were the reasons behind the terrorist attacks of September 11th? Does the cause of Islamist terrorism relate to the lack of democracy in the Middle East? Through detailed research into the activities of both radical and moderate organizations across the Middle East, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas and Hizbullah, and via interviews with key personnel, Katerina Dalacoura investigates whether repression and political exclusion pushed Islamist entities to adopt terrorist tactics. She also explores whether inclusion in the political process has had the opposite effect of encouraging Islamist groups toward moderation and ideological pragmatism. In a challenge to the conventional wisdom, she concludes that Islamist terrorism is not a direct consequence of authoritarianism in the Middle East and that there are many key factors that generate radicalism.

Reviews

'In this provocative book, Katerina Dalacoura challenges the fashionable view that the lack of democracy in the Middle East is a significant factor behind Islamist violence - and its corollary, that democratization is the antidote to terrorism. Resisting the notion of some kind of Middle East exceptionalism - the idea that, for religious, cultural or other reasons, the region is uniquely resistant to democratization - the author draws on a wide array of case-studies to test out her thesis.'

Roger Hardy Source: International Affairs

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

Bibliography
The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, New York: W. W. Norton & Co, 2004
Abazari, Yousef Ali, Kazemi, Abbas Varij, and Faraji, Mehdi, ‘Secularization in Iranian Society’, Mehdi Semati (ed.), Media, Culture and Society in Iran: Living with Globalization and the Islamic State, London: Routledge, 2008, trans. Ali Hosenipour
Abdelrahman, Maha, ‘“With the Islamists? – Sometimes. With the State? – Never!” Cooperation between the Left and Islamists in Egypt’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 36 (1) 2009
Abrahamian, Ervand, ‘Why the Islamic Republic Has Survived’, Middle East Report, 250, Spring 2009
Abrahamian, ErvandIran between Two Revolutions, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982
Abu-Amr, Ziad, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994
Achcar, Gilbert, ‘Fantasy of a Region that Does Not Exist: Greater Middle East: The US Plan’, Monde Diplomatique, April 2004
Addi, Lahouari, ‘Algeria's Army, Algeria's Agony’, Foreign Affairs, 78 (4) 1998
Alagha, Joseph Elie, The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Programme, Leiden: Amsterdam University Press, International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World, (ISIM) Dissertations, 2006
Albrecht, Holger, ‘The Nature of Political Participation’, Ellen Lust-Okar, and Saloua, Zerhouni (eds.), Political Participation in the Middle East, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2008
Albrecht, Holger, ‘How Can Opposition Support Authoritarianism? Lessons from Egypt’, Democratization, 12 (3) 2005
Alhamad, Laila, ‘Formal and Informal Venues of Engagement’, Ellen Lust-Okar, and Zerhouni, Saloua (eds.), Political Participation in the Middle East, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2008
Allani, Alaya, ‘The Islamists in Tunisia: Between Confrontation and Participation’, The Journal of North African Studies, 14 (2) 2009
Altunışık, , Benli, Meliha and Tür, Özlem, Turkey: Challenges of Continuity and Change, London and New York: Routledge, 2005
,Amnesty International, Occupied Palestinian Territories Torn Apart by Factional Strife, MDE 21/02/2007, 24 October 2007
,Amnesty International, Tunisia: In the Name of Security: Routine Abuses in Tunisia, 2008, Report MDE 30/007/2008
,Amnesty International, Under Fire: Hizbullah's Attacks on Northern Israel, 2006, Report MDE 02/025/2006
,Amnesty International, Tunisia: A Widening Circle of Repression, June 1997, Report MDE 30/25/97
Amrani, Issandr, ‘Brothers Take a Step Back from Politics’, Middle East International, 2 (5) 8 January 2010
Amrani, Issandr, ‘Mubarak's Last Stand?’, Middle East International, 742, 21 January 2005
al Anani, Khalil, Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun (The Muslim Brotherhood), Cairo: Dar el Sorouk, December 2007
Angrist, Michele Penner, ‘Parties, Parliament and Political Dissent in Tunisia’, The Journal of North African Studies, 4 (4) 1999
Ansari, Ali M., Iran under Ahmadinejad: The Politics of Confrontation, Adelphi Paper 393, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2007
Ansari, Ali M., Iran, Islam and Democracy: The Politics of Managing Change, London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2000
Ansari, Hamied N., ‘The Islamic Militants in Egyptian Politics’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 16 (1) March 1984
Arat, Yeşim, Rethinking Islam and Liberal Democracy: Islamist Women in Turkish Politics, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005
Ashour, Omar, ‘Islamist De-Radicalization in Algeria: Successes and Failures’, Middle East Institute Brief, 21, November 2008
Ashour, Omar, ‘Lions Tamed? An Enquiry into the Causes of the De-Radicalization of Armed Islamist Movements: The Case of the Egyptian Islamic Group’, Middle East Journal, 61 (4) 2007
Ashraf, Ahmad and Banuazzi, Ali, ‘Iran's Torturous Path toward “Islamic Liberalism”’, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 15 (2) 2001
Atacan, Fulya, ‘Radical Islamic Thought in Turkey’, Current Turkish Thought, 64, Istanbul: Redhouse Press, 1991
al Awadi, Hesham, ‘Mubarak and the Islamists: Why Did the “Honeymoon” End?’, Middle East Journal, 59 (1) 2005
Azzam, Maha, ‘Egypt: The Islamists and the State under Mubarak’, Sidahmed, Abdel and Ehteshami, Anoushiravan (eds.), Islamic Fundamentalism, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996
Bakhash, Shaul, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1985
Barkey, Henri, ‘Turkey, Islamic Politics, and the Kurdish Question’, World Policy Journal, 13 (1) 1996
Bayat, Asef, ‘What Is Post-Islamism?’, International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) Review, 16, Autumn 2005
East, BBC Monitoring Middle, ‘Islamists from Algeria behind Recent Fire Exchange in Tunisia’, 5 January 2007
Bennhold, Katrin, ‘Poverty in the Streets of Algiers, Breeding Ground for Terrorism’, International Herald Tribune, 13 November 2007
Bergen, Peter, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, New York: Free Press, 2006
Berkouk, Mhand, US-Algerian Security Cooperation and the War on Terror, Carnegie Endowment Web Commentary, June 2009, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=23276
Bloom, Mia, Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror, New York: Columbia University Press, 2005
Boisbouvier, Christophe, ‘Otages: Business au Sahara’, Jeune Afrique, 2512, 1–7 March 2009
Bokhari, Farhan and Fidler, Stephen, ‘Rivalries Rife in Lair of Leaders’, Financial Times, 5 July 2007
Bonanate, Luigi, ‘Some Unanticipated Consequences of Terrorism’, Journal of Peace Research, 3 (16) 1979
Boroumand, Ladan and Boroumand, Roya, ‘Reform at an Impasse’, Journal of Democracy, 11 (4) 2000
Brown, Nathan J., Living with Palestinian Democracy, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Brief 46, June 2006
Brown, Nathan J., Aftermath of the Hamas Tsunami, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Web Commentary, 2 February 2006, www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=17975&prog=zgp&proj=zdrl, zme&zoom_highlight=brown+hamas+tsunami
Brown, Nathan J., Evaluating Palestinian Reform, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Carnegie Paper 59, June 2005
Brown, Nathan J. and Hamzawy, Amr, The Draft Party Platform of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood: Foray into Political Integration or Retreat into Old Positions? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Middle East Series, 89, January 2008
Brumberg, Daniel, ‘The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy’, Journal of Democracy, 13 (4) 2002
Buğra, Ayşe, ‘Class, Culture, and State: An Analysis of Interest Representation by Two Turkish Business Associations’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 30 (4) 1998
Burgat, François, Face to Face with Political Islam, London: I. B. Tauris, 2003
Burke, Jason, Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror, London: I. B. Tauris, 2003
Burke, Jason, ‘Al Qaeda – A Meaningless Label’, The Guardian, 12 January 2003
Byman, Daniel, Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005
Carothers, Thomas, ‘Debating Democracy’, The National Interest, 90, July/August 2007
Carothers, Thomas, ‘The Backlash against Democracy Promotion’, Foreign Affairs, 85 (2) 2006
Carothers, Thomas, A Better Way to Support Middle East Reform, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Brief 33, February 2005
Carothers, Thomas, ‘Democracy: Terrorism's Uncertain Antidote’, Current History, 102 (668) December 2003
Carter-Ruck, & Partners, London, Get Carter-Ruck, December/January 2004
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Hug, Simon, and Wenger, Andreas, ‘Democratization and War in Political Science’, Democratization, 15 (3) 2008
Chehabi, H. E. and Mneimneh, Hassan I., ‘Five Centuries of Lebanese-Iranian Encounters’, Chehabi, H. E. (ed.), Distant Relations: Five Centuries of Lebanese-Iranian Ties, London: Centre for Lebanese Studies in Association with I. B. Tauris, 2005
Christie-Miller, Alexander, ‘The PKK and the Closure of Turkey's Kurdish Opening’, Middle East Report Online, 4 August 2010, http://www.merip.org/mero/mero080410.html
Çınar, Menderes, ‘Turkey's Transformation under the AKP Rule’, The Muslim World, 96 (3) 2006
Cizre, Ümit and Çınar, Menderes, ‘Turkey 2002: Kemalism, Islamism, and Politics in Light of the February 28 Process’, The South Atlantic Quarterly, 102 (2/3) Spring/Summer 2003
Clark, Janine A., ‘The Conditions of Islamist Moderation: Unpacking Cross-ideological Cooperation in Jordan’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 38 (4) 2006
Coady, C. A. J., ‘The Morality of Terrorism’, Philosophy, 60 (231) 1985
Coşar, SimtenLiberal Thought and Democracy in Turkey’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 9 (1) 2004
Crenshaw, Martha, ‘The Logic of Terrorism: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Strategic Choice’, Reich, Walter (ed.), Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, New York: Woodrow Wilson Center, 1990
Crenshaw, Martha, ‘The Causes of Terrorism’, Comparative Politics, 13 (4) 1981
Crenshaw, Martha, (ed.) Terrorism, Legitimacy and Power: The Consequences of Political Violence, Middleton, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981
Cronin, Audrey Kurth, Ending Terrorism: Lessons for Defeating al-Qaeda, Adelphi Paper 394, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2008
Çtak, Zana and Tür, Özlem, ‘Women between Tradition and Change: The Justice and Development Party Experience in Turkey’, Middle Eastern Studies, 44 (3) May 2008
Dağı, IhsanTransformation of Islamic Political Identity in Turkey: Rethinking the West and Westernization’, Turkish Studies, 6 (1) 2005
Dağı, IhsanRethinking Human Rights, Democracy, and the West: Post-Islamist Intellectuals in Turkey’, Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, 13 (2) Summer 2004
Dalacoura, Katerina, ‘US Democracy Promotion in the Arab Middle East since 11 September 2001: A Critique’, International Affairs, 81 (5) 2005
Dalacoura, Katerina, Engagement or Coercion? Weighing Western Human Rights Policies towards Turkey, Iran and Egypt, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2003
Dalacoura, Katerina, Islam, Liberalism and Human Rights: Implications for International Relations, revised edition, London: I. B. Tauris, 2003
Davies, James C., When Men Revolt and Why, New York: Free Press, 1971
Della Porta, Donatella, Social Movements, Political Violence and the State: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995
Diamond, Larry, Winning the New Cold War on Terrorism: The Democratic-Governance Imperative, Institute for Global Democracy, Policy Paper 1, March 2002
Dinmore, Guy, ‘Critics of “Utopian” Foreign Policy Fail to Weaken Bush Resolve’, Financial Times, 13 January 2006
Dolgoff, Sam (editor and translator), Bakunin on Anarchism, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1980
Ehteshami, Anoushiravan, After Khomeini: The Iranian Second Republic, London: Routledge, 1995
Eickelman, Dale F., ‘Bin Laden, the Arab “Street”, and the Middle East's Democracy Deficit’, Current History, 101 (651) January 2002
el Ghobashy, Mona, ‘The Metamorphosis of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 37 (3) 2005
Ellingsen, Tanja and Gleditsch, Nils Petter, ‘Democracy and Conflict in the Third World’, Volden, Ketil and Smith, Dan (eds.), Causes of Conflict in the Third World Countries, Oslo: PRIO, 1997
Engene, Jan Oskar, Patterns of Terrorism in Western Europe, 1950–1995, Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen, 1998, unpublished PhD Thesis
England, Andrew and Khalaf, Roula, ‘Building Bridges to Destruction’, Financial Times, 6 July 2007
Entelis, John P., ‘Civil Society and the Authoritarian Temptation in Algerian Politics: Islamic Democracy vs. the Centralized State’, Vol. 2, Norton, Augustus Richard (ed.), Civil Society in the Middle East, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996
Eubank, William and Weinberg, Leonard, ‘Terrorism and Democracy: Perpetrators and Victims’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 13 (1) 2001
Eubank, William and Weinberg, Leonard, ‘Terrorism and Democracy: What Recent Events Disclose’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 10 (1) 1998
Evans, Martin and Phillips, John, Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed, New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2007
Fanni, Zohreh, ‘Cities and Urbanisation in Iran after the Islamic Revolution’, Cities, 23 (6) 2006
Fattahm, Hassan, ‘Drive for Democracy Stalls in Arab World’, International Herald Tribune, 10 April 2006
Filiu, Jean-Pierre, ‘The Local and Global Jihad of al Qa‘ida in the Islamic Maghreb’, Middle East Journal, 63 (2) 2009
Filiu, Jean-Pierre, ‘Hizb ut-Tahrir and the Fantasy of the Caliphate’, Monde Diplomatique, June 2008
House, Freedom, Freedom in the World Report 2007, http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=15
Friedman, Thomas, ‘At least Iraq's got the Arabs talking’, International Herald Tribune, 20 February 2004
,Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), ‘Declaration of 1 November 1954’, http://www.milestonedocuments.com/documents/view/proclamation-of-the-algerian-national-liberation-front/
Fuller, Graham and Francke, Rend Rahim, The Arab Shi'a: The Forgotten Muslims, New York: St Martin's Press, 1999
Gause, Gregory F., ‘Remarks’, Democratizing the Middle East?, The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies, Tufts University, Occasional Paper 2, 2006
Gause, Gregory F., ‘Can Democracy Stop Terrorism?’, Foreign Affairs, 84 (5) 2005
Gerges, Fawaz A., ‘The Muslim Brotherhood: New Leadership, Old Politics’ guardian.co.uk, 20 Jan 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2010/jan/20/muslim-brotherhood-egypt
Gerges, Fawaz A., The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005
Ghadbian, Najib, ‘Political Islam: Inclusion or Violence?’, Worcester, Kenton, Bermanzohn, Sally Avery, and Ungar, Mark (eds.), Violence and Politics: Globalization's Paradox, New York: Routledge, 2002
Gheissari, Ali and Nasr, Vali, Democracy in Iran: History and the Quest for Liberty, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006
Gheissari, Ali and Nasr, Vali, ‘Iran's Democracy Debate’, Middle East Policy, 11 (2) 2004
Ghorbal, Samy, ‘Attentat de Djerba: Les Liens du Sang’, Jeune Afrique, 2507, Janvier 2009
Glain, Stephen, ‘Mideast: The New Muslim Brotherhood’, Newsweek International, 30 April 2007
Gleis, Joshua L., ‘National Security Implications of Al-Takfir Wal-Hijra’, Al Nakhlah: The Fletcher School Online Journal for Issues Related to Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization, Spring 2005
Glennie, Alex, Building Bridges, Not Walls: Engaging with Political Islamists in the Middle East and North Africa, London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 2009
Göle, Nilüfer, ‘Secularism and Islamism in Turkey: The Making of Elites and Counter-Elites’, Middle East Journal, 51 (1) 1997
,The Graduate Institute, Geneva, Transnational and Non-State Armed Groups Database, ‘Palestinian Islamic Jihad’, http://www.armed-groups.org/6/ section.aspx/ViewGroup?id=69
Graham, Gordon, Ethics and International Relations, Oxford: Blackwell, 1997
Green, Jerrold D., ‘Terrorism and Politics in Iran’, Crenshaw, Martha (ed.), Terrorism in Context, University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995
Greenberg, Karen J. (ed.), Al Qaeda Now: Understanding Today's Terrorists, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005
Gresh, Alain and Vidal, Dominique, The New A-Z of the Middle East, London: I. B. Tauris, 2004
Guitta, Olivier, ‘Terror in the Maghreb: Al Qaeda Linked Groups are Spreading from Algeria and Morocco into Tunisia’, The Daily Standard, 14 February 2007
Gülalp, Haldun, ‘Globalization and Political Islam: The Social Bases of Turkey's Welfare Party’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 33 (2) 2001
Gülalp, Haldun, ‘Political Islam in Turkey: The Rise and Fall of the Refah Party’, The Muslim World, 89 (1) January 1999
Gunaratna, Rohan, Inside Al-Qaeda, London: Hurst, 2002
Gunning, Jeroen, Hamas in Politics: Democracy, Religion, Violence, London: Hurst, 2007
Gunning, Jeroen, ‘Peace with Hamas? The Transforming Potential of Political Participation’, International Affairs, 80 (2) 2004
Gurr, Ted Robert, ‘Terrorism in Democracies: When It Occurs, Why It Fails’, Kegley, Charles W. Jr. (ed.), The New Global Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003
Hafez, Mohammed M., Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2003
Hafez, Mohammed M., Review: Camille al Tawil, Al Haraka Al Islamiyya Al Musalahafi Al Jazair: Min ‘Al Inqadth’ ila ‘Al Jama'a’ (The Armed Islamic Movement in Algeria: From the FIS to the GIA), Beirut: Dar al Nihar, 1998, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 35 (1) 2003
Hafez, Mohammed M., ‘Armed Islamist Movements and Political Violence in Algeria’, Middle East Journal, 54 (4) 2000
Hafez, Mohammed M. and Wiktorowicz, Quintan, ‘Violence as Contention in the Egyptian Islamic Movement’, Wiktorowicz, Quintan (ed.), Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004
Hale, William and Özbudun, Ergun, Islamism, Democracy and Liberalism in Turkey: The Case of the AKP, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010
Halliday, Fred, International Relations and the Middle East: Power, Politics and Ideology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005
Halliday, Fred, ‘The Politics of Islamic Fundamentalism: Iran, Tunisia, and the Challenge to the Secular State’, Ahmed, A. S. and Donnan, H. (eds.), Islam, Globalization and Post-Modernity, London: Routledge, 1994
Hamad, Ghazi Ahmad, ‘The Challenge for HAMAS-Establishing Transparency and Accountability’, unpublished document, courtesy of the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Ramallah, West Bank, 2006, http://www.dcaf.ch/publications/kms/details.cfm?ord279=title&q279= hamas&lng=en&id=21665&nav1=4
Hamzawy, Amr, The Key to Arab Reform: Moderate Islamists, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Brief 40, July 2005
Hamzawy, Amr and Bishara, Dina, Islamist Movements in the Arab World and the 2006 Lebanon War, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Carnegie Paper 75, November 2006
Hamzeh, A. Nizar, ‘Lebanon's Hezbollah: From Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation’, Third World Quarterly, 14 (2) 1993
Harik, Judith Palmer, Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism, London: I. B. Tauris, 2004
Hasan, Riaz, The State and Religious Institutions in Muslim Societies, Working Paper 79, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore, June 2005
Hawthorne, Amy, ‘The New Reform Ferment’, Carothers, Thomas and Ottaway, Marina (eds.), Uncharted Journey: Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment, 2005
Hedges, Chris, ‘A Nation Challenged: Tunisia: Explosion at Synagogue Tied to Jihad’, The New York Times, 24 April 2002
Hegghamer, Thomas, ‘Jihadi-Salafis or Revolutionaries? On Religion and Politics in the Study of Militant Islam’, Meijer, Roel (ed.), Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement, London and New York: Hurst/Columbia University Press, 2009
Hegghamer, Thomas, ‘Global Jihadism after the Iraq War’, Middle East Journal, 60 (1) Winter 2006
Hegre, Harvard, Ellingsen, Tanja, Gates, Scott, and Gleditsch, Nils Petter, ‘Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change and Civil War 1816–1992’, American Political Science Review, 95 (1) 2001
Heper, Metin, ‘Islam and Democracy in Turkey: Towards a Reconciliation?’, Middle East Journal, 51 (1) 1997
Heper, Metin and Toktaş, Şule, ‘Islam, Modernity, and Democracy in Contemporary Turkey: The Case of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’, The Muslim World, 93 (2) 2003
Hewitt, Christopher, ‘The Political Context of Terrorism in America: Ignoring Extremists or Pandering to Them?’, Rapoport, David and Weinberg, Leonard (eds.), The Democratic Experience and Political Violence, London: Frank Cass, 2001
Hewitt, Christopher and Kelley-Moore, Jessica, ‘Foreign Fighters in Iraq: A Cross-National Analysis of Jihadism’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 21 (2) 2009
Hicks, Neil, ‘Our Friend the Autocrat’, Washington Post, 16 February 2004
Hiro, Dilip, Iran Today, London: Politico's, 2005
Hiro, Dilip, Neighbors, Not Friends: Iraq and Iran after the Gulf Wars, London: Routledge, 2001
Hoffman, Bruce, Inside Terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press, 2006
Hoffman, Bruce and McCormick, Gordon, ‘Terrorism, Signalling and Suicide Attacks’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27 (4) 2004
Holmes, Stephen, ‘Al-Qaeda, September 11, 2001’, Gambetta, Diego (ed.), Making Sense of Suicide Missions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005
Horne, Alistair, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954–1962, London: Macmillan, 1977
Howeidy, Amira, ‘Democracy's Backlash’, Al Ahram Weekly Online 785, 9–15 March 2006, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/785/eg3.htm
Hroub, Khaled, ‘A “New Hamas” through Its New Documents’, Journal of Palestine Studies, 35 (4) Summer 2006
Hroub, Khaled, Hamas: Political Thought and Practice, Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2002
,Human Rights Watch (HRW), Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 19, 5 (E) September 2007
,Human Rights Watch (HRW), ‘Egypt: Reading between the “Red Lines”: The Repression of Academic Freedom in Egyptian Universities’, Human Rights Watch, 17 (6) June 2005
,Human Rights Watch (HRW), World Report 2002, New York: Human Rights Watch, 2002
,Human Rights Watch (HRW), Erased in a Moment: Suicide Bombing Attacks against Israeli Civilians, New York: Human Rights Watch, October 2002
Huntington, Samuel and Nelson, Joan (eds.), No Easy Choice: Political Participation in Developing Countries, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976
Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, ‘The Changing Face of Islamic Activism’, Civil Society, 4, 1995
Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, ‘Egypt's Islamic Militants’, Merip Reports, 103, February 1982
İnsel, Ahmet, ‘The AKP and Normalizing Democracy in Turkey’, The South Atlantic Quarterly, 102 (2/3) Spring/Summer 2003
,International Crisis Group (ICG), Iraq after the Surge I: The New Sunni Landscape, Middle East Report 74, 30 April 2008
,International Crisis Group (ICG), Hezbollah and the Lebanese Crisis, Middle East Report 69, 10 October 2007
,International Crisis Group (ICG), Enter Hamas: The Challenges of Political Integration, Middle East Report 49, 18 January 2006
,International Crisis Group (ICG), Jordan's 9/11: Dealing with Jihadi Islamism, Middle East Report 47, 23 November 2005
,International Crisis Group (ICG), Iran: What Does Ahmadi-Nejad's Victory Mean?, Middle East Briefing 18, 4 August 2005
,International Crisis Group (ICG), Understanding Islamism, Middle East/North Africa Report 37, 2 March 2005
,International Crisis Group (ICG), After Arafat? Challenges and Prospects, Middle East Briefing, 23 December 2004
,International Crisis Group (ICG), Saudi Arabia Backgrounder: Who Are the Islamists?, Middle East Report 31, 21 September 2004
,International Crisis Group (ICG), Islamism, Violence and Reform in Algeria: Turning the Page, Middle East Report 29, 30 July 2004
,International Crisis Group (ICG), The Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative: Imperilled at Birth, Middle East and North Africa Briefing, June 2004
,International Crisis Group (ICG), Islamism in North Africa II: Egypt's Opportunity, Middle East and North Africa Briefing, 20 April 2004
,International Crisis Group (ICG), Hizbollah: Rebel without a Cause?, ICG Middle East Briefing, Amman/Brussels, 30 July 2003
,International Crisis Group (ICG), Old Games, New Rules: Conflict on the Israel-Lebanon Border, Middle East Report 7, 18 November 2002
Ismail, Salwa, ‘The Paradox of Islamist Politics’, Middle East Report, 221, Winter 2001
Jaber, Hala, Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997
Jenkins, Gareth, Political Islam in Turkey: Running West, Heading East?New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008
Jenkins, Gareth, Context and Circumstance: The Turkish Military and Politics, Adelphi Paper 337, Oxford: Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2001
Juergensmeyer, Mark, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2003
Kalyvas, Stathis, ‘Wanton and Senseless? The Logic of Massacres in Algeria’, Rationality and Society, 11 (3) 1999
Kaplan, Robert, ‘We Can't Force Democracy: Creating Normality Is the Real Mideast Challenge’, Washington Post, 2 March 2006
Kazemi, Farhad, ‘Civil Society and Iranian Politics’, Norton, Augustus Richard (ed.), Civil Society in the Middle East, Vol. 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996
Keddie, Nikki, ‘Ideology, Society and the State in Post-Colonial Muslim Societies’, Halliday, Fred and Alavi, Hamza (eds.), State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan, Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988
Keddie, Nikki, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981
Kegley, Charles, (ed.) The New Global Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003
Kepel, Gilles, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, trans. Roberts, Anthony, London: I. B. Tauris, 2002
Kepel, Gilles, The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Contemporary Egypt, trans. Rothschild, Jon, London: Saqi, 1985
Kepel, Gilles and Milelli, Jean-Pierre (eds.), Al Qaeda in Its Own Words, trans. Ghazaleh, Pascale, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008
Khalaf, Roula and Fidler, Stephen, ‘From Frontline Attack to Terror by Franchise’, Financial Times, 5 July 2007
Khalaf, Roula and Fidler, Stephen, ‘Why Algerian Extremists “Rebranded” as al-Qaeda’, Financial Times, 20 April 2007
Khalil, Magdi, ‘Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood and Political Power: Would Democracy Survive?’, The Middle East Review of International Affairs, 10 (1) 2006
Khamidov, Alisher, Countering the Call: The U.S., Hizb-ut-Tahrir, and Religious Extremism in Central Asia, The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, Analysis Paper 4, July 2003
Khosrokhavar, Farhad, ‘The New Conservatives Take a Turn’, Middle East Report, 233, Winter 2004
Kian-Thiébaut, Azadeh, Secularization of Iran: A Doomed Failure? The New Middle Class and the Making of Modern Iran, Paris: Peeters, 1998
Klein, Menachem, ‘Against the Consensus: Oppositionist Voices in Hamas’, Middle Eastern Studies, 45 (6) November 2009
Klein, Menachem, ‘Hamas in Power’, Middle East Journal, 61 (3) 2007
Klein, Menachem, ‘Competing Brothers: The Web of Hamas-PLO Relations’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 8 (2) 1996
Koppel, Ted, ‘Gifts for Iran: Look What Spreading Democracy Can Do’, International Herald Tribune, 22 July 2006
Krämer, , Gudrun, , ‘Cross-Links and Double Talk? Islamist Movements in the Political Process’, Guazzone, Laura (ed.), The Islamist Dilemma: The Political Role of Islamist Movements in the Arab World, Reading, Berkshire: Ithaca Press, 1995
Norton, Augustus Richard, ‘The Integration of the Integrists: A Comparative Study of Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia’, Salamé, Ghassan (ed.), Democracy without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World, London: I. B. Tauris, 1994
Krebs, Lutz, Senn, Dominic, and Vorrath, Judith, Linking Ethnic Conflict and Democratization: An Assessment of Four Troubled Regions, National Centre for Competence in Research Working Paper No. 6, June 2007, http://www.nccr-democracy.uzh.ch/publications/workingpaper/pdf/WP6.pdf
Kristianasen, Wendy, ‘Who Is a Salafist?’, Monde Diplomatique, February 2008
Krueger, Alan B. and Maleckova, Jitka, ‘Education, Poverty, Political Violence and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17 (4) 2003
Kuriansky, Judy, Terror in the Holy Land: Inside the Anguish of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Westport, CT: Praeger Pulishers, 2006
Labat, Séverine, Les Islamistes algériens entre les urnes et le maquis, Paris: Seuil, 1995
bin Laden, Osama, ‘Declaration of a World Islamic Front for Jihad against Jews and Crusaders’, 23 February 1998, http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm
bin Laden, Osama, ‘Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places’, August 1996, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html
Lai, Brian, ‘Explaining Terrorism Using the Framework of Opportunity and Willingness: An Empirical Examination of International Terrorism’, Research Paper (unpublished), Department of Political Science, University of Iowa, April 2004
Langohr, Vickie, ‘Of Islamists and Ballot Boxes: Rethinking the Relationship between Islamisms and Electoral Politics’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 33 (4) 2001
Laqueur, Walter, No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, New York: Continuum, 2003
Laqueur, Walter, The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999
Lawrence, Bruce, Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama Bin Laden, trans. Howarth, James, London: Verso, 2005
Lee, Robert, ‘Tunisian Intellectuals: A Response to Islamism’, The Journal of North African Studies, 13 (2) 2008
Lester, David, Yang, Bijou, and Lindsay, Mark, ‘Suicide Bombers: Are Psychological Profiles Possible?Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27 (4) 2004
Levitt, Matthew, Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad, New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2007
Li, Quan, ‘Does Democracy Promote or Reduce Transnational Terrorist Incidents?’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49 (2) April 2005
Lia, Brynjar, Architect of Global Jihad: The Life of al-Qaida Strategist Abu Mus'ab al-Suri, New York: Columbia University Press, 2008
Lia, Brynjar and Hegghammer, Thomas, ‘Jihadi Strategic Studies: The Alleged al Qaida Policy Study Preceding the Madrid Bombings’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27 (5) September/October 2004
Lia, Brynjar and Kjøk, Åshlid, Islamist Insurgencies, Diasporic Support Networks and Their Host States, Kjeller: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, 2001
Lia, Brynjar and Kjøk, Åshlid, Islamist Insurgencies, Diasporic Support Networks and Their Host States, Kjeller: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, 2001
Lia, Brynjar and Skjølberg, Katja, The Causes of Terrorism, Kjeller: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, 2004
Lizardo, Omar A., ‘The Effect of Economic and Cultural Globalisation on Anti-US Transnational Terrorism, 1971–2000’, Journal of World-Systems Research, 12 (1) 2006
Lust-Okar, Ellen, ‘Taking Political Participation Seriously’, Lust-Okar, Ellen and Zerhouni, Saloua (eds.), Political Participation in the Middle East, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2008
Lust-Okar, Ellen, ‘Elections under Authoritarianism: Preliminary Lessons from Jordan’, Volpi, Frederic and Cavatorta, Francesco (eds.), Democratization in the Muslim World: Changing Patterns of Power and Authority, London: Routledge, 2007
Lust-Okar, Ellen, ‘Divided They Rule: The Management and Manipulation of Political Opposition’, Comparative Politics, 36 (2) 2004
Lustick, Ian S., ‘Terrorism in the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Targets and Audiences’, Crenshaw, Martha (ed.), Terrorism in Context, University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995
Magnuson, Douglas Kent, Islamic Reform in Contemporary Tunisia: A Comparative Ethnographic Study, Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Anthropology, Brown University, May 1987
Mahmoud, Muhammad, ‘Women and Islamism: The Case of Rashid al-Ghannushi in Tunisia’, Sidahmed, Abdel Salam and Ehteshami, Anoushiravan (eds.), Islamic Fundamentalism, Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996
Mann, Michael, Incoherent Empire, London: Verso, 2003
Manokha, Ivan, ‘Al-Qaeda Terrorism and Global Poverty: New Social Banditry’, Journal of Global Ethics, 4 (2) 2008
Margulies, Ronnie and Yildizoğlu, Ergin, ‘The Political Uses of Islam in Turkey’, Middle East Report, 153, July–August 1988
Martinez, Luis, The Algerian Civil War 1990–1998, trans. Derrick, Jonathan, London: Hurst & Co., 2003
Marzouki, Moncef, “The US Project for Democracy in the Greater Middle East – Yes, But With Whom?” (Arabic), Al Hayat, 23 February 2004
Mazarr, Michael J., ‘The Psychological Sources of Islamic Terrorism’, Policy Review, 125, June–July 2004
Mazzetti, Mark and Rohde, David, ‘The Doomed Hunt for Al Qaeda's Leaders’, International Herald Tribune, 30 June 2008
McAuley, Denis, ‘The Ideology of Osama Bin Laden: Nation, Tribe and World Economy’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 10 (3) October 2005
McDougall, James, ‘After the War: Algeria's Transition to Uncertainty’, Middle East Report, 245, Winter 2007
Meijer, Roel, ‘Jihadi Opposition in Saudi Arabia’, International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) Review, 15, Spring 2005
Menashri, David, Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran: Religion, Society and Power, London: Frank Cass, 2001
Milton-Edwards, Beverley, ‘Climate of Change in Jordan's Islamist Movement’, Sidahmed, Abdel Salam and Ehteshami, Anoushiravan (eds.), Islamic Fundamentalism, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996
Norton, Augustus Richard, Islamic Politics in Palestine, London: I. B. Tauris, 1996
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba and Tapper, Richard, Islam and Democracy in Iran: Eshkevari and the Quest for Reform, London: I. B. Tauris, 2006
Mishal, Shaul and Rosenthal, Maoz, ‘Al Qaeda as a Dune Organization: Toward a Typology of Islamic Terrorist Organizations’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 28 (4) 2005
Mishal, Shaul and Sela, Avraham, The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence and Coexistence, New York: Columbia University Press, 2000
Mitchell, Richard P., The Society of the Muslim Brothers, London: Oxford University Press, 1969
Moaddel, Mansoor, ‘The Iranian Revolution and Its Nemesis: The Rise of Liberal Values among Iranians’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 29 (1) 2009
Moaddel, Mansoor and Taqhi, Azadarmaki, ‘The Worldviews of Islamic Publics: The Cases of Egypt, Iran and Jordan’, http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/Upload/5_Iran.pdf
Moin, Baqer, Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah, London: I. B. Tauris, 1999
Brotherhood, Muslim (Egypt) Official website: http://www.ikhwanonline.com/ an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin, ‘A Draft Constitution of the Islamic State’, The Islamic State, New Delhi: Milli Publications, 2001
el Naggar, Said, ‘The Alexandria Statement’, al Wafd, 25 April 2004 (unofficial translation from the Arabic by Robert Springborg and Ahmed Ezzelarab).
Naguib, Sameh, ‘Islamism(s) Old and New’, Mahdi, Rabab el and Marfleet, Philip (eds.), Egypt: The Moment of Change, London: Zed Books, 2009
Norton, Augustus Richard, Hezbollah: A Short History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007
Norton, Augustus Richard, ‘Why Hizbullah Is Winning’, Middle East Journal, 61 (1) Winter 2007
Norton, Augustus Richard, ‘Hizballah: Through the Fog of the Lebanon War: An Interview with Augustus Richard Norton’, Journal of Palestine Studies, 36 (1) Autumn, 2006
Noyon, Jennifer, Islam, Politics and Pluralism: Theory and Practice in Turkey, Jordan, Tunisia and Algeria, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2003
Nüsse, Andrea, ‘The Ideology of Hamas: Palestinian Islamic Fundamentalist Thought on the Jews, Israel and Islam’, Nettler, Ronald (ed.), Studies in Muslim-Jewish Relations, Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993
Öniş, Ziya, ‘Political Islam at the Crossroads: From Hegemony to Co-existence’, Contemporary Politics, 7 (4) 2001
Ottaway, Marina, ‘The Problem of Credibility’, Carothers, Thomas and Ottaway, Marina (eds.), Uncharted Journey: Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005
Ottaway, Marina and Carothers, Thomas, The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Report 29, March 2004
Ottaway, Marina, Carothers, Thomas, Hawthorne, Amy, and Brumberg, Daniel, Democratic Mirage in the Middle East, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Brief 20, October 2002
Ouazani, CherifAlgérie: Jusqu'où Ira al-Qaïda?’, Jeune Afrique, 2449, 16–22 Décembre 2007
Ouazani, CherifMort d'un juste’, Jeune Afrique, 2438, 30 Septembre – 6 Octobre 2007
Pape, Robert, Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism, New York: Random House, 2005
Pape, Robert, ‘The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism’, American Political Science Review, 97 (3) 2003
Patton, Marcie J., ‘The Economic Policies of Turkey's AKP Government: Rabbits from a Hat?’, Middle East Journal, 60 (3) Summer 2006
Patton, Marcie J., ‘Turkey's Tug of War’, Middle East Report, 239, Summer 2006
Peretz, Don, Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990
Pipes, Daniel, ‘God and Mammon: Does Poverty Cause Militant Islam?’, The National Interest, 66, Winter 2001/02
Pluchinsky, Dennis, ‘Terrorism in the Former Soviet Union: A Primer, a Puzzle, a Prognosis’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 21 (2) 1998
Pluchinsky, Dennis, ‘Middle Eastern Terrorist Activity in Western Europe in 1985: A Diagnosis and Prognosis’, Wilkinson, Paul and Stewart, A. M. (eds.), Contemporary Research in Terrorism, Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1987
Polka, Sagi, ‘The Centrist Stream in Egypt and the Public Discourse Surrounding the Shaping of the Country's Cultural Identity’, Middle Eastern Studies, 39 (3) 2003
Pollack, Josh, ‘Saudi Arabia and the United States, 1931–2002’, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 6 (3) September 2002
Porter, Patrick, ‘Long Wars and Long Telegrams: Containing Al-Qaeda’, International Affairs, 85 (2) March 2009
Qasim, Tal‘at Fu'ad ‘What Does the Gama‘a Islamiyya Want? Tal‘at Fu'ad Qasim Interview with Hisham Mubarak’, Beinin, Joel and Stork, Joe (eds.), Political Islam: Essays from Middle East Report, London: I. B. Tauris, 1997
Qassem, Naim, Hizbullah: The Story from Within, trans. Khalil, Dalia, London: Saqi, 2005
Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan Press, 1997
Rapoport, David C. and Weinberg, Leonard, ‘Elections and Violence’, Rapoport, David C. and Weinberg, Leonard (eds.), The Democratic Experience and Political Violence, London: Frank Cass, 2001
Rasanayagam, Angelo, Afghanistan: A Modern History, London: I. B. Tauris, 2003
Rashwan, Diaa, Transformations among the Islamic Groups in Egypt, Strategic Papers, Cairo: Al Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, 2000
Richards, Alan, Socio-Economic Roots of Radicalism?: Towards Explaining the Appeal of Islamic Radicals, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, Army War College, 2003
Ricolfi, Luca, ‘Palestinians, 1981–2003’, Gambetta, Diego (ed.), Making Sense of Suicide Missions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005
Roberts, Hugh, The Battlefield Algeria, 1988–2002: Studies in a Broken Polity, London: Verso, 2003
Robins, Philip, A History of Jordan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004
Robinson, Glen E., ‘Hamas as Social Movement’, Wiktorowicz, Quintan (ed.), Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004
Robinson, Glen E., ‘Can Islamists Be Democrats? The Case of Jordan’, Middle East Journal, 51 (3) 1997
Rosendorff, B. Peter and Sandler, Todd, ‘The Political Economy of Transnational Terrorism’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49 (2) April 2005
Roth, Kenneth, ‘The Wrong Way to Combat Terrorism’, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 14 (1) Fall/Winter 2007
Roy, Olivier, Globalised Islam: The Search for a New Ummah, London: Hurst and Company, 2004
Roy, Olivier, The Failure of Political Islam, London: I. B. Tauris, 1999
Roy, Olivier, ‘The Crisis of Legitimacy in Iran’, Middle East Journal, 53 (2) 1999
Roy, Olivier, ‘Hazy Outlines of an Islamist International: Fundamentalists without a Common Cause’, Monde Diplomatique, October 1998
Roy, Sara, ‘Hamas and the Transformation(s) of Political Islam in Palestine’, Current History, 102 (660) January 2003
Ruedy, John, Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation, 2nd edition, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005
Russett, Bruce, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993
Rutherford, Bruce K., ‘What Do Egypt's Islamists Want? Moderate Islam and the Rise of Islamic Constitutionalism’, Middle East Journal, 60 (4) 2006
Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal, Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion, London: Pluto Press, 2002
Sadri, Mahmoud and Sadri, Ahmad (eds.), Reason, Freedom, and Democracy in Islam: Essential Writings of ‘Abdolkarim Soroush, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000
Sageman, Marc, Leaderless Jihad: Terrorist Networks in the Twenty-First Century, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008
Sageman, Marc, Understanding Terror Networks, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004
el Said, Sabah, Between Pragmatism and Ideology: The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, 1989–94, Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Paper 39, 1995
Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad, ‘Iran's Presidential Elections: A Surge of Reformists in Politics’ Wolfensen Center for Development/Dubai School of Government Middle East Youth Initiative, http://www.shababinclusion.org/content/blog/detail/1380/
Sambanis, Nicholas, ‘What Is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48 (6) 2004
Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997
al Sayyid, Mustapha Kamel, The Other Face of the Islamist Movement, Democracy and Rule of Law Project, Global Policy Program, Working Paper 33, January 2003
Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi, Egypt's Liberal Experiment, 1922–1936, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977
Schemm, Paul, ‘Grand Gesture’, Middle East International, 745, 4 March 2005
Schenker, David, Hamas Weapons in Jordan: Implications for Islamists on the East Bank, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Watch, 1098, 5 May 2006
Schirazi, Asghar, The Constitution of Iran: Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic, trans. O'Kane, John, London: I. B. Tauris, 1998
Schulze, Reinhard, A Modern History of the Islamic World, trans. Azodi, Azizeh, London: I. B. Tauris, 2000
Schwedler, Jillian, Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006
Semati, Hadi, ‘Democracy in RetrogradeLos Angeles Times, 24 September 2004
Shahzad, Syed Saleem, ‘Takfirism: A Messianic Ideology’, Monde Diplomatique, July 2007
Shay, Shaul, The Shahids: Islam and Suicide Attacks, Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2004
Shikaki, Khalil, With Hamas in Power: Impact of Palestinian Domestic Developments on Options for the Peace Process, Working Paper 1, February 2007, Brandeis University: Crown Center for Middle East Studies
Sick, Gary, ‘Iran: Confronting Terrorism’, The Washington Quarterly, 26 (4) Autumn 2003
Sick, Gary, ‘Rethinking Dual Containment’, Survival, 40 (1) 1998
Sidel, John, The Islamist Threat in Southeast Asia: A Reassessment, Washington, DC: East-West Center, 2007
Silke, Andrew, ‘Contemporary Terrorism Studies: Issues in Research’, Jackson, Richard, Smyth, Marie Breen, and Gunning, Jeroen (eds.), Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, London: Routledge, 2009
Skjølberg, Katja, ‘Ethnic Pluralism, Legitimacy and Conflict: Western European Separatism 1950–95’, Paper presented at the ISA Conference, Los Angles, March 2002, http://www.svt.ntnu.no/iss/fagkonferanse/IPkvant/ Skjolberg.pdf
Smith, Barbara, ‘Algeria: The Horror’, New York Review of Books, XLV (7) 1998
Smith, Craig S., ‘Tunisia Is Feared as New Islamist Base: Qaeda-Linked Algerian Group Suspected of Using Country in Network’, International Herald Tribune, 20 February 2007
Snyder, Jack, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and National Conflict, New York: W. W. Norton, 2000
Soage, Ana Belén, ‘Hasan al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb: Continuity or Rupture?’, The Muslim World, 99 (2) 2009
Sprinkzak, Ehud, ‘Rational Fanatics’, Foreign Policy, 120, 2000
Stacher, Joshua A., ‘Post-Islamist Rumblings in Egypt: The Emergence of the Wasat Party’, Middle East Journal, 56 (3) Summer 2002
Stern, Jessica, Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill, New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003
Tabari, Keyvan, ‘Rule of Law’, International Sociology, 18 (1) 2003
Taji-Farouki, Suha, A Fundamental Quest: Hizb al-Tahrir and the Search for the Islamist Caliphate, London: Grey Seal, 1996
Tamimi, Azzam, Hamas: Unwritten Chapters, London: Hurst & Co., 2007
Tamimi, Azzam, Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat within Islamism, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001
Tammam, Husam, ‘Révisions douloureuses pour les Frères musulmans d'Egypte’, Le Monde Diplomatique, Septembre 2005
al Tawil, Camille, Al Haraka Al Islamiyya Al Musalahafi Al Jazair: Min ‘Al Inqadth’ ila ‘Al Jama'a’ (The Armed Islamic Movement in Algeria: From the FIS to the GIA), Beirut: Dar al Nihar, 1998
Tilly, Charles, From Mobilization to Revolution, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978
Toprak, Binnaz, Islam and Political Development in Turkey, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1981
Toros, Harmonie and Gunning, Jeroen, ‘Exploring a Critical Theory Approach to Terrorism Studies’, Jackson, Richard, Smyth, Marie Breen, and Gunning, Jeroen, (eds.), Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2009
Toth, James, ‘Islamism in Southern Egypt: A Case Study of a Radical Religious Movement’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 35 (4) 2003
Trofimov, Yaroslav, The Siege of Mecca: The Forgotten Uprising in Islam's Holiest Shrine and the Birth of al Qaeda, New York: Doubleday, 2007
,United Nations Development Programme, Arab Human Development Report, 2002
,United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories (the ‘Goldstone Report’), 23 September 2009, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/specialsession/9/docs/UNFFMGC_Report.pdf
,US State Department, Country Reports on Terrorism 2008
Usher, Graham, ‘The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation’, Middle East Report Online, 21 August 2005, http://www.merip.org/mero/mero082105.html
Vaisse, Justin, Transformational Diplomacy, Challiot Paper 103, European Union Institute for Security Studies, June 2007
Vertigans, Stephen, Militant Islam: A Sociology of Characteristics, Causes and Consequences, London: Routledge, 2009
Vorrath, Judith and Krebs, Lutz, ‘Democratization and Conflict in Ethnically Divided Societies’, Living Reviews in Democracy, 1, 2009, http://www.lrd.ethz.ch/index.php/lrd
Waldman, Adir, Arbitrating Armed Conflict: Decisions of the Israel-Lebanon Monitoring Group, Huntington, NY: Juris Publishing, 2003
Weinberg, Leonard, ‘Turning to Terror: The Conditions under Which Political Parties Turn to Terrorist Activities’, Comparative Politics, 23 (4) July 1991
Whitbeck, John V., ‘Life and Death in Saudi Arabia’, International Herald Tribune, 3 June 2004
White, Jenny, Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: A Study in Vernacular Politics, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002
Whitlock, Craig, ‘Al-Qaeda's Far-Reaching New Partner’, Washington Post, 5 October 2006
Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky, ‘The Path to Moderation: Strategy and Learning in the Formation of Egypt's Wasat PartyComparative Politics, 36 (2) 2004
Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky, Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism, and Political Change in Egypt, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002
Wieviorka, Michel, The Making of Terrorism, trans. White, David Gordon, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1993
Wiktorowicz, Quintan, ‘Introduction: Islamic Activism and Social Movement Theory’, Wiktorowicz, Quintan (ed.), Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004
Wiktorowicz, Quintan, ‘The Salafi Movement in Jordan’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 32 (2) 2000
Wiktorowicz, Quintan, ‘Islamists, the State, and Cooperation in Jordan’, Arab Studies Quarterly, 21, Fall 1999
Wiktorowicz, Quintan and Kaltner, John, ‘Killing in the Name of Islam: Al-Qaeda's Justification for September 11’, Middle East Policy, 10 (2) 2003
Wilkinson, Paul, Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response, 2nd edition, London and New York: Routledge, 2006
Wilkinson, Paul, Terrorism and the Liberal State, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986
Willis, Michael, The Islamist Challenge in Algeria: A Political History, Reading, Berkshire: Ithaca Press, 1996
Wittes, Tamara Cofman and Yerkes, Sarah, What Price Freedom? Assessing the Bush Administration's Freedom Agenda, Saban Centre for Middle East Policy, Analysis Paper 10, September 2006
,The World Bank, World Development Indicators Database, http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog
,The World Bank, World Bank Country Profile: Iran, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/IRANEXTN/0,,menuPK:312962~pagePK:141159~piPK:141110~theSitePK:312943,00.html
,The World Bank, Interim Assistance Strategy for the Islamic Republic of Iran, Report No. 22050 IRN, April 16, 2001
,World Markets Research Centre, ‘Global Terrorism Index: Key Findings’ guardian.co.uk, 18 Aug 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/aug/18/alqaida.terrorism1
Wright, Lawrence, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda's Road to 9/11, London: Penguin Books, 2006
Yacoubian, Mona, Engaging Islamists and Promoting Democracy: A Preliminary Assessment, United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 190, August 2007, http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr190.pdf
Yavuz, M. Hakan, Islamic Political Identity in Turkey, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003
Yavuz, M. Hakan, ‘Political Islam and the Welfare (Refah) Party in Turkey’, Comparative Politics, 30 (1) October 1997
Yıldız, Ahmet, ‘Politico-Religious Discourse of Political Islam in Turkey: The Parties of National Outlook’, The Muslim World, 93 (2) 2003
Zaki, Moheb, ‘Strike Down the Hamayonic Decree’, Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World, 11 (131) 2005
al Zayyat, Montasser, The Road to al-Qaeda: The Story of Bin Laden's Right Hand Man, trans. Nimis, Sara, London: Pluto Press, 2004
Zemni, Sami, ‘From Local Insurgency to Al-Qaida Franchise’, International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World Review, 21, Spring 2008
Zghal, Abdelkader, ‘The Reactivation of Tradition in a Post-Traditional Society’, Daedalus, 102 (1) 1973
Zollner, Barbara H. E., The Muslim Brotherhood: Hasan al-Hydaybi and Ideology, London: Routledge, 2009
Zollner, Barbara H. E., ‘Prison Talk: The Muslim Brotherhood's Internal Struggle during Gamal Abdel Nasser's Persecution, 1954 to 1971’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 39 (3) 2007
Zubaida, Sami, ‘Islam and Secularization’, Asian Journal of Social Science, 33 (3) 2005
Zubaida, Sami, Law and Power in the Islamic World, London: I. B. Tauris, 2003
Zubaida, Sami, ‘Is Iran an Islamic State?’, Beinin, Joel and Stork, Joe (eds.), Political Islam: Essays from Middle East Report, London: I. B. Tauris, 1997
Zubaida, Sami, Islam, the People and the State: Political Ideas and Movements in the Middle East, revised edition, London: I. B. Tauris, 1993
Author's Interviews
Abdennour, Ali Yahia, lawyer and human rights activist, Algiers, March 2007
Abu el Fotouh, Abd el Monem, Muslim Brotherhood activist, Cairo, October 2007
Abu Odeh, Adnan, sociologist and political analyst, Amman, May 2007
Abu Rumman, Abdullah, journalist and member of the office of the Prime Minister, Amman, October 2007
Abu Rumman, Muhammad, journalist and specialist on the Islamist movement in Jordan. Amman, October 2007
Altınay, Hakan, Open Society Institute Assistance Foundation, Istanbul, March 2008
al Anani, Khalil, political analyst and specialist on Islamist movements, al Ahram Foundation, Cairo, November 2007
Anonymous Hizb ut Tahrir activist, West Bank, October 2007
Anonymous former Islamic Jihad activist, West Bank, October 2007
al Arabiyat, Abd al Latif, leader of Islamist Action Front, Amman, October 2007
Assaf, Nizam, Amman Centre for Human Rights Studies, Amman, October 2007
Ayachi, Hamida, journalist and specialist on the Islamist movement, Algiers, March 2007
Aybay, Rona, lawyer and human rights activist, Ankara, March 2008
Barghouti, Muhammad, former minister of Local Government, (Palestinian National Authority), Ramallah, October 2007
Beydoun, Ahmed, journalist, Beirut, September 2009
Bilgen, Ayşe, Mazlumder (NGO), Ankara, March 2008
Blanford, Nicholas, journalist, Beirut September 2009
Boudjema, Mounir, journalist and political analyst, Algiers, March 2007
Breizat, Fares, Center for Strategic Studies, University of Jordan, Amman, October 2007
Charara, Wadah, journalist and author on Hizbullah, Beirut, September 2009
Chebbi, Nejib, leader of the secular opposition movement, the Progressive Democratic Party (Parti Démocrate Progressiste, PDP), Tunis, March 2007
Chourou, Bechir, University of Tunis, Tunis, March 2007
Cohen, Hillel, author and expert on Islamist movements, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, October 2007
Dağı, Ihsan, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, March 2008
Daraghmeh, Ayman, member of the Palestinian Legislative Council, Ramallah, October 2007
el Deiri, Makarem, electoral candidate for the Egyptian Assembly, Cairo, December 2005
Delici, Fouad, former FIS activist, Algiers, March 2007
Djema, Mohammed, political activist (‘Movement for the Society of Peace’, MSP), Algiers, March 2007
Dwaib, Khaled, Hamas activist and Palestinian Legislative Council member, Bethlehem, West Bank, October 2007
el Erian, Essam, Islamic National Conference Coordinator and member of the Muslim Brotherhood, Cairo, November 2005
Fahs, Hani, Shia leader and commentator, Beirut, September 2009
al Ghizali, Abdel Hamid, Cairo University, Muslim Brotherhood activist, Cairo, October 2007
GÖksel, Timur, former spokesperson for United Nations Interim Force In Lebanon (UNIFIL) and political analyst, Beirut, September 2009
Hadi, Mahdi F. Abdul, Chairman of the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, Jerusalem, October 2007
Hamided, Mohamed, former FIS activist, Algiers, March 2007
Hassan, Bahey el Din, Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, Cairo, December 2005
Himeur, Mohamed Arezki, journalist, Algiers, March 2007
Houry, Nadim, Human Rights Watch, Beirut, September 2009
Hussain, Ghaffar, Quilliam Foundation, former activist within Hizb ut Tahrir, London, January 2009
Hussein, Magdi, political activist (Labour Party), Cairo, November 2005
Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, Ibn Khaldun Centre for Political Studies, Cairo, November 2005
Irsheid, Zaki Bany, IAF secretary general, Amman, October 2007
Ismail, Mamdouh, lawyer and political activist, Cairo, December 2005
Jenkins, Gareth, journalist and expert on Turkish Islamism, Istanbul, March 2008
Jones, Gareth, Reuters correspondent, Ankara, March 2008
Kalaycioğlu, Ersin, Sabancı University, Istanbul, March 2008
Kassem, Hishem, journalist and political activist, Cairo, December 2005 and November 2007
Khashana, Nejib, journalist, Tunis, March 2007
Keilani, Musa, journalist, Amman, October 2007
Keyman, Fuat, Köc University, Istanbul, March 2008
Kirişci, Kemal, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, March 2008
Latif, Omayma Abdel, journalist, Beirut, September 2009
Mady, Abu Elela, leader of Wasat Party, Cairo, December 2005
Massalmeh, Hassan, Council Member, Bethlehem Municipality, Bethlehem, West Bank, October 1007
Mezrag, Madani, former leader of the AIS, Algiers, March 2007
al Momani, Mohammad H., Jordan Institute of Diplomacy and Yarmouk University, Amman, October 2007
Mudessir, Moheb, journalist, BBC World Service, London, July 2007
Nahla, Mahmoud, lawyer, al Kalema organisation, Cairo, December 2005
Öniş, Ziya, Köc University, Istanbul, March 2008
Özbudun, Ergun, Bilkent University, Ankara, March 2008
Özel, Soli, Bilgi University, Istanbul, March 2008
Rashwan, Diaa, expert on the Islamist movement, al Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Studies, Cairo, November 2007
Roberts, Hugh, Islamist movements and Algeria expert, London, August 2009
Safa, Oussama, General Director, Lebanese Centre for Policy Studies, Beirut, September 2009
Saghieh, Hazem, journalist, Beirut, September 2009
Saleh, Miriam, former Minister for Women's Affairs (Palestinian National Authority), Ramallah, October 2007
Salem, Paul, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Beirut, September 2009
Saqer, Jamal, political activist, Ramallah, October 2007
el Sayed Said, Mohamed, specialist on Islamist movement, Center for Political and Strategic Studies, al Ahram Newspaper, Cairo, November 2005
Shamsidi, Hakimi, political activist (al Islah), Algiers, March 2007
Shbeilat, Laith, former political activist and independent Islamist, Amman, October 2007
Somer, Murat, Köc University, Istanbul, March 2008
Tameemee, Raef, Fatah activist, Hebron, October 2007
Temlali, Yassine, journalist and political analyst, Algiers, March 2007
Tür, Özlem, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, March 2008
Turabi, Hasan, former head of Sudanese National Islamic Front, Khartoum, February 2004
Wolcott, Kirk, Middle East Partnership Initiative, US Department of State, Tunis, March 2007
Zoubir, Arous, Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Développement (CREAD), University of Algiers, Algiers, March 2007
Zweiri, Majhoob, Center for Strategic Studies, University of Jordan, Amman, October 2007

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.