Ackerman, F. 2008a. Poisoned for Pennies: The Economics and Toxics of Precaution. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Ackerman, F. 2008b. Hot, it's not: Reflections on Cool It, by Bjorn Lomborg. Climactic Change 89: 435–46.
Ackerman, F., and L. Heinzerling. 2004. Priceless: On Knowing the Price of Everything and the Value of Nothing. New York: The New Press.
Ackerman, F., and C. Munitz. 2012a. Climate damages in the FUND model: A disaggregated analysis. Ecological Economics 77: 219–24.
Ackerman, F., and C. Munitz. 2012b. Reply to Anthoff and Tol. Ecological Economics 81: 43.
Ackerman, F., and L. Stanton. 2012. Climate risks and carbon prices: Revising the social cost of carbon. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal 6: article 10.
Ackerman, F., and L. Stanton. 2013. Climate Economics: The State of the Art. London: Routledge.
Ahteensuu, M., and P. Sandin. 2012. The precautionary principle. In Handbook of Risk Theory, Vol. 2, edited by S. Roeser, R. Hillerbrand, P. Sandin, and M. Peterson. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 961–78.
Allen, M., J. Mitchell, and P. Stott. 2013. Test of a decadal climate forecast. Nature Geoscience 6: 243–44.
Anderson, E. 1993. Value in Ethics and Economics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Anderson, E. 2012. Epistemic justice as a virtue of social institutions. Social Epistemology 26(2): 163–73.
Anderson, M., S. Junankar, S. Scott, J. Jilkova, R. Salmons, and E. Christie. 2007. Competiveness Effects of Environmental Tax Reform. Brussels: European Commission.
Anthoff, D., and R. Tol. 2012. Climate damages in the FUND model: A comment. Ecological Economics 81: 42.
Arrow, K. 1999. “Discounting, Morality, and Gaming.” In Discounting and Intergenerational Equity, edited by P. Portney and J. Weyant, 13–21. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
Arrow, K., and J. Hurwicz. 1972. “Decision making under ignorance.” In Uncertainty and Expectations in Economics: Essays in Honor of G.L.S. Shackle, edited by C. Carter and J. Ford. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Aven, T. 2003. Foundations of Risk Analysis: A Knowledge and Decision-Oriented Perspective. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Aven, T. 2008. Risk Analysis: Assessing Uncertainties beyond Expected Values and Probabilities. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Aven, T. 2011. On different types of uncertainties in the context of the precautionary principle. Risk Analysis 31: 1515–25.
Baan, R., Y. Grosse, B. Lauby-Secretan, F. El Ghissassi, V. Bouvard, L. Benbrahim-Tallaa, N. Guha, F. Islami, L. Galichet, and K. Straif. 2011. Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. The Lancet Oncology 12(7): 624–6.
Bantz, D. 1982. The philosophical basis of cost–risk–benefit analyses. In PSA: The Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, edited by P. Asquith and T. Nickles. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association, pp. 227–42.
Barham, B., J. Foltz, D. Jackson-Smith, and S. Moon. 2004. The dynamics of agricultural biotechnology adoption: Lessons from rBST use in Wisconsin, 1994–2001. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86: 61–72.
Barrett, J. 2008. Approximate truth and descriptive nesting. Erkenntnis 68(2): 213–24.
Barrett, K., and C. Raffensperger. 1999. Precautionary science. In Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle, edited by C. Raffensperger and J. Tickner. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 106–22.
Beckerman, W., and C. Hepburn. 2007. Ethics of the discount rate in the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change. World Economics 8(1): 187–210.
Bedford, T., and R. Cooke. 2001. Probabilistic Risk Assessment: Foundations and Methods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Betz, G. 2013. In defence of the value free ideal. European Journal for Philosophy of Science 3: 207–20.
Biddle, J., and E. Winsberg. 2010. Value judgments in the estimation of uncertainty in climate modeling. In New Waves in Philosophy of Science, edited by P. Magnus and J. Busch. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 172–97.
Bigwood, E. 1973. The acceptable daily intake of food additives. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology June: 41–93.
Bigwood, E., and A. Gérard. 1968. Fundamental Principles and Objectives of a Comparative Food Law: Vol. 2: Elements of Motivation and Elements of Qualification. New York: S. Karger.
Billingsley, P. 1995. Probability and Measure, 3rd edn. New York: Wiley & Sons.
Bird, A., and J. Ladyman. 2012. Arguing about Science (Arguing about Philosophy). New York: Routledge.
Black, H. 2005. Getting the lead out of electronics. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(10): A683–A685.
Blackburn, S., and K. Simmons, eds. 1999. Truth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bognar, G. 2011. Can the maximin principle serve as a basis for climate change policy?The Monist 94: 329–48.
Braithwaite, R. B. 1953. Scientific Explanation. New York: Harper & Row.
Bratman, M. 1999. Faces of Intention: Selected Essays on Intention and Agency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Braverman, M. 2010. United States. In The Use and Registration of Microbial Pesticides in Representative Jurisdictions Worldwide, edited by J. Kabaluk, A. Svircev, M. Goettel, and S. Woo. IOBC Global, pp. 74–9.
Bridges, J., and O. Bridges. 2002. Hormones as growth promoters: The precautionary principle or a political risk assessment? In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 161–9.
Broome, J. 1992. Counting the Cost of Global Warming. Cambridge: The White Horse Press.
Burnett, H. S. 2009. Understanding the precautionary principle and its threat to human welfare. Social Philosophy and Policy 26(2): 378–410.
Capper, J., E. Castañeda-Gutiérrez, R. Cady, and D. Bauman. 2008. The environmental impact of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) use in dairy production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(28): 9668–73.
Case, D. 2005. The EPA's HPV challenge program: A tort liability trap?Washington and Lee Law Review 62: 147–205.
Chapman, P., A. Fairbrother, and D. Brown. 1998. A critical evaluation of safety (uncertainty) factors for ecological risk assessment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17: 99–108.
Chichilnisky, G. 1996. An axiomatic approach to sustainable development. Social Choice and Welfare 13(2): 231–57.
Chisholm, A., and H. Clarke. 1993. Natural resource management and the precautionary principle. In Fair Principles for Sustainable Development: Essays on Environmental Policy and Developing Countries, edited by E. Dommen. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 109–22.
Churchman, C. 1948. Statistics, pragmatics, induction. Philosophy of Science 15: 249–68.
Churchman, C. 1956. Science and decision making. Philosophy of Science 22: 247–9.
Clark, B., T. Phillips, and J. Coats. 2005. Environmental fate and effects of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins from transgenic crops: A review. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 4643–53.
Clarke, S. 2005. Future technologies, dystopic futures and the precautionary principle. Ethics and Information Technology 7: 121–6.
Cohen, J. 1992. An Essay on Belief and Acceptance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cowen, T., and D. Parfit. 1992. Against the social discount rate. In Justice between Age Groups and Generations, edited by P. Laslett and J. Fishkin. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 144–61.
Cox, L. 2011. Clarifying types of uncertainty: When are models accurate, and uncertainties small?Risk Analysis 31: 1530–3.
Cranor, C. 1993. Regulating Toxic Substances: A Philosophy of Science and the Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cranor, C. 1999. Asymmetric information, the precautionary principle, and burdens of proof. In Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle, edited by C. Raffensberger and J. Tickner. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 74–99.
Cranor, C. 2001. Learning from law to address uncertainty in the precautionary principle. Science and Engineering Ethics 7: 313–26.
Cranor, C. 2004. Toward understanding aspects of the precautionary principle. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 29(3): 259–79.
Cranor, C. 2006. Toxic Torts: Science, Law and the Possibility of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cranor, C. 2011. Legally Poisoned: How the Law Puts Us at Risk from Toxicants. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Crump, K. 1984. A new method for determining allowable daily intakes. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 4: 854–71.
Dana, D. 2009. The contextual rationality of the precautionary principle. Northwestern University School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Series, No. 09–27.
Dasgupta, P., and G. Heal. 1979. Economic Theory and Exhaustible Resources. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Diekmann, S., and M. Peterson. 2013. The role of non-epistemic values in engineering models. Science and Engineering Ethics 19: 207–18.
Dorato, M. 2004. Epistemic and nonepistemic values in science. In Science, Values, and Objectivity, edited by P. Machamer and G. Wolters. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 52–77.
Dorne, J., and A. Renwick. 2005. The refinement of uncertainty/safety factors in risk assessment by the incorporation of data on toxicokinetic variability in humans. Toxicological Sciences 86: 20–6.
Dorne, J., K. Walton, and A. Renwick. 2001. Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment: Human variability in the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 probe substrates. Food and Chemical Toxicology 39: 681–96.
Douglas, H. 2000. Inductive risk and values in science. Philosophy of Science 67: 559–79.
Douglas, H. 2004. The irreducible complexity of objectivity. Synthese 138(3): 453–73.
Douglas, H. 2006. Bullshit at the interface of science and policy: Global warming, toxic substances, and other pesky problems. In Bullshit and Philosophy, ed. G. Hardcastle and G. Reisch. La Salle, IL: Open Court, pp. 213–26.
Douglas, H. 2007. Rejecting the ideal of value-free science. In Value-Free Science?, edited by H. Kincaid, J. Dupré, and A. Wylie. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 120–39.
Douglas, H. 2008. The role of values in expert reasoning. Public Affairs Quarterly 22(1): 1–18.
Douglas, H. 2009. Science and the Value-Free Ideal. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Dourson, M., S. Felter, and D. Robinson. 1996. The evolution of science-based uncertainty factors in noncancer risk assessment. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 24: 108–20.
Dourson, M., and J. Stara. 1983. Regulatory history and experimental support of uncertainty (safety) factors. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 3: 224–38.
Doyen, L., and J. Pereau. 2009. The precautionary principle as a robust cost-effectiveness problem. Environmental Modeling and Assessment 14: 127–33.
Earman, J. 1992. Bayes or Bust? A Critical Examination of Bayesian Confirmation Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Edqvist, L., and K. Pedersen. 2002. Antimicrobials as growth promoters: Resistance to common sense. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 100–10.
Elgie, S., and J. McClay. 2013. BC's carbon tax shift is working well after four years (attention Ottawa). Canadian Public Policy 39(s2): 1–10.
Elgin, C. 2004. True enough. Philosophical Issues 14: 113–21.
Elliott, K. 2010. Geoengineering and the precautionary principle. International Journal of Applied Philosophy 24(2): 237–53.
Elliott, K. 2011a. Is a little pollution good for you?New York: Oxford University Press.
Elliott, K. 2011b. Direct and indirect roles for values in science. Philosophy of Science 78: 303–24.
Elliott, K. 2013. Douglas on values: From indirect roles to multiple goals. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 44: 375–83.
Elliott, K., and M. Dickson. 2011. Distinguishing risk and uncertainty in risk assessments of emerging technologies. In Quantum Engagements: Social Reflections of Nanoscience and Emerging Technologies, edited by T. Zülsdorf, C. Coenen, A. Ferrari, U. Fiedeler, C. Milburn, and M. Wienroth. Heidelberg: AKA Verlag, pp. 165–17.
Elliott, K., and D. McKaughan. 2014. Nonepistemic values and the multiple goals of science. Philosophy of Science 81(1): 1–21.
Engelhardt, T., and F. Jotterand. 2004. The precautionary principle: A dialectical reconsideration. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 29: 301–12.
Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. National ambient air quality standards for ozone: Final response to remand; final rule. Federal Register 68(3): 614–44.
EU. 2000. Communication from the Commission on the Precautionary Principle. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.
EU. 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Brussels: European Parliament.
EU. 2013. General Report on REACH. Brussels: European Commission.
Farman, J. 2002. Halocarbons, the ozone layer and the precautionary principle. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 79–89.
Feder, B. 1995. Dow Corning in bankruptcy over lawsuits. The New York Times May 16: D6.
Fildes, R., and N. Kourentzes. 2011. Validation and forecasting accuracy in models of climate change. International Journal of Forecasting 27: 968–95.
Filipsson, A., S. Sand, J. Nilsson, and K. Victorin. 2003. The benchmark dose method: Review of available models, and recommendations for application in health risk assessment. Critical Review of Toxicology 33: 505–42.
Fischer, E., J. Jones, and R. von Schomberg, eds. 2006. Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Perspectives and Prospects. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Foltz, J., and H. Chang. 2002. The adoption and profitability of rbST on Connecticut dairy farms. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 84(4): 1021–32.
Forster, M., and E. Sober. 1994. How to tell when simpler, more unified, or less ad hoc theories will provide more accurate predictions. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45: 1–35.
Foster, C. 2011. Science and the Precautionary Principle in International Courts and Tribunals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Frank, R. 2005. Microeconomics and Behavior, 6th edn. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Frigg, R., L. Smith, and D. Stainforth. 2013. The myopia of imperfect climate models: The case of UKCP09. Philosophy of Science 80: 886–97.
Frisch, M. 2013. Modeling climate policies: A critical look at integrated assessment models. Philosophy and Technology 26: 117–37.
Fu, G., Z. Liu, S. Charles, Z. Xu, and Z. Yao. 2013. A score-based method for assessing the performance of GCMs: A case study of Southeastern Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118(10): 4154–67.
Gardiner, S. 2006. A core precautionary principle. Journal of Political Philosophy 14: 33–60.
Gardiner, S. 2010. Ethics and global climate change. In Climate Ethics: Essential Readings, edited by S. Gardiner, S. Caney, D. Jamieson, and H. Shue. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–35.
Gardiner, S. 2011. A Perfect Moral Storm: The Ethical Tragedy of Climate Change. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gardiner, S., S. Caney, D. Jamieson, and H. Shue, eds. 2010. Climate Ethics: Essential Readings. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gareau, B. 2013. From Precaution to Profit: Contemporary Challenges to Environmental Protection in the Montreal Protocol. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Gatehouse, A., N. Ferry, M. Edwards, and H. Bell. 2011. Insect-resistant biotech crops and their impacts on beneficial arthropods. Transactions of the Royal Society B 366: 1438–52.
Gee, D., and M. Greenberg. 2002. Asbestos: From “magic” to malevolent mineral. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 49–63.
Giere, R. 2003. A new program for philosophy of science?Philosophy of Science 70: 15–21.
Gilbertson, M. 2002. Early warnings of chemical contamination of the Great Lakes. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 138–47.
Godard, O. 2000. De la nature du principe de précaution. In Le Principe de Précaution: Significations et Conséquences, edited by E. Zaccai and J. Missa. Brussels: Editions de L’Université de Bruxelles, pp. 19–38.
Goklany, I. 2001. The Precautionary Principle. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.
Gómez-Barbero, M., J. Berbel, and E. Rodríguez-Cerezo. 2008. Bt corn in Spain – the performance of the EU's first GM crop. Nature Biotechnology 26(4): 384–6.
Graham, J. 2001. Decision-analytic refinements of the precautionary principle. Journal of Risk Research 4: 127–41.
Graham, J., and J. Wiener, eds. 1995. Risk versus Risk: Trade-offs in Protecting Health and the Environment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Graham, J., and J. Wiener. 2008a. The precautionary principle and risk–risk tradeoffs: A comment. Journal of Risk Research 11(4): 465–74.
Graham, J., and J. Wiener. 2008b. Empirical evidence for risk–risk tradeoffs: A rejoinder to Hansen and Tickner. Journal Risk Research 11: 485–90.
Goldman, A. 1999. Knowledge in a Social World. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Haack, S. 1998. Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hanemann, W. 2008. What Is the Economic Cost of Climate Change?Berkeley, CA: UC Berkeley eScholarship.
Hansen, S., L. Carlsen, and J. Tickner. 2007. Chemicals regulation and precaution: Does REACH really incorporate the precautionary principle?Environmental Science and Policy 10: 395–404.
Hansen, J., M. Sato, P. Kharecha, D. Beerling, V. Masson-Delmotte, M. Pagani, M. Raymo, D. Royer, and J. Zachos. 2008. Target atmospheric CO2: Where should humanity aim?Open Atmospheric Science Journal 2: 217–31.
Hansen, S., and J. Tickner. 2008. Putting risk–risk tradeoffs in perspective: A response to Graham and Wiener. Journal of Risk Research 11(4): 475–83.
Hansen, S., M. von Krauss, and J. Tickner. 2008. The precautionary principle and risk–risk tradeoffs. Journal of Risk Research 11(4): 423–64.
Hansson, S. 1993. The false promises of risk analysis. Ratio 6: 16–26.
Hansson, S. 1994. Decision Theory: A Brief Introduction. Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
Hansson, S. 1996. Decision making under great uncertainty. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 26(3): 369–8.
Hansson, S. 1997. The limits of precaution. Foundations of Science 2: 293–306.
Hansson, S. 1999. Adjusting scientific practices to the precautionary principle. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 5: 909–21.
Hansson, S. 2003. Ethical criteria of risk acceptance. Erkenntnis 59(3): 291–309.
Hansson, S. 2009. From the casino to the jungle: Dealing with uncertainty in technological risk management. Synthese 168: 423–32.
Hare, R. 1981. Moral Thinking: Its Method, Levels, and Point. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Harremoës, P., D. Gee, M. MacGarvin, A. Stirling, J. Keys, B. Wynne, and S. Guedes Vaz. 2002. The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings. London: Earthscan Publications.
Harris, J., and S. Holm. 2002. Extending human lifespan and the precautionary paradox. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 3: 355–68.
Harsanyi, J. 1983. Bayesian decision theory, subjective and objective probabilities, and acceptance of empirical hypotheses. Synthese 57: 341–65.
Harsanyi, J. 1985. Acceptance of empirical statements: A Bayesian theory without cognitive utilities. Theory and Decision 18: 1–30.
Hartzell, L. 2009. Rethinking the precautionary principle and its role in climate change policy. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.
Hartzell-Nichols, L. 2012. Precaution and solar radiation management. Ethics, Policy, and Environment 15: 158–71.
Hartzell-Nichols, L. 2013. From “the” precautionary principle to precautionary principles. Ethics, Policy and Environment 16: 308–20.
Hauser, C., and H. Possingham. 2008. Experimental or precautionary? Adaptive management over a range of time horizons. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 72–81.
Hausman, D. 1992. The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Heil, J. 1983. Believing what one ought. Journal of Philosophy 80(11): 752–65.
Hempel, C. 1965. Science and human values. In Aspects of Scientific Explanation and other Essays in the Philosophy of Science. New York: The Free Press, pp. 81–96.
Holling, C., ed. 1978. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Hourdequin, M. 2007. Doing, allowing, and precaution. Environmental Ethics 29: 339–58.
Howard, D. 2006. Lost wanderers in the forest of knowledge: Some advice on how to think about the relation between discovery and justification. In Revisiting Discovery and Justification: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives on the Context Distinction, edited by J. Schickore and F. Steinle. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 3–22.
Howson, C., and C. Urbach. 1993. Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach, 2nd edn. Chicago: Open Court.
Hsu, S. 2011. The Case for a Carbon Tax: Getting Past our Hang-ups to Effective Climate Policy. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Hunt, S. 2011. Theory status, inductive realism, and approximate truth: No miracles, no charades. International Journal for the Philosophy of Science 25(2): 159–78.
Ibarreta, D., and S. Swan. 2002. The DES story: Long term consequences of prenatal exposure. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 90–9.
Infante, P. 2002. Benzene: A historical perspective on the American and European occupational setting. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 35–48.
Intemann, K. 2004. Feminism, underdetermination, and values in science. Philosophy of Science 72(5): 1001–12.
Interagency Working Group. 2010. Technical Support Document: Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis Under Executive Order 12866. Washington, DC: US EPA.
Interagency Working Group. 2013. Technical Support Document: Technical Update of the Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis Under Executive Order 12866. Washington, DC: US EPA.
Jaeger, W. 2005. Environmental Economics for Tree Huggers and Other Skeptics. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Jeffrey, R. 1956. Valuation and acceptance of scientific hypotheses. Philosophy of Science 23: 237–46.
Jeffrey, R. 2004. Subjective Probability (the Real Thing). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jevrejeva, S., J. C. Moore, and A. Grinsted. 2010. How will sea level respond to changes in natural and anthropogenic forcings by 2100?Geophysical Research Letters 37: L077033.
John, S. 2007. How to take deontological concerns seriously in risk–cost–benefit analysis: A re-Interpretation of the precautionary principle. Journal of Medical Ethics 33: 221–4.
John, S. 2010. In defence of bad science and irrational policies: An alternative account of the precautionary principle. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 13: 3–18.
Johnson, A. 2012. Avoiding environmental catastrophes: Varieties of principled precaution. Ecology and Society 17(3): 9.
Jordan, A., and T. O’Riordan. 1999. The precautionary principle in contemporary environmental policy and politics. In Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle, edited by C. Raffensberger and J. Tickner. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 15–35.
Kahneman, D., I. Ritov, and D. Schkade. 2006. Economic preferences or attitude expressions? An analysis of dollar responses to public issues. In The Construction of Preference, edited by S. Lichtenstein and P. Slovic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 565–93.
Kaplan, M. 1981. A Bayesian theory of rational acceptance. Journal of Philosophy 78: 305–30.
Kelly, K. 2007a. Ockham's razor, empirical complexity, and truth finding efficiency. Theoretical Computer Science 383: 270–89.
Kelly, K. 2007b. A new solution to the puzzle of simplicity. Philosophy of Science 74: 561–73.
Kimmel, C., and D. Gaylor. 1988. Issues in qualitative and quantitative risk analysis for developmental toxicology. Risk Analysis 8: 15–20.
Kincaid, H., J. Dupré, and A. Wylie, eds. 2007. Value-Free Science?Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kitcher, P. 1990. The division of cognitive labor. Journal of Philosophy 87(1): 5–21.
Kitcher, P. 2001. Science, Truth, and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kitcher, P. 2011. Science in a Democratic Society. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Knight, F. 1921. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. New York: Houghton, Mifflin Company.
Koppe, J., and J. Keys. 2002. PCBs and the precautionary principle. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 64–78.
Kourany, J. 2010. Philosophy of Science after Feminism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kriebel, D., J. Tickner, P. Epstein, J. Lemons, R. Levins, E. Loechler, M. Quinn, R. Rudel, T. Schettler, and M. Stoto. 2001. The precautionary principle in environmental science. Environmental Health Perspectives 109(9): 871–6.
Kuhn, T. 1977. Objectivity, value judgment, and theory choice. In The Essential Tension. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 320–39.
Kysar, D. 2010. Regulating from Nowhere: Environmental Law and the Search for Objectivity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Lacey, H. 1999. Is Science Value-Free? Values and Scientific Understanding. London: Routledge.
Lacey, H. 2004. Is there a significant distinction between cognitive and social values? In Science, Values, and Objectivity, edited by P. Machamer and G. Wolters. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 24–51.
Lambert, B. 2002. Radiation: Early warnings, late effects. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 26–34.
Laudan, L. 2004. The epistemic, the cognitive, and the social. In Science, Values and Objectivity, edited by P. Machamer and G. Wolters. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 14–23.
Lehman, A., and O. Fitzhugh. 1954. 100-fold margin of safety. Quarterly Bulletin of the Association of Food and Drug Officials of the US 18(1): 33–5.
Lemons, J., K. Shrader-Frechette, and C. Cranor. 1997. The precautionary principle: Scientific uncertainty and type I and type II errors. Foundations of Science 2: 207–36.
Lempert, R. 2002. A new decision science for complex systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99, suppl. 3: 7309–13.
Lempert, R., D. Groves, S. Popper, and S. Bankes. 2006. A general, analytic method for generating robust strategies and narrative scenarios. Management Science 52: 514–28.
Lempert, R., S. Popper, and S. Bankes. 2003. Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative, Long-term Policy Analysis. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Leopold, A. 1966. A Sand County Almanac. New York: Oxford University Press.
Levi, I. 1960. Must the scientist make value judgments?Journal of Philosophy 57: 345–57.
Levi, I. 1962. On the seriousness of mistakes. Philosophy of Science 29: 47–65.
Levi, I. 1967. Gambling with Truth. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Levi, I. 1980. The Enterprise of Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lewis, S., J. Lynch, and A. Nikiforov. 1990. A new approach to deriving v community exposure guidelines from “no-observed-adverse-effect levels.” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 11: 314–30.
Lichtenstein, S., and P. Slovic, eds. 2006. The Construction of Preference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lipworth, L., R. Tarone, and J. McLaughlin. 2004. Breast implants and fibromyalgia: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Annals of Plastic Surgery 52: 284–7.
Lohmann, R., H. Stapleton, and R. Hites. 2013. Science should guide TSCA reform. Environmental Science and Technology 47: 8995−6.
Lomborg, B. 2001. The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lomborg, B. 2007. Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist's Guide to Global Warming. New York: Knopf.
Lomborg, B. 2010. Smart Solutions to Climate Change: Comparing Costs and Benefits. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Longino, H. 1990. Science as Social Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Longino, H. 1996. Cognitive and non-cognitive values in science: Rethinking the dichotomy. In Feminism, Science, and the Philosophy of Science, edited by L. Hankinson Nelson and J. Nelson. Dordrect: Kluwer, pp. 39–58.
Longino, H. 2002. The Fate of Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Loomes, G., and R. Sugden. 1982. Regret theory: An alternative theory of rational choice under uncertainty. Economic Journal 92: 805–24.
Losey, J., L. Rayor, and M. Carter. 1999. Transgenic pollen harms Monarch larvae. Nature 399: 214.
Lövei, G., D. Andow, and S. Arpaia. 2009. Transgenic insecticidal crops and natural enemies: A detailed review of laboratory studies. Environmental Entomology 38(2): 293–306.
Luce, R., and H. Raiffa. 1957. Games and Decision: Introduction and Critical Survey. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Machamer, P., and H. Douglas. 1999. Cognitive and social values. Science and Education 8: 45–54.
Machamer, P., and L. Ozbeck. 2004. The social and the epistemic. In Science, Values and Objectivity, edited by P. Machamer and G. Wolters. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 78–89.
Machamer, P., and G. Wolters, eds. 2004. Science, Values and Objectivity. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Maher, P. 1993. Betting on Theories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Manson, N. 2002. Formulating the precautionary principle. Environmental Ethics 24: 263–74.
Marchant, G. 2001a. The precautionary principle: An “unprincipled” approach to biotechnology regulation. Journal of Risk Research 4: 143–57.
Marchant, G. 2001b. A regulatory precedent for hormesis. Human and Experimental Toxicology 20: 143–4.
Marchant, G., and Mossman, K. 2004. Arbitrary and Capricious: The Precautionary Principle in the European Union courts. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
Massey, R. 2009. Toxic Use Reduction Act Program Assessment: Executive Summary. Toxic Use Reduction Institute Methods and Policy Report #26.
Mayo, D. 1996. Error and the Growth of Scientific Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mayo, D., and A. Spanos, A. 2006. Severe testing as a basic voncept in a Neyman-Pearson philosophy of induction. British Journal of Philosophy of Science 57(2): 323–57.
Mayo, D., and A. Spanos. 2009. Error and Inference: Recent Exchanges on Experimental Reasoning, Reliability, and the Objectivity and Rationality of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McBride, W., S. Short, and H. El-Osta. 2004. The adoption and impact of bovine somatotropin on U.S. dairy farms. Review of Agricultural Economics 26(4): 472–88.
McGarrity, T., and W. Wagner. 2008. Bending Science: How Special Interests Corrupt Public Health Research. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McGarvin, M. 2002. Fisheries: Taking stock. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 10–25.
McKinnon, C. 2009. Runaway climate change: A justice-based case for precautions. Journal of Social Philosophy 40: 187–203.
McMullin, E. 1982. Values in science. In Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Volume 1, edited by P. Asquith and D. Nickles. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association, pp. 3–28.
Mearns, L. 2010. Quantification of uncertainties of future climate change: Challenges and applications. Philosophy of Science 77(5): 998–1011.
Michaels, D. 2008. Doubt Is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mielke, H., and S. Zahran. 2012. The urban rise and fall of air lead (Pb) and the latent surge and retreat of societal violence. Environment International 43: 48–55.
Mitchell, S. 2004. The prescribed and proscribed values in science policy. In Science, Values, and Objectivity, edited by P. Machamer and G. Wolters. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 245–55.
Mitchell, S. 2009. Unsimple Truths: Science, Complexity, and Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Morrall, J. 1986. A review of the record. Regulation 10: 25–34.
Munthe, C. 2011. The Price of Precaution and the Ethics of Risk. Dordrecht: Springer.
Nagel, E. 1961. The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Naranjo, S. 2009. Impacts of Bt crops on non-target invertebrates and insecticide use patterns. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 4: 1–11.
Nevin, R. 2000. How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in IQ, violent crime, and unwed pregnancy. Environmental Research 83: 1–22.
Nevin, R. 2007. Understanding international crime trends: The legacy of preschool lead exposure. Environmental Research 104: 315–36.
Neyman, J. 1950. A First Course in Probability and Statistics. New York: Henry Holt.
Nielsen, G., and S. Øvrebø. 2008. Background, approaches and recent trends for setting health-based occupation exposure limits: A minireview. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 51: 253–69.
Nordhaus, W. 2007. Critical assumptions in the Stern Review on Climate Change. Science 317(13): 201–2.
Nordhaus, W. 2008. A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Nordhaus, W. 2012. Why the global warming skeptics are wrong. The New York Review of Books, March 22 issue.
Nordhaus, W., and J. Boyer. 2000. Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Norton, B. 2005. Sustainability: A Philosophy of Adaptive Ecosystem Management. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
O’Brien, M. 2000. Making Better Environmental Decisions: An Alternative to Risk Assessment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
O’Malley-James, J., J. Greaves, J. Raven, and C. Cockell. 2013. Swansong biospheres: Refuges for life and novel microbial biospheres on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes. International Journal of Astrobiology 12(2): 99–112.
Oreskes, N., and E. Conway. 2010. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
Oreskes, N., K. Shrader-Frechette, and K. Belitz. 1994. Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in the earth sciences. Science 263(5147): 641–6.
Oreskes, N., D. Stainforth, and L. Smith. 2010. Adaptation to global warming: Do climate models tell us what we need to know?Philosophy of Science 77: 1012–28.
Parfit, D. 1984. Reasons and Persons. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Parry, M. L., O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. van der Dinden, and C. E. Hansen, eds. 2007. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pearce, D. 1998. Economics and Environment: Essays on Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Pearce, D., G. Atkinson, and S. Mourato. 2006. Cost–Benefit Analysis and the Environment: Recent Developments. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Pennock, R. 2001. Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Percival, R. 2006. Who's afraid of the precautionary principle?Pace Environmental Law Review 23(1): 21–61.
Peterson, M. 2002. What is a de minimis risk?Risk Management 4: 47–55.
Peterson, M. 2006. The precautionary principle is incoherent. Risk Analysis 26(3): 595–601.
Peterson, M. 2007. Should the precautionary principle guide our actions or our beliefs?Journal of Medical Ethics 33: 5–10.
Peterson, M. 2009. An Introduction to Decision Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pleasants, J., and K. Oberhauser. 2013. Milkweed loss in agricultural fields because of herbicide use: Effect on the Monarch butterfly population. Insect Conservation and Discovery 6(2): 135–44.
Popper, K. 1963. Conjectures and Refutations. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Popper, K. 1966. The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume II. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Popper, S., R. Lempert, and S. Bankes. 2005. Shaping the future. Scientific American 292(4): 66–71.
Posner, R. 2004. Catastrophe: Risk and Response. New York: Oxford University Press.
Powell, R. 2010. What's the harm? An evolutionary theoretical critique of the precautionary principle. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 20(2): 181–206.
Price, C. 1993. Time, Discounting and Value. Oxford: Blackwell.
Price, G., P. Valdes, and B. Sellwood. 1997. Quantitative palaeoclimate GCM validation: Late Jurassic and mid-Cretaceous case studies. Journal of the Geological Society 154: 769–772.
Priest, G. 1998. What's so bad about contradictions?Journal of Philosophy 95(8): 410–26.
Proctor, R. 1991. Value-Free Science? Purity and Power in Modern Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Quijano, R. 2003. Elements of the precautionary principle. In Precaution, Environmental Science, and Preventive Public Policy, edited by J. Tickner. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 21–8.
Raffensperger, C., and J. Tickner, eds. 1999. Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Rahmstorf, S., G. Foster, and A. Cazenave. 2012. Comparing climate projections to observations up to 2011. Environmental Research Letters 7(4): 1–5.
Ramsey, F. 1928. A mathematical theory of saving. Economic Journal 38(152): 543–59.
Rawls, J. 1999. A Theory of Justice, revised edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Reiss, J., and P. Kitcher. 2009. Biomedical research, neglected diseases, and well-ordered science. Theoria 66: 263–82.
Renwick, A., and N. Lazarus. 1998. Human variability and noncancer risk assessment: An analysis of the default uncertainty factor. Regulatory Pharmacology and Toxicology 27: 3–20.
Resnik, D. 2003. Is the precautionary principle unscientific?Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 34: 329–44.
Resnik, D. 2004. The precautionary principle and medical decision making. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 29(3): 281–99.
Resnik, M. 1987. Choices: An Introduction to Decision Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Revesz, R., and M. Livermore. 2008. Retaking Rationality: How Cost Benefit Analysis Can Better Protect the Environment and Our Health. New York: Oxford University Press.
Reyes, J. 2007. Environmental policy as social policy? The impact of childhood lead exposure on crime. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 7(1): Article 51.
Rooney, P. 1992. On values in science: Is the epistemic/non-epistemic distinction useful? In Proceedings of the 1992 Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Volume 2, edited by D. Hull, M. Forbes, and K. Okruhlik. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association, pp. 13–22.
Rudén, C., and S. Hansen. 2010. Registration, evaluation, and authorization of chemicals (REACH) is but the first step – How far will it take us? Six further steps to improve the European chemicals legislation. Environmental Health Perspectives 118(1): 6–10.
Rudner, R. 1953. The scientist qua scientist makes value judgments. Philosophy of Science 20: 1–6.
Sachs, N. 2011. Rescuing the strong precautionary principle from its critics. University of Illinois Law Review 2011: 1285–338.
Sagoff, M. 2004. Price, Principle, and the Environment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sagoff, M. 2008. The Economy of the Earth: Philosophy, Law, and the Environment, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Salmon, W. 1966. The Foundations of Scientific Inference. Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh University Press.
Sandin, P. 1999. Dimensions of the precautionary principle. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 5(5): 889–907.
SandinP. 2005. Naturalness and de mininis risk. Environmental Ethics 27(2): 191–200.
Sandin, P. 2006. A paradox out of context: Harris and Holm on the precautionary principle. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 15(2): 175–83.
Sandin, P., M. Peterson, S. Hansson, and C. Rudén. 2002. Five charges against the precautionary principle. Journal of Risk Research 5(4): 287–99.
Santillo, D., P. Johnston, and W. Langston. 2002. TBT and antifoulants: A tale of ships, snails, and imposex. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 148–60.
Satterfield, T., R. Gregory, S. Klain, M. Roberts, and K. Chan. 2013. Culture, intangibles and metrics in environmental management. Journal of Environmental Management 117: 103–14.
Sears, M., R. Hellmich, D. Stanley-Horn, K. Oberhauser, J. Pleasants, H. Mattila, B. Siegfried, and G. Dively. 2001. Impact of Bt corn pollen on Monarch butterfly populations: A risk assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(21): 11937–42.
Semb, A. 2002. Sulphur dioxide: From protection of human lungs to remote lake restoration. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 111–20.
Scheffler, S. 1994. The Rejection of Consequentialism: A Philosophical Investigation of the Considerations Underlying Rival Moral Conceptions, revised edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Schelling, T. 1997. The cost of combating global warming: Facing the tradeoffs. Foreign Affairs 76(6): 8–14.
Schleiter, K. 2010. Silicone breast implant litigation. Virtual Mentor 12: 389–94.
Schuur, E., and B. Abbott. 2011. High risk of permafrost thaw. Nature 480: 32–3.
Shrader-Frechette, K. 1991. Risk and Rationality: Philosophical Foundations for Populist Reforms. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Shrader-Frechette, K. 2011. What Will Work: Fighting Climate Change with Renewable Energy, Not Nuclear Power. New York: Oxford University Press.
Singer, P. 1972. Famine, affluence, and morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1: 229–43.
Singer, P. 2002. One World: The Ethics of Globalization. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Solomon, M. 2001. Social Empiricism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller, eds. 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Solow, R. 1974. The economics of resources or the resources of economics. American Economic Association 64(2): 1–14.
Soule, E. 2004. The precautionary principle and the regulation of US food and drug safety. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 29: 333–50.
Sprenger, J. 2012. Environmental risk analysis: Robustness is essential for precaution. Philosophy of Science 79: 881–92.
Starmer, C. 1996. Explaining risky choices without assuming preferences. Social Choice and Welfare 13(2): 201–13.
Steel, D. 2008. Across the Boundaries: Extrapolation in Biology and Social Science. New York: Oxford University Press.
Steel, D. 2009. Testability and Ockham's razor: How formal and statistical learning theory converge in the new riddle of induction. Journal of Philosophical Logic 38: 471–89.
Steel, D. 2010. Epistemic values and the argument from inductive risk. Philosophy of Science 77: 14–34.
Steel, D. 2011. Extrapolation, uncertainty factors, and the precautionary principle. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 42: 356–64.
Steel, D. 2013a. The precautionary principle and the dilemma objection. Ethics, Policy and Environment 16: 318–37.
Steel, D. 2013b. Acceptance, values, and inductive risk. Philosophy of Science 80: 818–28.
Steel, D. 2013c. Precaution and proportionality: A reply to Turner. Ethics, Policy and Environment 16: 341–5.
Steel, D., and K. Whyte. 2012. Environmental justice, values, and scientific expertise. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 22: 163–82.
Steele, K. 2006. The precautionary principle: A new approach to public decision making?Law, Probability and Risk 5: 19–31.
Steinemann, A. 2001. Improving alternatives for environmental impact assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 21(1): 3–21.
Stern, N. 2007. The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stern, N. 2008. The economics of climate change. The American Economic Review 98(2): 1–37.
Stern, N., and C. Taylor. 2007. Climate change: Risk, ethics, and the Stern Review. Science 317(13): 203–4.
Stirling, A., and D. Gee. 2003. Science, precaution, and practice. Public Health Reports 117(6): 521–533.
Stirzaker, D. 2003. Elementary Probability, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Strevens, M. 2003. The role of the priority rule in science. Journal of Philosophy 100: 55–79.
Summer, J., L. Bird, and H. Smith. 2009. Carbon Taxes: A Review of Experience and Policy Design Considerations. Technical Report NREL/TP-6A2–47312. Oak Ridge, TN: US Department of Energy.
Sunstein, C. 2001. Risk and Reason: Safety Law and the Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sunstein, C. 2005. Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taverne, D. 2005. The March of Unreason: Science, Democracy and the New Fundamentalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tengs, T., M. Adams, J. Pliskin, D. Gelb Safran, J. Siegel, M. Weinstein, and J. Graham. 1995. Five-hundred life-saving interventions and their cost effectiveness. Risk Analysis 15: 369–90.
Thalos, M. 2009. There is no core to precaution. Review Journal of Political Philosophy 7(2): 41–9.
Thalos, M. 2012. Precaution has its reasons. In Topics in Contemporary Philosophy 9: The Environment, Philosophy, Science and Ethics, edited by W. Kabasenche, M. O’Rourke, and M. Slater. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 171–84.
Thompson, P. 2007. Food Biotechnology in Ethical Perspective. Dordrecht: Springer.
Tickner, J. 1999. A map toward precautionary decision making. In Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle, edited by C. Raffensperger and J. Tickner. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 162–186.
Tickner, J. 2002. Developing scientific and policy methods that support precautionary action in the face of uncertainty: The Institute of Medicine Committee on agent orange. Public Health Reports 117(6): 534–45.
Tickner, J., ed. 2003. Precaution, Environmental Science, and Preventive Public Policy. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Tickner, J., and K. Geiser. 2004. The precautionary principle stimulus for solutions- and alternatives-based environmental policy. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 24: 801–24.
Tickner, J., and T. Gouveia-Vigeant. 2005. The 1991 cholera epidemic in Peru: Not a case of precaution gone awry. Risk Analysis 25(3): 495–502.
Tickner, J., and D. Kriebel. 2006. The role of science and precaution in environmental and public health policy. In Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Perspectives and Prospects, edited by E. Fischer, J. Jones, and R. von Schomberg. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 42–62.
Tol, R. 2005. The marginal damage costs of carbon dioxide emissions: An assessment of the uncertainties. Energy Policy 33: 2064–74.
Tol, R. 2010. Carbon dioxide mitigation. In Smart Solutions to Climate Change, edited by B. Lomborg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–105.
Tremmel, J. 2009. A Theory of Intergenerational Justice. London: Earthscan.
Trouwborst, A. 2006. Precautionary Rights and Duties of States. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
Tuana, N. 2010. Leading with ethics, aiming for policy: New opportunities for philosophy of science. Synthese 177: 471–92.
Turner, D. 2013. Proportionality and the precautionary principle. Ethics, Policy and Environment 16: 341–3.
Turner, D., and L. Hartzell. 2004. The lack of clarity in the precautionary principle. Environmental Values 13: 449–60.
UN. 1992. Framework Convention on Climate Change. New York: United Nations.
UNEP. 2010. The Emissions Gap Report: Are the Copenhagen Pledges Sufficient to Limit Global Warming to 2°C or 1.5°C?New York: United Nations.
US General Accounting Office. 2007. Chemical Regulation: Comparison of U.S. and Recently Enacted European Union Approaches to Protect against the Risks of Toxic Chemicals. GAO-07–825.
Valian, V. 1998. Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
van Zwanenberg, P., and E. Millstone. 2002. Hormones as growth promoters: The precautionary principle or a political risk assessment? In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 170–84.
vom Saal, F., and C. Hughes. 2005. An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8): 926–33.
von Krauss, M., and P. Harremoës. 2002. MTBE as a substitute for lead. In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings, edited by P. Harremoëset al. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 121–37.
von Schomberg, R. 2006. The precautionary principle and its normative challenges. In Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Perspectives and Prospects, edited by E. Fischer, J. Jones, and R. von Schomberg. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 19–41.
Walters, C. 1986. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. New York: Macmillan.
Walton, K., J. Dorne, and A. Renwick. 2001a. Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment: Interspecies differences in in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism of human CYP1A2 substrates. Food and Chemical Toxicology 39: 667–80.
Walton, K., J. Dorne, and A. Renwik. 2001b. Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment: Interspecies differences in glucuronidation. Food and Chemical Toxicology 39: 1175–90.
Walton, K., J. Dorne, and A. Renwick. 2004. Species-specific uncertainty factors for compounds eliminated primarily through renal excretion in humans. Food and Chemical Toxicology 42: 261–74.
Weber, M. 1949. On the Methodology of the Social Sciences, translated by E. Shils and H. Finch. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
Weckert, J., and J. Moor. 2006. The precautionary principle in nanotechnology. International Journal of Applied Philosophy 2(2): 191–204.
Weitzman, M. 2001. Gamma discounting. The American Economic Review 91(1): 260–71.
Weitzman, M. 2007. A review of The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change. Journal of Economic Literature 45: 703–24.
Weitzman, M. 2009. On modeling and interpreting the economics of catastrophic climate change. The Review of Economics and Statistics 91(1): 1–19.
Werndl, C. 2009. What are the new implications of chaos for unpredictability?British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 60: 195–220.
Whiteside, K. 2006. Precautionary Politics: Principle and Practice in Confronting Environmental Risk. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Williams, B. 2011. Passive and active adaptive management: Approaches and an example. Journal of Environmental Management 92: 1371–8.
Wright, J., K. Dietrich, M. Ris, R. Hornung, S. Wessel, B. Lanphear, M. Ho, and M. Rae. 2008. Association of prenatal and childhood blood lead concentrations with criminal arrests in early adulthood. PLOS Medicine 5(5): 732–9.
Zenghelis, D. 2010. Book review: Smart Solutions to Climate Change: Comparing Costs and Benefits. Journal of Environmental Investing 1(2): 79–89.
