Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword
- Acknowledgments
- Acronyms
- 1 Introduction
- 2 5G use cases and system concept
- 3 The 5G architecture
- 4 Machine-type communications
- 5 Device-to-device (D2D) communications
- 6 Millimeter wave communications
- 7 The 5G radio-access technologies
- 8 Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems
- 9 Coordinated multi-point transmission in 5G
- 10 Relaying and wireless network coding
- 11 Interference management, mobility management, and dynamic reconfiguration
- 12 Spectrum
- 13 The 5G wireless propagation channel models
- 14 Simulation methodology
- Index
- References
8 - Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2016
By
Wolfgang Zirwas and
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword
- Acknowledgments
- Acronyms
- 1 Introduction
- 2 5G use cases and system concept
- 3 The 5G architecture
- 4 Machine-type communications
- 5 Device-to-device (D2D) communications
- 6 Millimeter wave communications
- 7 The 5G radio-access technologies
- 8 Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems
- 9 Coordinated multi-point transmission in 5G
- 10 Relaying and wireless network coding
- 11 Interference management, mobility management, and dynamic reconfiguration
- 12 Spectrum
- 13 The 5G wireless propagation channel models
- 14 Simulation methodology
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
As stated in Chapter 2, one of the main 5G requirements [1] is to support 1000 times larger capacity per area compared with current Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology, but with a similar cost and energy dissipation per area as in today's cellular systems. In addition, an increase in capacity will be possible if all three factors that jointly contribute to system capacity are increased: More spectrum, a larger number of base stations per area, and an increased spectral efficiency per cell.
Massive or large Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems are considered essential in contributing to the last stated factor, as they promise to provide a substantially increased spectral efficiency per cell. A massive MIMO system is typically defined as a system that utilizes a large number, i.e. 100 or more, of individually controllable antenna elements at least at one side of a wireless communications link, typically at the Base Station (BS) side [2][3]. An example of such usage of massive MIMO at the BS side is shown in Figure 8.1. A massive MIMO network exploits the many spatial Degrees of Freedom (DoF) provided by the many antennas to multiplex messages for several users on the same time-frequency resource (referred to as spatial multiplexing), and/or to focus the radiated signal toward the intended receivers and inherently minimize intra-cell and inter-cell interference [4]–[7]. Such focusing of radiated signals in a particular direction is possible by transmitting the same signal from multiple antenna points, but with a different phase shift applied to each of the antennas (and possibly a different phase shift for different parts of the system bandwidth), such that the signals overlap coherently at the intended target location. Note that in the remainder of the chapter, the term beamforming is used when applying the same phase shift at individual transmit antennas over the entire system bandwidth, while the term precoding is used when applying different phase shifts for different parts of the system bandwidth to tackle small-scale fading effects, for instance by applying phase shifts in frequency domain. With this definition, beamforming can be seen as a subclass of precoding algorithms. Regardless of whether precoding or beamforming is applied, the gain of obtaining a coherent overlap of signals at the receive point is commonly referred to as array gain.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- 5G Mobile and Wireless Communications Technology , pp. 208 - 247Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2016
References
[1] ICT-317669 METIS project, “Scenarios, requirements and KPIs for 5G mobile and wireless system,” Deliverable D1.1, May 2013, www.metis2020.com/documents/deliverables/
[2] , , , and , “Massive MIMO for next generation wireless systems,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 186–195, 2014.Google Scholar
[3] , , and , “Energy and spectral efficiency of very large multiuser MIMO systems,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1436–1449, 2013.Google Scholar
[4] , “Noncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station antennas,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 3590–3600, November 2010.Google Scholar
[5] , , , , , , and , “Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and challenges with very large arrays,” IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 40–60, January 2013.Google Scholar
[6] , , and , “Massive MIMO: How many antennas do we need?,” in
Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control and Computing
, Monticello, IL, September 2011, pp. 545–550.
[7] , , , , and , “An overview of massive MIMO: Benefits and challenges,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 742–758, October 2014.Google Scholar
[8] and , “HetNets and Massive MIMO: Modeling, Potential Gains, and Performance Analysis,” in
IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications
, Torino, September, 2013.
[9] , , , and , “Pilot contamination and precoding in multi-cell TDD systems,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 2640–2651, August 2011.Google Scholar
[10] and , “How much training is needed in multiple antenna wireless links?,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 951–963, 2003.Google Scholar
[11] and , “Optimal pilot-to-data power ratio for MIMO-OFDM,” in
IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference
, St. Louis, December 2005, pp. 1481–1485.
[12] and , “Balancing pilot and data power for adaptive MIMO-OFDM Systems,” in
IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference
, San Francisco, December 2006.
[13] , “How much training is needed for multiuser MIMO?,” in
Asilomar Conference
, Pacific Grove, October 2006, pp. 359–363.
[14] and , “A unified treatment of optimum pilot overhear in multipath fading channels,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 2939–2948, October 2010.Google Scholar
[15] , , and , “Optimal training in continuous block-fading massive mimo systems,” in
European Wireless Conference
, Barcelona, May 2014.
[16] and , “On the pilot-data power trade off in single input multiple output systems,” in
European Wireless Conference
, Barcelona, May 2014, pp. 485–492.
[17] , , and , “Interference mitigation and multiuser multiplexing with beam-Steering antennas,” in
International ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas
, Ilmenau, March 2015, pp. 1–5.
[18] and , Random Matrix Methods for Wireless Communications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
[19] , , , and , “Large system analysis of linear precoding in correlated MISO broadcast channels under limited feedback,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 4509–4537, 2012.Google Scholar
[20] , , , , , and , “Multi-cell MIMO cooperative networks: A new look at interference,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1380–1408, December 2010.Google Scholar
[21] , , and , “Cooperative MIMO-OFDM cellular system with soft handover between distributed base station antennas,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1428–1440, April 2008.Google Scholar
[22] , , and , “Decentralizing the optimal multi-cell beamforming via large system analysis,” in
IEEE International Conference on Communications
, Sydney, June 2014, pp. 5125–5130.
[23] , , and , “Decentralized multi-cell beamforming via large system analysis in correlated channels,” in
European Sign. Proc. Conf.
, Lisbon, September 2014, pp. 341–345.
[24] and , Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[25] and , “Random matrix theory and wireless communications,” Foundations and Trends in Communications and Information Theory, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–182, 2004.Google Scholar
[26] and , “Channel estimation for wireless OFDM systems,” IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 18–48, 2007.Google Scholar
[27] , , , and , “Channel estimation techniques based on pilot arrangement in OFDM systems,” IEEE Trans. Broadcasting, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 223–229, September 2002.Google Scholar
[28] , , , , , and , “Evolution of reference signals for LTE-advanced systems,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 132–138, February 2012.Google Scholar
[29] , , , and , “Exploiting the preferred domain of FDD massive MIMO systems with uniform planar arrays,” in
IEEE International Conference on Communications
, pp. 3068–3073, London, June 2015.
[30] and , “An analysis of pilot contamination on multi-user MIMO cellular systems with many antennas,” in
International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications
, San Francisco, June 2011, pp. 381–385.
[31] , , , and , “Uplink power control with MMSE Receiver in multi-cell MU-massive-MIMO systems,” in
IEEE International Conference on Communications
, Sydney, June 2014, pp. 5184–5190.
[32] and , “A unified treatment of optimum pilot overhead in multipath fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 2939–2948, October 2010.Google Scholar
[33] , , and , “Performance analysis of block and comb type channel estimation for massive MIMO systems,” in
International Conference on 5G for Ubiquitous Connectivity
, Levi, Finland, November 2014, pp. 1–8.
[34] , , , and , “A coordinated approach to channel estimation in large-scale multiple-antenna systems,” IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 264–273, February 2013.Google Scholar
[35] , , and , “Mitigating pilot contamination by pilot reuse and power control schemes for massive MIMO systems,” in
IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference
, Glasgow, May 2015, pp. 1–6.
[36] , , and , “Uplink linear receivers for multi-cell multiuser MIMO with pilot contamination: Large system analysis,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 4360–4373, August 2014.Google Scholar
[37] , , , and , “A non-asymptotic throughput for massive MIMO cellular uplink with pilot reuse,” in
IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference
, Anaheim, December 2012, pp. 4500–4504.
[38] , , and , “Spatial orthogonality-based pilot reuse for multi-cell massive MIMO transmissions,” in
International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing
, Hangzhou, October 2013, pp. 1–6.
[39] and , “Pilot contamination precoding in multicell large scale antenna systems,” in
IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory
, Cambridge, July 2012, pp. 1137–1141.
[40] , , , and , “Low complexity channel estimation in large scale MIMO using polynomial expansion,” in
IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
, London, September 2013, pp. 1–5.
[41] , , and , “Massive MIMO for crowd scenarios: A solution based on random access,” in
IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference Worshops
, Austin, December 2014, pp. 352–357.
[42] , , and , “Graph-based random access for the collision channel without feedback: Capacity bound,” in
IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference
, Houston, December 2011, pp. 1–5.
[43] , “Graph-based analysis and optimization of contention resolution diversity slotted ALOHA,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 477–487, February 2011.Google Scholar
[44] , , and , “Frameless ALOHA protocol for wireless networks.” IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 2087–2090, December 2012.Google Scholar
[45] , , , and , “An iteratively weighted MMSE approach to distributed sum utility maximization for a MIMO interfering broadcast channel,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 4331–4340, September 2011.Google Scholar
[46] , , and , “Decentralized minimum power multi-cell beamforming with limited backhaul signaling,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 570–580, February 2011.Google Scholar
[47] , , and , “Effective CSI signaling and decentralized beam coordination in TDD multi-cell MIMO systems,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 2204–2218, May 2013.Google Scholar
[48] and , “Coordinated beamforming for the multicell multiantenna wireless system,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1748–1759, 2010.Google Scholar
[49] , , , and , “Asymptotic analysis of distributed multi-cell beamforming,” in
IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
, Istanbul, 2010, pp. 2105–2110.
[50] , , , and , “Massive SDMA with large scale antenna systems in a multi-cell environment,” in AFRICON, Pointe-Aux-Piments, September 2013, pp. 1–5.
[51] , , , and , “Joint spatial division and multiplexing: The large-scale array regime,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 6441–6463, 2013.Google Scholar
[52] , , and , “Interference aware massive SDMA with a large uniform rectangular antenna array,” in
European Conference on Networks and Communications (EUCNC)
Bologna, 2014, pp. 1–5.
[53] and , “K-means++: The advantages of careful seeding,” in ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, New Orleans, January 2007, pp. 1027–1035.
[54] , , , , , , , , and , “On the impact of hardware impairments on massive MIMO,” in
IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference Workshops
, San Diego, December 2014, pp. 294–300.
[55] , , , and “Hybrid precoding for millimeter wave cellular systems with partial channel lnowledge,” in Information Theory and Applications, San Diego, February 2013.
[56] , , , , and , “Low complexity precoding for large millimeter wave MIMO systems,” in IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp. 3724–3729, Ottawa, June 2012.
[57] , , , and , “MIMO precoding and combining solutions for millimeter-wave systems,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 122–131, December 2014.Google Scholar
[58] , , , and , “Channel estimation and hybrid precoding for millimeter wave cellular systems,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 831, 846, October 2014.Google Scholar
[59] , , , and , “Joint fixed beamforming and eigenmode precoding for super high bit rate massive MIMO systems using higher frequency bands,” in
IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
, Washington, September 2014, pp. 1–5.
[60] International Telecommunications Union Radio (ITU-R), “Requirements related to technical performance for IMT-Advanced radio interface(s),” Report ITU-R M.2134, November 2008, www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-M.2134-2008.
[61] , , , , and , “3D extension of the 3GPP/ITU channel model,” in
IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference
, Dresden, June 2013, pp. 1–5.
[62] , , , and , “QuaDRiGa: A 3-D multi-cell channel model with time evolution for enabling virtual field trials,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, pp. 3242–3256, June 2014.Google Scholar
[63] and , “73 GHz millimeter wave propagation measurements for out- door urban mobile and backhaul communications in New York City,” in
IEEE International Conference on Communications
, Sydney, June 2014, pp. 4862–4867.
[64] , , , and , “3D mmWave channel model proposal,” in
IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference
, Vancouver, September 2014, pp. 1–6.
[65] , , , , and , “Evaluation of 30 Gbps super high bit rate mobile communications using channel data in 11 GHz band 24x24 MIMO experiment,” in
IEEE International Conference on Communications
, Sydney, June 2014, pp. 5203–5208.
[66] , , and , “Towards very large aperture massive MIMO: A measurement based study,” in
IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference Workshops
, Austin, December 2014, pp. 281–286.
[67] , , , , and , “The benefit of cooperation in the context of massive MIMO,” in
International OFDM Workshop
, Essen, August 2014.
- 4
- Cited by