¹ Clark, William, Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 4Google Scholar. Cf. Becker, Peter and Clark, William, eds., Little Tools of Knowledge: Historical Essays in Academic and Bureaucratic Practices (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001)Google Scholar. On the historical study of material culture more generally, see, for example, “AHR Conversation: Historians and the Study of Material Culture,” American Historical Review 114, no. 5 (December 2009): 1355–1404Google Scholar.

² Cf. Shils, Edward, The Constitution of Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 225Google Scholar. For a classic example of the formative cultural and intellectual role of an academic community, see Ringer, Fritz, The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890–1930 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969)Google Scholar.

³ McKenzie, D. F., Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)Google Scholar. On textbooks as objects of study, see, for example, Campi, Emidio, De Angelis, Simone, Goeing, Anja-Silvia, and Grafton, Anthony, eds., Scholarly Knowledge: Textbooks in Early Modern Europe (Geneva: Droz, 2008)Google Scholar.

⁴ See, for example, Rüegg, Walter, ed., A History of the University in Europe, vol. 3: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)Google Scholar; Schwinges, R. C., ed., Humboldt International. Der Export des deutschen Universitätsmodells im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Basel: Schwabe, 2001)Google Scholar; vom Bruch, Rüdiger, “A Slow Farewell to Humboldt? Stages in the Development of German Universities, 1810–1945,” in Ash, Michael G., ed., German Universities: Past and Future (Providence, R.I.: Berghahn Books, 1997), 3–27Google Scholar; Paletschek, Sylvia, “The Invention of Humboldt and the Impact of National Socialism: The German University Idea in the First Half of the Twentieth Century,” in Szöllösi-Janze, Margit, ed., Science in the Third Reich (Oxford: Berg, 2001), 37–58Google Scholar; Fallon, Daniel, “German Influences on American Education,” in The German-American Encounter: Conflict and Cooperation between Two Cultures, 1800–2000, ed. Trommler, Frank and Shore, Elliot (New York: Berghahn Books, 2001), 77–87Google Scholar; Turner, James and Bernard, Paul, “The Prussian Road to the University? German Models and the University of Michigan, 1837–c. 1895,” Rackham Reports (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1988–89), 6–52Google Scholar; Veysey, Laurence, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965)Google Scholar; and Hofstadter, Richard and Smith, Wilson, eds., American Higher Education: A Documentary History, 2 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961)Google Scholar. On Wissenschaft and German theology, see, for example, Zachhuber, Johannes, “Wissenschaft,” in The Oxford Handbook of Theology and Modern European Thought, ed. Adams, Nicholas, Pattison, George, and Ward, Graham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 479–98Google Scholar.

⁵ Diehl, Carl, Americans and German Scholarship, 1770–1870 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1978), 1Google Scholar.

⁶ For an overview of their studies abroad, see Long, William, Literary Pioneers: Early American Explorers of European Culture (New York: Russell & Russell, 1963), 3–158Google Scholar. For a look at related traveler accounts, see Dulles, Rhea Foster, Americans Abroad: Two Centuries of European Travel (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1964).Google Scholar

⁷ Novick, Peter, That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 21–31Google Scholar. Ranke was elected the first honorary member of the American Historical Association, recognized for his role as a father of modern historical scholarship and hailed for supposedly being an “unphilosophical empiricist.”

⁸ Ross, Edward A., Seventy Years of It (New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1936), 38Google Scholar. For an intriguing case of the translation of “Old World” European practices to the “New World,” see Grafton, Anthony, “The Republic of Letters in the American Colonies: Francis Daniel Pastorius Makes a Notebook,” American Historical Review 117, no. 1 (February 2012): 1–39Google Scholar.

⁹ Robinson, Edward, “Theological Education in Germany,” Biblical Repository 1, Part 1 (January 1831): 1–51Google Scholar; Part 2 (April 1831): 199–226; Part 3 (July 1831): 409–51; Part 4 (October 1831): 613–37. The quotation is from Part 3, 435. Cf. Smith, Henry B. and Hitchcock, Roswell D., The Life, Writings and Character of Edward Robinson (New York: A. D. F. Randolph, 1863), 48–53Google Scholar; and Howard, Thomas Albert, “German Academic Theology in America: The Case of Edward Robinson and Philip Schaff,” History of Universities 18, no. 1 (January 2003): 102–123Google Scholar.

¹⁰ George Bancroft to President Kirkland, November 5, 1820, in The Life and Letters of George Bancroft, ed. Howe, M. A. DeWolfe, vol. 1 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908), 90Google Scholar.

¹¹ See the translator's preface to de Wette, W. M. L., Theodore; or, the Skeptic's Conversion, trans. Clark, James F., vol. 1 (Boston: Hilliard, Gray, and Co., 1841), viiGoogle Scholar.

¹² Two conservative Princetonians bookending the nineteenth century offer a case in point. See Charles Hodge's (1797–1878) comments on his stay in Berlin from 1826 to 1828 in Hodge, Systematic Theology, 3 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner, 1872–1873), 2:440n1Google Scholar; and J. Gresham Machen's (1881–1937) letter from Marburg to his mother in 1905, in which he discussed his interactions with the liberal German theologian Wilhelm Hermann (1846–1922), in Stonehouse, Ned B., J. Gresham Machen: A Biographical Memoir (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1956), 106–107Google Scholar. Cf. Hansen, Andrew Z., “Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Protestantism: Charles Hodge and the Prussian Erweckungsbewegung,” Pietismus und Neuzeit 37 (2011): 191–210Google Scholar; and Hart, D. G., Defending the Faith: J. Gresham Machen and the Crisis of Conservative Protestantism in Modern America (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994)Google Scholar.

¹³ Acton, Lord, “German Schools of History,” English Historical Review 1 (January 1886): 7–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴ Jacks, Lawrence Pearsall, “A Theological Holiday—And After,” Hibbert Journal 14 (October 1915): 1–5Google Scholar.

¹⁵ Herbst, Jurgen, The German Historical School in American Scholarship: A Study in the Transfer of Culture (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1965), 1–2Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Diehl, Americans and German Scholarship, 155.

¹⁷ Marsden, George M., The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 104CrossRefGoogle Scholar; cf. Hart, D. G., The University Gets Religion: Religious Studies in American Higher Education (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999)Google Scholar; Marsden, George M. and Longfield, Bradley J., eds., The Secularization of the Academy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)Google Scholar; and Turner, James, Religion Enters the Academy: The Origins of the Scholarly Study of Religion in America (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011)Google Scholar. On the general image of German faculties of theology, especially those within Prussian universities, in Britain and the United States near the end of the nineteenth century, see Howard, Thomas Albert, Protestant Theology and the Making of the Modern German University (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 348–378Google Scholar. Cf. Aubert, Annette G., The German Roots of Nineteenth-Century American Theology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013)Google Scholar; and Bainton, Roland, “Yale and German Theology in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century,” Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 66, no. 3 (1954–1955): 294–302Google Scholar.

¹⁸ In his seminal essay, Henry May raised the question of the difficult “relation between ideas and institutions” in the history of American Protestantism and the “long effort to institutionalize successive religious impulses.” May's gains, as well as those of Sydney Ahlstrom, have received new emphases in recent years, but the insights offered by textbooks in this sphere remain underutilized. See May, Henry F., “The Recovery of American Religious History,” American Historical Review 70, no. 1 (1964): 79–92Google Scholar; and Ahlstrom, Sydney, A Religious History of the American People, 2nd ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2004)Google Scholar. In a related vein, Nathan Hatch has expertly examined antebellum American religion in Hatch, Nathan O., The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989)Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Clark, Elizabeth A., Founding the Fathers: Early Church History and Protestant Professors in Nineteenth-Century America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 75, 83Google Scholar. The term “evangelical,” as used here, denotes the chief characteristics of mainstream American Protestantism in the nineteenth century, at least until the 1920s when fundamentalists and modernists came to blows, and so differs from more recent usages describing certain segments of the American religious population. See, for example, the accounts from the mid- and late nineteenth century, in, respectively, Baird, Robert, Religion in America; Or, An Account of the Origin, Progress, Relation to the State, and Present Condition of the Evangelical Churches in the United States, with Notices of the Unevangelical Denominations (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1844)Google Scholar; and Carroll, H. K., The Religious Forces of the United States (New York: The Christian Literature Co., 1893)Google Scholar. Cf. Marsden, George M., Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980)Google Scholar.

²⁰ See Hutchison, William R., “Innocence Abroad: The ‘American Religion’ in Europe,” Church History 51 (March 1982): 71–84Google Scholar.

²¹ Schaff, Philip, Theological Propaedeutic: A General Introduction to the Study of Theology, Exegetical, Historical, Systematic, and Practical, including Encyclopaedia, Methodology, and Bibliography; A Manual for Students (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1893), 402Google Scholar.

²² Schaff, Philip, “Autobiographical Reminiscences,” in Philip Schaff: Historian and Ambassador of the Universal Church: Selected Writings, ed. Penzel, Klaus (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1991), 15Google Scholar; “Congratulatory Address from the Theological Faculty of the University of Berlin,” in Philip Schaff, 343; and Schaff, David S., The Life of Philip Schaff (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1897), 1Google Scholar. For more on Schaff as a “transatlantic” figure, see Howard, Thomas Albert, God and the Atlantic: America, Europe, and the Religious Divide (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 136–158Google Scholar.

²³ Brauns, Ernst Ludwig, Ideen über die Auswanderung nach Amerika (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1827), 729–730Google Scholar. On the German book trade in the United States, see Hruschka, John, How Books Came to America: The Rise of the American Book Trade (University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 2012), 37–48, 70–83, 95–109Google Scholar. For a look at the presence of the German-American press, see Shore, Elliot, Fones-Wolf, Ken, and Danky, James P., eds., The German-American Radical Press: The Shaping of a Left Political Culture, 1850–1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992)Google Scholar.

²⁴ On the nature of Atlantic history in general, see Bailyn, Bernard, Atlantic History: Concept and Contours (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 2005)Google Scholar. On its application to the study of the history of religion, see the collection of essays in Lehmann, Hartmut, ed., Transatlantische Religionsgeschichte 18. bis. 19. Jahrhundert (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2006)Google Scholar. For a recent survey of the various adoptions of the field of the history of the book under different guises, see Hall, David D., “What Was the History of the Book? A Response,” Modern Intellectual History 4, no. 3 (2007): 537–544Google Scholar.

²⁵ Philip Schaff to A. C. McGiffert, December 18, 1889, in McGiffert, A. C. Jr., “The Making of an American Scholar: Biography in Letters,” Union Seminary Quarterly Review 24, no. 1 (Fall 1986): 40Google Scholar. The American Society of Church History (ASCH) was founded, largely by Schaff, in 1888; in comparison, the American Historical Association (AHA) was founded in 1884. Of theology's other major learned societies and professional bodies, the American Academy of Religion (AAR) originated in 1909 as the Association of Biblical Instructors in American Colleges and Secondary Schools, and the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis (SBL), in 1880.

²⁶ Blaschke, Olaf, “Das 19. Jahrhundert: Ein Zweites Konfessionelles Zeitalter?” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 26 (2000): 38–75Google Scholar. Cf. Steinhoff, Anthony, “Ein zweites konfessionelles Zeitalter? Nachdenken über die Religion im langen 19. Jahrhundert,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 30 (2004): 549–570Google Scholar; Smith, Helmut Walser, ed., Protestants, Catholics, and Jews in Germany, 1800–1914 (Oxford: Berg, 2001)Google Scholar; and Anderson, Margaret Lavinia, “The Limits of Secularization: On the Problem of Catholic Revival in Nineteenth-Century Germany,” The Historical Journal 38 (September 1995): 647–690Google Scholar.

²⁷ Noll, Mark A., The Old Religion in a New World: The History of American Christianity (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2002), 113–135Google Scholar. On “shared” or unifying themes within this diverse, pluralistic realm in nineteenth-century America, see Holifield, E. Brooks, Theology in America: Christian Thought from the Age of the Puritans to the Civil War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), 5Google Scholar.

²⁸ The role of Methodists in his reception is striking when considered in light of recent investigations of German theological scholarship in America. Cf. Clark, Founding the Fathers, 6, 356n16, with Hudson, Winthrop, “The Methodist Age in America,” Methodist History 12 (1974): 3–15Google Scholar; Andrews, Dee E., The Methodists and Revolutionary America, 1760–1800: The Shaping of an Evangelical Culture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000)Google Scholar; and Webb, Todd, Transatlantic Methodists: British Wesleyanism and the Formation of an Evangelical Culture in Nineteenth-Century Ontario and Quebec (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013)Google Scholar. See also Hurst, John F., “Hagenbach on the Later History of the Church,” Methodist Review 46 (April 1864): 195–215Google Scholar. I focus here more on the ways in which Hagenbach's American audience received and responded to selections from his works, than on the contents and details of the works themselves.

²⁹ The emphasis on pedagogy is clear from the extant student notes for Hagenbach's courses on church history (Kirchengeschichte) at the Pädagogium, which date from the winter semester of 1823; as well as by comparison with the notes from his predecessor Daniel Krauss. See the notes in Basel Universitätsbibliothek, Handschriften, Frey-Gryn Mscr VIII 1.

³⁰ See Staehelin, Andreas, Geschichte der Universität Basel 1818–1835 (Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1959), 27–41Google Scholar; and Howard, Thomas Albert, Religion and the Rise of Historicism: W. M. L. de Wette, Jacob Burckhardt, and the Theological Origins of Nineteenth-Century Historical Consciousness (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 110–136Google Scholar.

³¹ In 1835, for instance, student enrollment at the University of Basel totaled only forty students, while Berlin counted some 2,000 students. Figures are from Teichmann, Albert, Die Universität Basel in den fünfzig Jahren seit ihrer Reorganisation im Jahre 1835 (Basel: L. Reinhardt, 1886), 62–63Google Scholar; and Jarausch, Konrad H., Students, Society and Politics in Imperial Germany (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 30Google Scholar. Cf. Jarausch, Konrad H., “American Students in Germany, 1815–1914: The Structures of German and U.S. Matriculants at Göttingen University,” in German Influences on Education in the United States to 1917, ed. Geitz, Henry, Heideking, Jürgen, and Herbst, Jurgen (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 195–211CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The German universities and their general place in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Germany receive a superb treatment in McClelland, Charles E., State, Society, and University in Germany 1700–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980)Google Scholar.

³² Robinson, Edward, “A Concise View of the Universities, and of the State of Theological Education, in Germany,” in The Students' Cabinet Library of Useful Tracts, vol. 1 (Edinburgh: Thomas Clark, 1835), 200–201Google Scholar.

³³ Brady, Thomas A. Jr., Turning Swiss: Cities and Empire, 1450–1550 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 57–72Google Scholar; Gossman, Lionel, Basel in the Age of Burckhardt: A Study in Unseasonable Ideas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 6Google Scholar.

³⁴ On Basel's place in the “age of revolutions” from the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803) onward, see, for example, Palmer, R. R., The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800, 2 vols. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964), 1:395–423Google Scholar; and Bonjour, Edgar, Offler, Hilary Seton, and Potter, George Richard, A Short History of Switzerland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952), 211–256Google Scholar. Cf. Lerner, Marc H., “The Helvetic Republic: An Ambivalent Reception of French Revolutionary Liberty,” French History 18 (2004): 50–75Google Scholar.

³⁵ Gossman, Basel in the Age of Burckhardt, 439.

³⁶ Van Dyke, John C., Notes on the Sage Library of the Theological Seminary at New Brunswick (New Brunswick: n.p., 1888), 10Google Scholar.

³⁷ Clark, Founding the Fathers, 75–83.

³⁸ von Mosheim, Johann Lorenz, Institutionum historiae ecclesiasticae antiquae et recentioris libri IV (Helmstedt: Weygand, 1755)Google Scholar.

³⁹ A. G. Roeber, “The von Mosheim Society and the Preservation of German Education and Culture in the New Republic, 1789–1813,” in German Influences on Education, 157–176; Roeber, A. G., “Citizens or Subjects? German-Lutherans and the Federal Constitution in Pennsylvania, 1789–1800,” Amerikastudien / America Studies 34 (1989): 49–68Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ See, for example, the frequently reprinted, Mosheim, An Ecclesiastical History, Ancient and Modern, from the Birth of Christ to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century: In which the Rise, Progress, and Variations of Church Power are Considered in their Connexion with the State of Learning and Philosophy and the Political History of Europe during that Period. By the Late Learned John Lawrence Mosheim, trans. Maclaine, Archibald, 5 vols. (Dublin, n.p., 1767–68)Google Scholar; Collines, Charles Trelawney, ed., A Summary of Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, Ancient and Modern, . . . to which is Added, A Continuation of the Particular History of the Church, from the Middle of the Eighteenth Century to the Year MDCCCXIX, 2 vols. (London: T. Cadell, 1822)Google Scholar; or Mosheim, An Ecclesiastical History, trans. Murdock, J., rev. ed. Seaton, J. S., 11th ed. (London: W. Tegg, 1880)Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Clark, Founding the Fathers, 76–77; Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church: From the Birth of Christ to the Reign of Constantine, A. D. 1–311 (New York: Charles Scribner, 1859), 22Google Scholar.

⁴² Gieseler, John C. L., A Text-book of Church History, ed. Smith, Henry B., trans. Davidson, Samuel and Hull, John Winstanely, rev. American ed., 5 vols. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1857–1880)Google Scholar; Hase, Charles, A History of the Christian Church, trans. from the 7th German ed. by Blumenthal, Charles E. and Wing, Conway P. (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1856)Google Scholar; Neander, August, General History of the Christian Religion and Church, trans. Torrey, Joseph, 11th rev. American ed., 5 vols. (Boston: Crocker and Brewster, 1872)Google Scholar. For the original German editions, see Gieseler, Johann C. L., Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte, 6 vols. (Bonn: Marcus, 1844–1857)Google Scholar; von Hase, Karl, Kirchengeschichte. Lehrbuch für academische Vorlesungen (Leipzig: Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung, 1834)Google Scholar; and Neander, August, Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche, 6 vols. in 11 parts (Hamburg: F. Perthes, 1825–1852)Google Scholar.

⁴³ Hagenbach, K. R., Compendium of the History of Doctrines, trans. Buch, Carl W., 2 vols. (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1846–1847)Google Scholar. Cf. the record of the Buch-Hagenbach correspondence in the Staatsarchiv Basel-Stadt (hereafter StaBS), PA 838a D 56. Buch (1819–1857) was in residence at the time with the Irish professor, Congregationalist, and former Presbyterian Samuel Davidson (1806–1898), then teaching at Manchester's Lancashire Independent College, who encouraged him to bring Hagenbach's Dogmengeschichte into English.

⁴⁴ The “general” and “special” histories of the first period, the “Age of Apologetics,” are treated in Hagenbach, Compendium of the History of Doctrines, 1:31–61, and 62–223, respectively.

⁴⁵ For more on the patterns used for representing the history of doctrine, see, for example, Bradley, James E. and Muller, Richard A., Church History: An Introduction to Research, Reference Works, and Method (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1995), 27–32Google Scholar. That analysis bears a close resemblance to Philip Schaff's remarks on the method and organization of Hagenbach's Dogmengeschichte, advanced just shy of 150 years earlier. See Schaff, “What is Church History? A Vindication of the Idea of Historical Development,” The Princeton Review 19 (January 1847): 91–113Google Scholar, especially 100–101. Martin Wallraff has rehearsed some of the early history of Dogmengeschichte as a distinct line of inquiry in Wallraff, “Evangelium und Dogma. Zu den Anfängen der Gattung Dogmengeschichte (bis 1850),” in Biblische Theologie und historisches Denken. Wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Studien. Aus Anlass der 50. Wiederkehr der Basler Promotion von Rudolf Smend, ed. Kessler, Martin and Wallraff, Martin (Basel: Schwabe, 2008), 256–278Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ Carl Buch, “Translator's Preface,” in Hagenbach, Compendium of the History of Doctrines, 1:v–vi. Cf. Hagenbach, K. R., Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte, 2 vols. (Leipzig: Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung, 1840–1841), 1:iii–xiiGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁷ I borrow this notion of “dialectical objectivity” from Allan Megill. In Megill's view, dialectical objectivity differs from other types of objectivity in that it “involves a positive view of subjectivity. The defining feature of dialectical objectivity is the claim that subjectivity is indispensable to the constituting of objects.” See Megill, Allan, “Objectivity for Historians,” Historical Knowledge, Historical Error: A Contemporary Guide to Practice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 107–124Google Scholar. Cf. Megill, “Four Senses of Objectivity,” in Rethinking Objectivity, ed. Megill, Allan (Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, 1994), 1–20Google Scholar. In comparison to the other examples of this view suggested in Megill's typology, Hagenbach's work is conspicuously moderate.

⁴⁸ This theoretical underpinning would come to fuller expression in Hagenbach, K. R., “Neanders Verdienste um die Kirchengeschichte: Eine akademische Gedächtnißrede gehalten am 4. November 1850,” Theologische Studien und Kritiken 24 (1851): 543–594Google Scholar. See also the English-language version of the essay, produced by Henry B. Smith, in Hagenbach, “Neander's Service as a Church Historian, translated by Prof. H. B. Smith,” Bibliotheca Sacra 8 (October 1851): 822–857.

⁴⁹ The anonymous essay appeared under the section, “Criticisms on Books,” Review of Compendium of the History of Doctrines, vol. 1, by K. R. Hagenbach, trans. Carl W. Buch, British Quarterly Review 5, no. 9 (February 1847): 283–284 (hereafter “Criticism of Books”). On the character of the periodical, see Osbourn, R. V., “The British Quarterly Review,” The Review of English Studies 1 (April 1950): 147–152Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Criticism of Books,” 283–284. Cf. Hurst, “Hagenbach on the Later History of the Church,” 212–215.

⁵¹ “The Life of Jesus, critically examined. By Dr. David Friedrich Strauss,” British Quarterly Review 5, no. 9 (February 1847): 206–264, here 251, 252, 257, 258, 261. Cf. Strauss, David Friedrich, The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined, trans. Eliot, George, 3 vols. (London: Chapman Bros., 1846)Google Scholar; originally published in German as Strauss, Das Leben Jesu, kritische bearbeitet, 2 vols. (Tübingen: C. F. Osiander, 1835–1836)Google Scholar.

⁵² “The Life of Jesus,” 209, 263–264. For other accounts of Strauss in the eyes of his contemporaries, see, for example, Harris, Horton, David Friedrich Strauss and his Theology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973)Google Scholar; Toews, John Edward, Hegelianism: The Path toward Dialectical Humanism, 1805–1841 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 255–287Google Scholar; Paul, Jean-Marie, D. F. Strauss (1801–1874) et son époque (Paris: Soc. Les belles Lettres, 1982)Google Scholar; Massey, Marilyn Chapin, Christ Unmasked: The Meaning of the “Life of Jesus” in German Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983)Google Scholar; Williamson, George S., The Longing for Myth in Germany: Religion and Aesthetic Culture from Romanticism to Nietzsche (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 151–179Google Scholar; and Linstrum, Erik, “Strauss's Life of Jesus: Publication and the Politics of the German Public Sphere,” Journal of the History of Ideas 71, no. 4 (October 2010): 593–616Google Scholar.

⁵³ Hagenbach, Compendium of the History of Doctrines, 2:431–438.

⁵⁴ Hagenbach, Compendium of the History of Doctrines, 2:432.

⁵⁵ See, for example, Hagenbach, Compendium of the History of Doctrines, 2:434n8, 436n9, and 438n10.

⁵⁶ “Criticism of Books,” 284.

⁵⁷ Review of Die Kirchengeschichte des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts, aus dem Standpunkte des evangelischen Protestantismus betrachtet, in einer Reihe Vorlesungen, by Hagenbach, K. R., The Princeton Review 22, no. 3 (July 1850): 347Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Schaff, Philip, Germany; Its Universities, Theology, and Religion (Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1857), 403Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ Schaff, Philip, History of the Apostolic Church, with a General Introduction to Church History (New York: Charles Scribner, 1853), 107Google Scholar; Schaff, “The Evangelical Catholic Period of Organic Development in German Protestant Historiography,” in Philip Schaff, 50n41.

⁶⁰ “Hagenbach's History of Doctrines,” Bibliotheca Sacra and Biblical Repository 18, no. 72 (October 1861): 890–891Google Scholar.

⁶¹ “Short Notices,” Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review 33, no. 2 (April 1861): 381Google Scholar.

⁶² Theodore Parker to Ellen Grover, November 1, 1853, in The Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker, ed. Weiss, John, 2 vols. (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1864), 1:342Google Scholar. See also Puknat, Siegfried B., “De Wette in New England,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 102 (1958): 376–95Google Scholar.

⁶³ Hurst, “Hagenbach on the Later History of the Church,” 215.

⁶⁴ Gage, Wm. Leonhard and Stuckenberg, J. H. W., “Introduction,” in K. R. Hagenbach, German Rationalism, in its Rise, Progress, and Decline, in Relation to Theologians, Scholars, Poets, Philosophers, and the People: A Contribution to the Church History of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, ed. and trans. Gage, Wm. Leonhard and Stuckenberg, J. H. W. (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1865), i, xixGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁵ Review of History of the Church in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, by Hagenbach, K. R., The New Englander 29 (January 1870): 146–47Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ K. R. Hagenbach to William Leonhard Gage, March 29, 1863, Autograph File H, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

⁶⁷ Smith, Elizabeth L., ed., Henry Boynton Smith: His Life and Work (New York: A. C. Armstrong, 1880), 1Google Scholar. Cf. Tholuck's rhetorical question with the words of the German theologian and academic Isaak Dorner, describing Smith's international standing: “I have esteemed him [Smith] as one of the first, if not the first, American theologians of our time” (Isaak A. Dorner to Charles A. Briggs, March 30, 1877, in Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm and Wischmeyer, Johannes, eds., “‘Verständigung der Protestanten diesseits und jenseits der Ocean.’—Die Korrespondenz zwischen Isaak August Dorner und Charles A. Briggs (1866–1884),” Journal for the History of Modern Theology / Zeitschrift für neuere Theologiegeschichte 15, no. 1 [July 2008]: 90–91Google Scholar). See also Stoever, William K. B., “Henry Boynton Smith and the German Theology of History,” Union Seminary Quarterly Review 24 (Fall 1968): 69–89Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 13–15.

⁶⁹ On Andover's early character, see the statutes printed in The Constitution and Associate Statutes of the Theological Seminary in Andover (Andover, Mass.: Flagg and Gould, 1817)Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ Stearns, Lewis French, Henry Boynton Smith (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1892), 54, 56Google Scholar. On the “Awakening” (Erweckungsbewegung), see, for example, Hope, Nicholas, German and Scandinavian Protestantism 1700–1918 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995)Google Scholar; and David Ellis, “Piety, Politics, and Paradox: The Protestant Awakening in Brandenburg and Pomerania, 1816–1848,” (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 2002).

⁷¹ Smith to a friend, November 24, 1838, in E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 59.

⁷² Smith to Horatio Southgate, May 15, 1839, in E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 67; Smith to his parents, June 12, 1839, in E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 69.

⁷³ See, for example, the letters sent from Smith to his parents, April 30, 1839, in E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 64–66; Smith to Southgate, May 15, 1839, in E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 66–69; Smith to his parents, June 12, 1839, in E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 69; and Smith to a friend, June 30, 1839, in E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 69–72.

⁷⁴ Smith to his parents, August 15, 1839, in E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 74–75.

⁷⁵ Henry B. Smith, “Introductory Note,” in Gieseler, Text-book, 1:iii–iv.

⁷⁶ Smith to his wife Elizabeth L. Smith, August 31, 1859, in E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 218–219. Cf. Smith to Hagenbach, March 10, 1862, in StaBS, PA 838a D 407.

⁷⁷ Hagenbach, K. R., Compendium of the History of Doctrines, trans. Buch, Carl W., rev. ed., 2 vols. (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1850–1852)Google Scholar.

⁷⁸ E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 224–225.

⁷⁹ Hagenbach, K. R., A Text-book of the History of Doctrines, ed. Smith, Henry B., trans. Buch, Carl W., rev. ed., 2 vols. (New York: Sheldon & Co., 1861–1862)Google Scholar.

⁸⁰ Bancroft to Smith, March 11, 1861, in E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 225.

⁸¹ E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 228–230.

⁸² Stearns, Smith, 172–174.

⁸³ Henry B. Smith to K. R. Hagenbach, March 10, 1862, in StaBS, PA 838a D 407. In April of the same year, Smith wrote to Tholuck in Halle: “Our dear country is now passing through a terrible conflict, but it never was so strong, it never was so united, as it is now. We look forward with faith and hope to the issue. We believe that the slave-power has received its death-blow. And we never had so much faith in the republic as we have now” (Smith to Tholuck, April 1862, in E. L. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, 230). On Smith's role supporting the North in the Civil War, see Smith, “Moral Aspects of the Present Struggle,” American Theological Review 3 (October 1861): 710–733Google Scholar; and Smith, “British Sympathy with America,” American Theological Review 4 (July 1862): 487–544Google Scholar, subsequently reissued as British Sympathy with America: A Review of the Course of the Leading Periodicals of Great Britain upon the Rebellion in America (New York: W. H. Bidwell, 1862)Google Scholar; and the sermon he delivered after Lincoln's assassination, Smith, “Sermon XXI,” in Our Martyr President, Abraham Lincoln: Voices from the Pulpit of New York and Brooklyn (New York: Tibbals and Whiting, 1865), 359–81Google Scholar. On the broader context of his views, see Noll, Mark A., The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006)Google Scholar; and Miller, Randall M., Stout, Harry S., and Wilson, Charles Reagan, eds., Religion and the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)Google Scholar.

⁸⁴ Henry B. Smith to K. R. Hagenbach, April 6, 1867, in StaBS, PA 838a D 407.

⁸⁵ See, for example, Shedd, Dogmatic Theology, 3 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1888–94), 2:3–94; 3:iiiGoogle Scholar. Shedd's edition of Coleridge's collected works remained a longtime standard for American scholars: Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, The Complete Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Shedd, W. G. T., 7 vols. (New York: Harper & Bros., 1853)Google Scholar. See also Strout, Cushing, “Faith and History: The Mind of W. G. T. Shedd,” Journal of the History of Ideas 15, no. 1 (January 1954): 153–162Google Scholar. On Smith's push for reunion, see, for example, his address as outgoing moderator to the General Assembly of the New School Presbyterian Church USA in 1864, “Christian Union and Ecclesiastical Reunion,” in Smith, Henry B., Faith and Philosophy: Discourses and Essays, ed. Prentiss, George L. (New York: Scribner and Armstrong, 1877), 265–296Google Scholar.

⁸⁶ Guericke, Henry E. F., A Manual of Church History, trans. Shedd, William G. T., 2 vols. (Andover, Mass.: W. F. Draper, 1857)Google Scholar. Guericke's work was originally published in 1833. Cf. Guericke, Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand, Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, 9th ed., 2 vols. (Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, 1866–1867)Google Scholar.

⁸⁷ The statement came from W. A. Brown (1865–1943). Brown graduated from Union Theological Seminary in 1890, and spent the next two years studying at the University of Berlin under Adolf von Harnack (1851–1930). See Brown, William Adams, A Teacher and His Times: A Story of Two Worlds (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940), 76Google Scholar. Cf. Dorrien, Gary J., The Making of American Liberal Theology: Idealism, Realism, and Modernity 1900–1950 (Louisville, K.Y.: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003), 21–72Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ See, for example, Guericke, Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand, Geschichte der lutherischen Gemeinde in und um Halle (Halle: Fr. Fleischer, 1835)Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ See Bigler, Robert M., The Politics of German Protestantism: The Rise of the Protestant Church Elite (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972), 83, 100–103, 115–116Google Scholar. Facing persecution from the Prussian Ministry of Culture (Kulturministerium), many of the Old Lutherans emigrated to such countries as Canada, the United States, and Australia; see Iwan, Wilhelm, Die altlutherische Auswanderung um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhundert, 2 vols. (Ludwigsburg: L. Kallenberg, 1943)Google Scholar. For an overview of the Unionskirche, see Elliger, Walter, ed., Die evangelische Kirche der Union (Witten: Luther-Verlag, 1967)Google Scholar.

⁹⁰ On his Calvinist convictions, see Shedd, William G. T., Calvinism, Pure and Mixed: A Defence of the Westminster Standards (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1893)Google Scholar.

⁹¹ William G. T. Shedd, “Translator's Preface,” in A Manual of Church History, iii–iv.

⁹² Shedd, “Translator's Preface,” iii–viii.

⁹³ On some of the broader themes of mediating theology, see Gockel, Matthias, “Mediating Theology in Germany,” in The Blackwell Companion to Nineteenth-Century Theology, ed. Fergusson, David (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), 301–318Google Scholar; and Holte, Ragnar, Die Vermittlungstheologie: Ihrer theologischen Grundbegriffe kritische untersucht, trans. Kommer, Björn (Uppsala: Almquist & Wiksells, 1965)Google Scholar.

⁹⁴ Shedd, William G. T., A History of Christian Doctrine, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner, 1863), 1:viiGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁵ See, for example, Shedd, History of Christian Doctrine, 1:36, 40, 77, 146, 161, 354. Cf. Hagenbach, “Neanders Verdienste um die Kirchengeschichte,” 543–94.

⁹⁶ Bradley and Muller, Church History, 29.

⁹⁷ Smith to Hagenbach, April 6, 1867, in StaBS, PA 838a D 407.

⁹⁸ Anthony Grafton, “Textbooks and the Disciplines,” in Scholarly Knowledge, 23.

⁹⁹ See Farley, Edward, Theologia: The Fragmentation and Unity of Theological Education (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983)Google Scholar; Robert Lynn, Wood, “Notes toward a History: Theological Encyclopedia and the Evolution of Protestant Seminary Curriculum, 1808–1868,” Theological Education 17, no. 2 (Spring 1981): 118–141Google Scholar; and Miller, Glenn T., Piety and Profession: American Protestant Theological Education, 1870–1970 (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2007), 48–50, 145Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁰ Crooks, George R. and Hurst, John F., Theological Encyclopedia and Methodology: On the Basis of Hagenbach (New York: Phillips & Hunt, 1884)Google Scholar. Cf. Hagenbach, K. R., Encyklopädie und Methodologie der theologischen Wissenschaften, ed. Kautzsch, Emil, 12th ed. (Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1889)Google Scholar.

¹⁰¹ Miller, Perry, The Life of the Mind in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965), 58Google Scholar; Park, Edwards Amasa and Edwards, Bela Bates, eds., Selections from German Literature (Andover, Mass.: Gould, Newman, and Saxon, 1839)Google Scholar.

¹⁰² Park and Edwards, Selections from German Literature, 5, 8, 10.

¹⁰³ Foster, Frank Hughes, The Life of Edwards Amasa Park (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1936), 113–127Google Scholar; and Scott, George R. W., “Professor Edwards Amasa Park, D.D., LL.D.: Biographical Sketch,” in Professor Park and His Pupils (Boston: S. Usher, 1899), 34–35Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁴ Foster, Life of Edwards Amasa Park, 190.

¹⁰⁵ Edward Robinson had founded the journal in 1843, and in 1844, relinquished editorial control to Parks and Bela Bates Edwards. On the place of Bibliotheca Sacra in the development of New England Theology, see Hannah, John D., “History of Bibliotheca Sacra,” Bibliotheca Sacra 133 (July 1976): 229–242Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁶ Society of Clergymen [Edwards Amasa Park], “Thoughts on the State of Theological Science and Education in our Country,” Bibliotheca Sacra 1 (November 1844): 736–767Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁷ Park, “Thoughts on the State of Theological Science,” 737.

¹⁰⁸ Park, “Thoughts on the State of Theological Science,” 739. The application of Turner's ideas to these issues is indebted to Howard, God and the Atlantic, 147–148. On Turner's 1892 “frontier thesis” in the United States, see Turner, Frederick Jackson, The Frontier in American History (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962)Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁹ Schleiermacher, Friedrich, Brief Outline of the Study of Theology, Drawn up to Serve as the Basis of Introductory Lectures, trans. Farrer, William (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1850)Google Scholar; Schleiermacher, The Christian Faith, ed. and trans. Mackintosh, H. R. and Stewart, J. S. (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1928)Google Scholar. Cf. Schleiermacher, Friedrich, Kritische Gesamtausgabe, ed. Fischer, Hermann et al. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1980–), I/6, I/7, I/13Google Scholar.

¹¹⁰ Tholuck, Friedrich A. G., “Theological Encyclopedia and Methodology: Translated from the Unpublished Lectures of Prof. Tholuck of Halle,” Bibliotheca Sacra 1 (1844): 178–217; 332–367; 552–578; 726–735Google Scholar.

¹¹¹ M'Clintock, John, Lectures on Theological Encyclopedia and Methodology: Delivered at Drew Theological Seminary, ed. Short, John T. (Cincinnati: Hitchcock and Walden, 1873)Google Scholar.

¹¹² John T. Short, preface to Lectures, by John M'Clintock, 3–6.

¹¹³ See the comments from Hurst, John F., “Translator's Preface,” in Hagenbach, K. R., History of the Church in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, trans. Hurst, John F., vol. 1 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1870)Google Scholar, iv.

¹¹⁴ Weidner, Revere Franklin, Theological Encyclopedia and Methodology: Based on Hagenbach and Krauth, 2nd rev. ed., 2 vols. (Chicago: Wartburg, 1910)Google Scholar. Two British examples of the genre from this period include Drummond, James, Introduction the Study of Theology (London: Macmillian Co., 1884)Google Scholar; and Cave, Alfred, An Introduction to Theology: Its Principles, Its Branches, Its Results, Its Literature (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1886)Google Scholar. There were other American works that approximated these, to be sure, but they do not appear to have attained comparable degrees of popularity.

¹¹⁵ Reid, John Morrison, Missions and Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 2 vols. (New York: Phillips & Hunt, 1879), 2:64, 66Google Scholar. On M'Clintock's tenure as editor of the Methodist Quarterly Review, see Reid, Missions, 2:80–82.

¹¹⁶ See, for example, Osborn, Albert, John Fletcher Hurst: A Biography (New York: Eaton and Mains, 1905)Google Scholar.

¹¹⁷ Cf. Hurst, “Hagenbach on the Later History of the Church,” 195–215.

¹¹⁸ Cf. Hagenbach to Gage, March 29, 1863, Autograph File H, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. On Nadal, see Buttz, Henry A., ed., The New Life Dawning, and other Discourses, of Bernard H. Nadal (New York: Nelson and Phillips, 1873), 11–96Google Scholar.

¹¹⁹ John F. Hurst to K. R. Hagenbach, February 18, 1866, in StaBS, PA 838 D 191. Cf. Gage and Stuckenberg, “Introduction,” in Hagenbach, German Rationalism, xi–xii.

¹²⁰ K. R. Hagenbach to John F. Hurst, March 2, 1866, in Bishop John Fletcher Hurst Papers, Series 1: Correspondence (1863–1903), Box 1, 1863–1893, University Archives, American University (Washington, D.C.); Hurst to Hagenbach, November 24, 1866, in StaBS, PA 838 D 191.

¹²¹ Hurst to Hagenbach, February 18, 1866, in StaBS, PA 838 D 191.

¹²² Hagenbach, K. R., History of the Church in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, trans. Hurst, John F., 2 vols. (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1870)Google Scholar.

¹²³ Osborn, John Fletcher Hurst, 174.

¹²⁴ Crooks and Hurst, Theological Encyclopedia and Methodology, 6.

¹²⁵ Osborn, John Fletcher Hurst, 286–287.

¹²⁶ “Editor's Literary Record,” Harper's New Monthly Magazine (September 1884), 639; Patton, Francis L., “Review of Theological Encyclopedia and Methodology on the Basis of Hagenbach,” The Presbyterian Review 5 (1884): 741–742Google Scholar.

¹²⁷ Schaff, Theological Propaedeutic, 10.

¹²⁸ Schaff, Germany, 44–45.

¹²⁹ Schaff, Germany, 8.

¹³⁰ Schaff, Theological Propaedeutic, iii–iv.

¹³¹ Charles C. Torrey, review of Theological Propaedeutic: A General Introduction to the Study of Theology by Schaff, Philip, The Andover Review 29 (1893): 249Google Scholar.

¹³² Prentiss, George Lewis, The Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York (New York: A. D. F. Randolph, 1899), 340Google Scholar; cf. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, 1891–'92 (New York: Union Theological Seminary, 1892)Google Scholar.

¹³³ Lynn, “Notes toward a History,” 118–144; Clark, Founding the Fathers, 144–145. See also “Theological Libraries' Round Table: Papers and Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the American Library Association,” Bulletin of the American Library Association 11, no. 4 (July 1917): 357Google Scholar.

¹³⁴ Osterhammel, Jürgen, Die Verwandlung der Welt: Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2009), 1132–1146Google Scholar.

¹³⁵ Games, Alison, “Atlantic History: Definitions, Challenges, and Opportunities,” American Historical Review 111, no. 3 (June 2006): 741–57Google Scholar, here 748.

¹³⁶ Hurst, “Translator's Preface,” iii.

¹³⁷ Clark, Founding the Fathers, 81, 93; Bradley and Muller, Church History, 27–29; Miller, Piety and Profession, 145.

¹³⁸ Hurst, John F., Life and Literature in the Fatherland (New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Co., 1875), 184Google Scholar.