Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T12:47:12.248Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Hegemonic stability theory and 19th century tariff levels in Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

Get access

Extract

Although the theory of hegemonic stability has attracted an impressive array of adherents, current formulations leave many conceptual issues unresolved. Existing formulations also fail to draw from the theory any implications concerning the process by which a hegemonic state creates and maintains a regime. As an example, Great Britain is generally agreed to have been hegemonic in the nineteenth century, but Britain's behavior was generally inconsistent with that implied by a theory of hegemonic stability. I advance an alternative set of explanations for changes in international tariff levels based on the notion of a “political business cycle.”

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Kindleberger, C. P., The World in Depression (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973)Google Scholar; Gilpin, R., U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment (New York: Basic Books, 1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Krasner, S. D., “State Power and the Structure of International Trade,” World Politics 28 (1976), pp. 317–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Keohane, R. O. and Nye, J. S., Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977)Google Scholar; Magdoff, H., The Age of Imperialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969)Google Scholar; MacEwan, A., “The Development of the Crisis in the World Economy,” in Steinberg, B., et al. eds., U.S. Capitalism in Crisis (New York: Union for Radical Political Economics, 1978)Google Scholar; Wallerstein, I., The Modern World System, vol. 2: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600–1750 (New York: Academic Press, 1980).Google Scholar

2. Kindleberger, , World in DepressionGoogle Scholar; Whitman, M. v. N.,” Foreign Policy no. 20 (1975), pp. 138–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Frohlich, N., Oppenheimer, J. A., and Young, O., Political Leadership and Collective Goods (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971).Google Scholar

3. See the works by Krasner, , Magdoff, and MacEwan cited in note 1 above.Google Scholar

4. Gallagher, J. and Robinson, R., “The Imperialism of Free Trade,” Economic History Review, 2d series, 6 (1953), pp. 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. Gilpin, , U.S. Power, pp. 80–82.Google Scholar

6. Ibid., pp. 83–85.

7. Krasner, , “State Power,” pp. 335–36.Google Scholar

8. Ibid., p. 336.

9. Gilpin, , U.S. Power, p. 81.Google Scholar

10. Krasner, , “State Power,” p. 337.Google Scholar

11. Ibid., p. 322.

12. A partial exception to this is to be found in those cases where a decision not to sell, i.e., an embargo or some form of voluntary export restraint, has been imposed by the state.

13. Hirschman, A. O., National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1945).Google Scholar

14. Olson, M., The Logic of Collective Action (New York: Schocken, 1968), p. 2.Google Scholar

15. If we considered the trade of those states that had lost tariff autonomy–China, the Ottoman Empire, certain Latin American states–the total would be even higher, but the demonstration of control from the core is more problematic than in the case of formal colonies.

16. Olson, , Logic of Collective Action, p. 33.Google Scholar

17. Lave, C. A. and March, J. G., An Introduction to Models in the Social Sciences (New York: Harper & Row, 1975).Google Scholar

18. Iliasu, A. A., “The Cobden-Chevalier Commercial Treaty of 1860,” Historical Journal 13 (1971), pp. 6798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

19. For the details, see Williams, J. B., British Commercial Policy and Trade Expansion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972).Google Scholar

20. Ashley, P., Modern Tariff History: Germany–United States–France (London: John Murray, 1920).Google Scholar

21. Williams, , British Commercial Policy, p. 191.Google Scholar

22. Ibid., p. 192.

23. Ibid., pp. 193–94.

24. Albrecht-Carrie, R., Britain and France–Adaptations to a Changing Context of Power (New York: Doubleday, 1970), pp. 7079Google Scholar; Dunham, A. L., The Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce of 1860 and the Progress of the Industrial Revolution in France (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1930), pp. 1213.Google Scholar

25. Dunham, , Anglo-French Treaty, p. 13.Google Scholar

26. Ibid., pp. 10–11.

27. Ibid., pp. 16–17.

28. Ashley, , Modern Tariff History, p. 294Google Scholar; Dunham, , Anglo-French Treaty, p. 18.Google Scholar

29. Dunham, , Anglo-French Treaty, pp. 1920.Google Scholar

30. United Kingdom, Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom, nos. 14–18 (Valduz: Kraus Reprint, 1965).Google Scholar

31. Dunham, , Anglo-French Treaty, p. 52Google Scholar. Emphases in original.

32. Bartlett, C. J., Great Britain and Sea Power, 1815–1853 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963), pp. 181–84.Google Scholar

33. Iliasu, , “Cobden-Chevalier Commercial Treaty.”Google Scholar

34. Henderson, W. O., The Zollverein (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1959), p. 40.Google Scholar

35. Ibid., p. 43.

36. Williams, , British Commercial Policy, pp. 199200.Google Scholar

37. SirWard, A. W. and Gooch, G. P., eds., The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy (New York: Octagon, 1970), p. 468.Google Scholar

38. Kindleberger, C. P., “The Rise of Free Trade in Western Europe, 1820–1875,” Journal of Economic History 4 (1975), pp. 613–34.Google Scholar

39. Ashley, , Modern Tariff History, p. 17.Google Scholar

40. Gordon, N. M., “Britain and the Zollverein Iron Duties, 1842–1845,” Economic History Review, 2d series, 22 (1969), PP. 7587.Google Scholar

41. Ashley, , Modern Tariff History, pp. 2021.Google Scholar

42. Gordon, , “Britain and the Zollverein,” p. 84.Google Scholar

43. Ward, and Gooch, , Cambridge History, p. 466.Google Scholar

44. Ashley, , Modern Tarff History, p. 21.Google Scholar

45. Henderson, , The Zollverein, pp. 209210.Google Scholar

46. Ibid., p. 235.

47. Useful summaries of this situation can be found in Henderson, W. O., The Rise of German Industrial Power, 1834–1914 (London: Temple Smith, 1975)Google Scholar, and Böhme, Helmut, An Introduction to the Social and Economic History of Germany, trans. Lee, W. R. (New York: St. Martin's, 1978)Google Scholar. A detailed treatment of Prussian and Austrian maneuvering over the Zoliverein and the German Confederation can be found in Bohme's, Deutschlands Weg zur Grossmacht: Studien zum Verhältnis von Wirtschaft und Staat während der Reichgründerzeit, 1848–1881 (Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1966).Google Scholar

48. Ward, and Gooch, , Cambridge History, p. 475.Google Scholar

49. Iliasu, , “Cobden-Chevalier Commercial Treaty,” p. 68.Google Scholar

50. The one clear example of linkage in Williams's study consists of a threat to Portugal in 1836 that prospective tariff increases might cause Britain to become “extremely indifferent” to Portuguese security. The Portuguese went ahead and raised tariffs (Williams, British Commercial Policy, pp. 54–55).

51. “Many” is not all. Aside from the exception of the United States noted by Krasner, Russia was also outside the open trading system. Russian tariffs tended throughout the 19th century to be quite high relative to those of western and central Europe.

52. Krasner, , “State Power,” p. iii (abstract).Google Scholar

53. Ashley, , Modern Tariff HistoryGoogle Scholar, Böhme, , Deutschlands Weg.Google Scholar

54. Dunham, , Anglo-French History.Google Scholar

55. Hibbs, Douglas A. and Fassbender, Heino, eds., Contemporary Political Economy: Studies on the Interdependence of Politics and Economics (New York: North Holland, 1981).Google Scholar

56. J. McKeown, Timothy, “Firms and Tariff Regime Change: Explaining the Demand for Protection,” paper presented at the International Studies Association meeting,Cincinnati,Ohio,25 March 1982.Google Scholar