¹ Cf. Deschamps, Hubert, ‘Et maintenant, Lord Lugard?’, in Africa (London), 33, 1963, pp. 293–306;Google Scholar Michael Crowder, ‘Indirect Rule – French and British Style’, in Ibid. 34, 1964, pp. 197–205; Ikime, Obaro, ‘Reconsidering Indirect Rule: the Nigerian example’, in Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (Ibadan), 4, 1968, pp. 421–38;Google ScholarKiwanuka, M. Semakula, ‘Colonial Policies and Administrations in Africa: the myths of the contrasts’, in African Historical Studies (Boston), 3, 1970, pp. 295–313.Google Scholar

² Cf. Crowder, Michael and Ikime, Obaro (eds.), West African Chiefs: their changing status under colonial rule and independence (New York, 1970).Google Scholar

³ Two noteworthy exceptions are Asiwaju, A. I., ‘The Aleketu of Ketu and the Onimeko of Meko: the changing status of two Yoruba rulers under French and British rule’, in Crowder, and Ikime, (eds.), op. cit. pp. 134–60;Google Scholar and Welch, Claude, ‘The Brith and Growth of Ewe Nationalism’, in his Dream of Unity. Pan-Africanism and Political Unification in West Africa (Ithaca, 1966), pp. 37–81.Google Scholar

¹ E.g. Barkow, Jerome, ‘The Generation of an Incipient Ethnic Split: a Hausa case (Nigeria)’, in Anthropos (Fribourg), 71, 1976, pp. 857–67,Google Scholar‘Evaluation of Character and Social Control Among the Hausa’, in Ethos (Los Angeles), 2, 1974, pp. 1–14,Google Scholar and ‘Hausa Women and Islam’, in Canadian Journal of African Studies (Ottawa), 6, 1972, pp. 317–28;Google ScholarGoddard, A. D., ‘Changing Family Structures Among the Rural Hausa’, in Africa, 43, 1973, pp. 207–18;Google ScholarKleis, Gerald and Abdullahi, Salisu, ‘Masculine Power and Gender Ambiguity in Urban Hausa Society’, in African Urban Studies (East Lansing), 16, 1983, pp. 39–53;Google ScholarMiner, Horace, ‘Urban Influences on the Rural Hausa’, in Kuper, Hilda (ed.), Urbanization and Migration in West Africa (Berkeley, 1965),Google Scholar and ‘Culture Change Under Pressure: a Hausa Case’, in Human Organization (Ithaca), 19, 1960, pp. 164–7;Google ScholarNicolas, Guy, ‘Les Catégories d'ethnie et de fraction ethnique au sein du systéme social hausa’, in Cahiers d'études africaines (Paris), 59, 1975, pp. 399–441,Google Scholar and ‘Un Village haoussa de la République du Niger: Tassao Haoussa’, in Les Cahiers d'outre-mer (Talence), 52, 1960, pp. 421–50;Google ScholarOlofson, Harold, ‘Children of the Bowed Lute: social organization and expressive culture of Hausa urban itinerant entertainers’, in Anthropos, 75, 1980, pp. 920–9,Google Scholar‘Yawon Dandi: a Hausa category of migration’, in Africa, 46, 1976, pp. 66–79,Google Scholar and ‘Cultural Values, Communication, and Urban Image in Hausaland’, in Urban Anthropology (New York), 4, 1975, pp. 145–60;Google ScholarSalamone, Frank, ‘Becoming Hausa: ethnic identity change and its implications for the study of ethnic pluralism and stratification’, in Africa, 45, 1975, pp. 410–23,Google Scholar and ‘Some Aspects of Social Stratification Among the Hausa’, in International Journal of Group Tensions (New York), 1, 1971, pp. 335–49;Google ScholarSmith, M. G., The Affairs of Daura. History and Change in a Hausa State, 1800–1958 (Berkeley, 1978),Google Scholar ‘The Hausa of Northern Nigeria’, in Gibbs, James (ed.), Peoples of Africa (New York, 1965),Google Scholar‘Historical and Cultural Conditions of Political Corruption Among the Hausa’, in Comparative Studies in Society and History (Cambridge), 6, 1964, pp. 164–94,Google Scholar‘Kebbi and Hausa Stratification’, in The British Journal of Sociology (Henley-on-Thames), 12, 1961, pp. 52–64,Google ScholarGovernment in Zazzau, 1800–1958 (New York, 1960),Google Scholar‘The Hausa System of Social Status’, in Africa, 19, 1959, pp. 239–51,Google Scholar and ‘The Social Functions and Meaning of Hausa Praise-Singing’, in Ibid. 27, 1957, pp. 26–43.

² E.g. Hill, Polly, Population, Prosperity and Poverty. Rural Kano 1900 and 1970 (Cambridge, 1977),Google ScholarRural Hausa: a village and a setting (Cambridge, 1972),Google Scholar and ‘Hidden Trade in Hausaland’, in Man (London), N.S. 4, 1969, pp. 392–409;Google ScholarRaynaut, Claude, ‘Circulation monétaire et évolution des structures socio-économiques chez les haoussas du Niger’, in Africa, 47, 1977, pp. 160–70;Google Scholar and Ahmed Yusuf, ‘Capital Formation and Management Among the Muslim Hausa Traders of Kano, Nigeria’, in Ibid. 45, 1975, pp. 167–82.

³ E.g. Mortimore, Michael (ed.), Zaria and its Region: a Nigerian savanna city and its environs (Zaria, 1970);Google Scholar and Scott, Earl, ‘Subsistence, Markets, and Rural Development in Hausaland’, in The Journal of Developing Areas (Macomb), 12, 1978, pp. 449–69.Google Scholar

⁴ E.g. Hiskett, Mervyn, The Sword of Truth. The Life and Times of the Shehu Usman Dan Fodio (Oxford, 1973);Google ScholarLast, Murray, ‘Aspects of Administration and Dissent in Hausaland, 1800–1968’, in Africa, 40, 1970, pp. 345–57,Google Scholar and ‘Attempts at Defining a Muslim in Nineteenth Century Hausaland and Bornu’, in Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (Zaria), 3, 1965, pp. 321–40;Google ScholarLovejoy, Paul, Caravans of Kola: the Hausa kola trade, 1700–1980 (Zaria, 1980);Google ScholarMuffet, D. J. M., ‘Legitimacy and Deference in a Tradition Oriented Society: observations arising from an examination of some aspects of a case study associated with the abdication of the Emir of Kano in 1963’, in African Studies Review (Boston), 18, 1975, pp. 101–15;Google Scholar and Smith, Abdullahi, ‘Some Considerations Relating to the Formation of States in Hausaland’, in Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 5, 1970, pp. 329–46.Google Scholar

¹ E.g. Dalby, David, ‘The Noun Garii in Hausa: a semantic study’, in Journal of African Languages (London), 3, 1964, pp. 273–305;Google ScholarKirk-Greene, A. H. M., ‘Neologisms in Hausa: a sociological approach’, in Africa, 33, 1963, pp. 25–44;Google Scholar Neil Skinner, Hausa Lexical Expansion Since 1930 (Madison, 1985), Hausa Tales and Traditions (London, 1969),Google Scholar and Kamus Na Turanci Da Hausa (Zaria, 1965).Google Scholar

² E.g. Callaway, Barbara, ‘Ambiguous Consequences of the Socialisation and Seclusion of Hausa Women’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 22, 3, 09 1984, pp. 429–50;Google ScholarCharlick, Robert, ‘Participatory Development and Rural Modernization in Hausa Niger’, in The African Review (Dar es Salaam), 2, 1972, pp. 299–324;Google ScholarFaulkingham, Ralph, ‘Political Support in a Hausa Village’, Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1970;Google ScholarPaden, John, Religion and Political Culture in Kano (Berkely, 1973),Google Scholar and ‘Situational Ethnicity in Urban Africa with Special Reference to the Hausa’, Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association, New York, 1973;Google ScholarRobinson, Pearl, ‘African Traditional Rulers and the Modern State: the linkage role of chiefs in the Republic of Niger’, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York, 1975;Google Scholar and Wiseman, John, ‘Structural and Ideological Tensions in a Rural Hausa Village’, in African Studies Review, 22, 1979, pp. 1–11.Google Scholar

³ E.g. Fahrmeier, Edward, ‘The Effect of School Attendance on Intellectual Development in Northern Nigeria’, in Child Development (Chicago), 46, 1975, pp. 281–5;Google ScholarLeVine, Robert and Price-Williams, Douglass, ‘Children's Kinship Concepts: cognitive development and early experience among the Hausa’, in Ethnology (Pittsburgh), 13, 1974, pp. 25–43;Google ScholarMaqsud, Muhammad, ‘Relationships Between Personal Control, Moral Reasoning, and Socioeconomic Status of Nigerian Hausa Adolescents’, in Journal of Youth and Adolescence (New York), 9, 1980, pp. 281–8;Google Scholar and Shweder, Richard and LeVine, Robert, ‘Dream Concepts of Hausa Children’, in Ethos, 3, 1975, pp. 209–30.Google Scholar

⁴ Cohen, Abner, Custom and Politics in Urban Africa: a study of Hausa migrants in Yoruba towns (Berkeley, 1969);Google ScholarAdamu, Mahdi, The Hausa Factor in West African History (Zaria, 1978);Google Scholar and Works, John, Pilgrims in a Strange Land: Hausa communities in Chad (New York, 1976). This list of those writing on the Hausa does not in any way pretend to be all-inclusive. Many excellent scholars who have included Hausaland within larger studies of Northern Nigeria or Niger, for instance, have not been mentioned. Others are cited below.Google Scholar

⁵ For excellent studies of the geographical impact of partition, see Thom, Derrick, ‘The Niger-Nigeria Borderlands: a politico-geographical analysis of boundary influence upon the Hausa’, Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1970Google Scholar, and ‘The Niger-Nigeria Boundary, 1890–1906: a study in ethnic frontiers and a colonial boundary’, Papers in International Studies, Africa Series No. 23, Ohio University Center for International Studies, Athens, 1975. Collins, John has indirectly broached this topic in ‘Government and Groundnut Marketing in Rural Hausa Niger: the 1930s to 1970s in Magaria’, Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1974,Google Scholar and ‘The Clandestine Movement of Groundnuts Across the Niger-Nigeria Boundary’, in Canadian Journal of African Studies (Ottawa), 10, 1976, pp. 259–78.Google Scholar

¹ The author is presently working on a larger project which addresses other implications (economic, religious, educational) of the partition of Hausaland.

¹ Crowder, Michael, West Africa Under Colonial Rule (Evanston, 1968), p. 211.Google Scholar

² Cf. Deschamps, loc. cit.; Ikime, loc. cit; and Kiwanuka, loc. cit.

³ See, especially, Whitaker, C. S. Jr, The Politics of Tradition: continuity and change in Northern Nigeria, 1946–1966 (Princeton, 1970).Google Scholar

⁴ Crowder, West Africa Under Colonial Rule, p. 199.

¹ Crowder, ‘Indirect Rule – French and British Style’, p. 199, my emphasis.

² Fuglestad, Finn, A History of Niger, 1850–1960 (Cambridge, 1983), p. 85.Google Scholar

³ Ibid. p. 123.

⁴ ‘In Hausaland …the French had tried with some success to circumscribe the power of the sarauta [ruling class], and to “liberate” subdued entities’. Fuglestad, op. cit. p. 84.

¹ Crowder, West Africa Under Colonial Rule, p. 193.

² Fuglestad, op. cit. pp. 161–2.

³ A leftward swing in French metropolitan politics also facilitated this switch.

⁴ Cf. Hugh, and Smythe, Mabel, The New Nigerian Elite (Stanford, 1960).Google Scholar

¹ These are only the two other largest ethnic groups, of which Nigeria has about 250.

² Other important ethnic groups in Niger are the Tuareg, Buzu, bush Fulani, Toubu, and Kanuri.

³ Whitaker, op. cit.

¹ Orewa, G. O., ‘The Role of Traditional Rulers in Administration’, in Quarterly Journal of Administration (Ile-Ife), 12, 1978, pp. 155–6.Google Scholar

² Paden, John, ‘Aspects of Emirship in Kano’, in Crowder, and Ikime, (eds.), op. cit. p. 180.Google Scholar

³ Whitaker, op. cit. p. 374.

⁴ Ibid. p. 326.

¹ Orewa, loc. cit. p. 156.

² Ibid. p. 156.

¹ Ibid. p. 159.

¹ Sani, Habibu, ‘Traditional Rulers and Local Government’, in Kumo, Suleimanu and Aliyu, Abubakar (eds.), Issues in the Nigerian Draft Constitution (Zaria, 1977), p. 189.Google Scholar

¹ Okoli, Enukora, ‘Revolution or Tradition in Kano?’, in West Africa (London), 4 01 1982, pp. 5–7.Google Scholar

¹ Sani, loc. cit. p. 184.

² Kontagora, Hassan, article in the New Nigerian (Lagos), 28 09 1983, p. 7.Google Scholar

¹ Biaghere, Sunny, ‘Buhari Woos the Obas and Emirs’, in Africa Now (London), 03 1984, p. 65.Google Scholar

² Message by Buhari to the Sultan of Sokoto. Africa Confidential (London), 04 1985.Google ScholarPubMed

³ Ibid. September 1984.

⁴ Ibid.

⁵ Biaghere, loc. cit. p. 65.

⁶ Africa Confidential, May 1986.

⁷ Ibid. April 1985.

¹ Ibid. June 1985.

² Ibid. May 1986. On 1 July 1987, President Babangida announced that the period of transition would be extended until 1992.

³ Ibid. July 1986.

⁴ West Africa, 29 September 1986, p. 2071.

⁵ Biaghere, loc. cit. p. 65.

¹ The ambivalence of the current régime's relationship with the sarakuna was recently borne out by the controversy in Gongola State which pitted the Emir of Muri, Alhaji Muhammed Abba Tukur, against the Military Governor, Colonel Yohanna Madaki. In August 1986 the latter succeeded in dismissing the Emir for allegedly misappropriating money in a government land-acquisition deal, and for demonstrating ‘insubordination and disrespect to government directives’. Two months later, however, Madaki himself was not only stripped of his Governorship (having been transferred to another State), but dismissed from the army entirely. One of the main reasons for the demise of Madaki's career, it is believed, was ‘his earlier entanglement in the dethroning of [the] traditional Emir of Muri’, which prompted the other Emirs collectively to pressure the Federal Military Government. See West Africa, 25 August 1986, p. 1801, and 20 October 1986, p. 2230; and This Week, (Lagos), 9 03 1987, p. 19.Google ScholarPubMed

¹ Fuglestad, op. cit. pp. 186–7.

² Guillemin, Jacques, ‘Chefferie traditionnelle et administration publique au Niger’, in Le Mois en Afrique (Paris), 213–14, 10–11 1983, p. 118, original text in French.Google Scholar

³ Ibid. p. 119.

⁴ Ibid.

¹ Robinson, Pearl, ‘Traditional Clientage and Political Change in a Hausa Community’, in Robinson, and Skinner, Elliott (eds.), Transformation and Resiliency in Africa (Washington D.C., 1983), p. 106.Google Scholar

² Whitaker, op. cit. pp. 454–5. The definition quoted is Robinson's version in Ibid.

¹ Robinson, loc. cit. p. 115.

¹ Guillemin, loc. cit. p. 120.

² Horowitz, Michael et al. , ‘Niger: a social and institutional profile’, Institute for Development Anthropology, State University of New York at Binghamton, 1983, p. 1.Google Scholar

³ Ibid. p. 23.

⁴ Robinson, loc. cit. p. 122.

¹ Frélastre, Georges, ‘Le Séminaire de Zinder (November 1982) et la nouvelle stratégie du Niger’, in Le Mois en Afrique, 211–12, 1983, p. 97.Google Scholar

² Guillemin, loc. cit. p. 121.

¹ Guillemin, loc. cit. pp. 122–3.

² Ibid. p. 120.

³ Horowitz et al. op. cit. p. 22.

⁴ Ibid. p. 23.

¹ Guillemin, loc. cit. p. 124.