Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T08:51:20.164Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Lichen communities in two old-growth pine (Pinus) forests

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2014

Christopher WAGNER ,
Lyndsay J. SCHRAM ,
Richard Troy McMULLIN ,
Shelley L. HUNT  and
Madhur ANAND
Christopher WAGNER
Affiliation:
Global Ecological Change and Sustainability Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. Email: manand@uoguelph.ca
Lyndsay J. SCHRAM
Affiliation:
Global Ecological Change and Sustainability Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. Email: manand@uoguelph.ca
Richard Troy McMULLIN
Affiliation:
Biodiversity Institute of Ontario Herbarium, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
Shelley L. HUNT
Affiliation:
School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
Madhur ANAND*
Affiliation:
Global Ecological Change and Sustainability Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. Email: manand@uoguelph.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Many lichen species have specific environmental requirements for colonization. Old-growth forests contain microhabitats required by a particular suite of lichens. In Ontario, Canada, old-growth forests are increasingly uncommon and the lichen communities within some of these forests are not well known. To better understand the lichen communities that inhabit old-growth forests in the province, we examined the lichen biota on coarse woody debris (CWD) and trees in a red pine (Pinus resinosa) and a white pine (Pinus strobus) dominated stand in northern Ontario. Lichen diversity was assessed on different forms of CWD and trees in each forest. Lichen diversity did not differ significantly between CWD types in the red pine forest, but was significantly different in the white pine forest. There was no significant difference in lichen diversity amongst different decay stages of CWD in either forest. In both forests, lichen communities on stumps, logs, and snags differed from lichen communities present on trees. A variety of CWD types is important for overall lichen species richness in the red pine forest. Our results demonstrate to land managers that different types of old-growth forests are ecologically unique, even those dominated by tree species in the same genus. Management of an old-growth forest should suit its individual ecology.

Keywords

Chiniguichi Waterway Provincial Parkcoarse woody debrisdiversityred pinewhite pineWolf Lake Forest Reserve
Type
Articles
Information
The Lichenologist , Volume 46 , Issue 5 , September 2014 , pp. 697 - 709
Copyright
Copyright © British Lichen Society 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anand, M., Leithead, M., Silva, L. C. R., Wagner, C., Ashiq, M., Cecile, J., Dorbyshev, I., Bergeron, Y., Das, A. & Bulger, C. (2013) The scientific value of the largest remaining old-growth red pine forests in North America. Biodiversity and Conservation 22: 1847–1861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botting, R. S. & DeLong, C. (2009) Macrolichen and bryophyte response to coarse woody debris characteristics in sub-boreal spruce forest. Forest Ecology and Management 258: 85–94.Google Scholar
Boudreault, C., Bergeron, Y., Gauthier, S. & Drapeau, P. (2002) Bryophtye and lichen communities in mature to old-growth stands in eastern boreal forests of Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32: 1080–1093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodo, I. M., Sharnoff, S. D. & Sharnoff, S. (2001) Lichens of North America. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Carleton, T. J. (2003) Old growth in the Great Lakes Forest. Environmental Reviews 11(S1): S115–S134.Google Scholar
Carleton, T. J. & Arnup, R. (1993) Vegetation Ecology of Eastern White Pine and Red Pine Forests in Ontario. Forest Landscape Ecology Series #11. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario: Ontario Forest Research Institute.Google Scholar
Carleton, T. J. & Gordon, A. M. (1992) Understanding Old-Growth Red and White Pine Dominated Forests in Ontario. Report prepared for the Ontario Forest Research Institute. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.Google Scholar
Chlebicki, A., Żarnowiec, J., Cieśliński, S., Klama, H., Bujakiewicz, A. & Załuski, T. (1996) Epixylites, lichenicolous fungi and their links with different kinds of wood. Phytocoenosis 8: 75–111.Google Scholar
Crites, S. & Dale, M. R. T. (1998) Diversity and abundance of bryophytes, lichens and fungi in relation to woody substrate and successional stage in aspen mixedwood boreal forests. Canadian Journal of Botany 76: 641–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esseen, P. A. & Renhorn, K. E. (1998) Edge effects on an epiphytic lichen in fragmented forests. Conservation Biology 12: 1307–1317.Google Scholar
Esslinger, T. L. (2011) A cumulative checklist for the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. North Dakota State University. http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm Accessed 22 November 2012.Google Scholar
Gillmore, D. W. & Palik, B. J. (2006) A Revised Manager's Handbook for Red Pine in the North Central Region. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-264. St. Paul, Minnesota: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station.Google Scholar
Harmon, M. E., Franklin, J. F., Swanson, F. J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S. V., Lattin, J. D., Anderson, N. H., Cline, S. P., Aumen, N. G., Sedell, J. R., et al. (1986) Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15: 133–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, G. D. & Rosentreter, R. (1994) Lichens as nesting material for northern flying squirrels in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Journal of Mammalogy 75: 663–673.Google Scholar
Humphrey, J. W., Davey, S., Peace, A. J., Ferris, R. & Harding, K. (2002) Lichens and bryophyte communities of planted and semi-natural forests in Britain: the influence of site type, stand structure and deadwood. Biological Conservation 107: 165–180.Google Scholar
Iles, N. (1990) Reconnaissance Inventory to Locate Old White and/or Red Pine Stands in Site Region 4E of the Ministry of Natural Resources. Sudbury, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Northeast Region ANSI Technical Committee.Google Scholar
Joner, F., Anand, M. & Pillar, V. (2012) Trait-convergence and divergence in a temperate forest herbaceous layer along the gradient of canopy closure. Community Ecology 113: 178–184.Google Scholar
Jonsson, B. G. (2000) Patterns of availability of coarse woody debris in a boreal old-growth Picea abies forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 11: 51–56.Google Scholar
Knops, J. M. H., Nash, T. H. III, Boucher, V. L. & Schlesinger, W. H. (1991) Mineral cycling and epiphytic lichens: implications at the ecosystem level. Lichenologist 23: 1–13.Google Scholar
Kruskal, J. B. (1964) Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: a numerical method. Psychmetrika 29: 115–129.Google Scholar
Kruys, N., Fries, C., Jonsson, B. G., Lämås, T. & Ståhl, G. (1999) Wood-inhabiting cryptograms on dead Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees in managed Swedish boreal forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29: 178–186.Google Scholar
Leithead, M. D., Anand, M. & Silva, L. C. R. (2010) Northward migrating trees establish in treefall gaps at the northern limit of the temperate-boreal ecotone, Ontario, Canada. Oecologia 164: 1095–1106.Google Scholar
Lemmon, P. E. (1957) A new instrument for measuring forest overstorey density. Journal of Forestry 55: 667–668.Google Scholar
Lesica, P., McCune, B., Cooper, S. V. & Hong, W. S. (1991) Differences in lichen and bryophyte communities between old-growth and managed second-growth forests in the Swan Valley, Montana. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 1745–1755.Google Scholar
Lohmus, P. & Lohmus, A. (2001) Snags, and their lichen flora in old Estonian peatland forests. Annales Botanici Fennici 38: 265–280.Google Scholar
Maser, C., Anderson, R. G., Cromack, K. J., Williams, J. T. & Martin, R. E. (1979) Dead and down woody material. In Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forests. The Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington (Thomas, J. W., ed.): 78–95. Portland: USDA.Google Scholar
McAlister, S. (1997) Cryptogam communities on fallen logs in the Duke forest, North Carolina. Journal of Vegetation Science 8: 115–124.Google Scholar
McCune, B. & Grace, J. B. (2002) Analysis of Ecological Communities. Gleneden Beach, Oregon: MjM Software Design.Google Scholar
McCune, B. & Mefford, M. J. (1999) PC-ORD. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data. Version 5.0. Gleneden Beach, Oregon: MjM Software.Google Scholar
McMullin, R. T., Duinker, P. N., Cameron, R. P., Richardson, D. H. S. & Brodo, I. M. (2008) Lichens of coniferous old-growth forests of southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada; diversity and present status. Bryologist 111: 620–637.Google Scholar
McMullin, R. T., Duinker, P. N., Richardson, D. H. S., Cameron, R. P., Hamilton, D. C. & Newmaster, S. G. (2010) Relationships between the structural complexity and lichen community in coniferous forests of southwestern Nova Scotia. Forest Ecology and Management 260: 744–749.Google Scholar
McMullin, R. T., Lacey, B. W. & Newmaster, S. G. (2011) Estimating the biomass of woodland caribou forage lichens. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41: 1961–1969.Google Scholar
Motta, R., Berretti, R., Lingua, E. & Piussi, P. (2006) Coarse woody debris, forest structure and regeneration in the Valbona Forest Reserve, Paneveggio, Italian Alps. Forest Ecology and Management 235: 155–163.Google Scholar
Muhle, H. & LeBlanc, F. (1975) Bryophyte and lichen succession on decaying logs. I. Analysis along an evaporational gradient in eastern Canada. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 39: 1–33.Google Scholar
Nascimbene, J., Marini, L., Motta, R. & Nimis, P. L. (2008) Lichen diversity of coarse woody habitats in a Pinus-Larix stand in the Italian Alps. Lichenologist 40: 153–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, T. H. III (2008) Lichen Biology 2nd Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (1999) Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Ontario's Living Legacy Land Use Strategy. http://www.ontla.on.ca/library/repository/mon/2000/10281337.pdf. Accessed 22 November 2012.Google Scholar
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (2003) Chiniguchi Waterway Provincial Park (P174) Wolf Lake Old-Growth Forest Forest Reserve (P174) and Kukagami Lake Forest Reserve (P181) Fact Sheet. Peterborough, Ontario: Queen's Printer for Ontario.Google Scholar
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (2010) Forestry Resource Inventory 2010: Forestry (Vector). Peterborough, Ontario: Ministry of Natural Resources. Retrieved 10 June 2012 from: Data Resource Centre at University of Guelph.Google Scholar
Orange, A., James, P. W. & White, F. J. (2001) Microchemical Methods for the Identification of Lichens. London: British Lichen Society.Google Scholar
Perera, A. & Baldwin, D. (1993) Spatial Characteristics of Eastern White Pine and Red Pine Forests in Ontario. Forest Landscape Ecology Series #9. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario: Ontario Forest Research Institute.Google Scholar
Pike, L. (1978) The importance of epiphytic lichens in mineral cycling. Bryologist 81: 247–257.Google Scholar
Samuelsson, J., Gustafsson, L. & Ingelög, T. (1994) Dying and Dead Trees: a Review of Their Importance for Biodiversity. Uppsala: ArtDatabanken.Google Scholar
Shannon, C. E. (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal 27: 379–423 & 623–656.Google Scholar
Siitonen, J. (2001) Forest management, coarse woody debris and saproxylic organisms: Fennoscandian boreal forests as an example. Ecological Bulletins 49: 11–41.Google Scholar
Siitonen, J., Martikainen, P., Punttila, P. & Rauh, J. (2000) Coarse woody debris and stand characteristics in mature managed and old-growth boreal mesic forests in southern Finland. Forest Ecology and Management 128: 211–225.Google Scholar
Sippola, A. L., Siitonen, J. & Kallilo, R. (1998) The amount and quality of coarse woody debris in natural and managed coniferous forests near the timberline in Finnish Lapland. Scandanavian Journal of Forest Research 13: 204–214.Google Scholar
Smith, C. W., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B. J., Fletcher, A., Gilbert, O. L., James, P. W. & Wolseley, P. A. (eds) (2009) The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. London: British Lichen Society.Google Scholar
Söderström, L. (1988) Sequence of bryophytes and lichens in relation to substrate variables of decaying coniferous wood in northern Sweden. Nordic Journal of Botany 8: 89–97.Google Scholar
Sollins, P. (1982) Input and decay of coarse woody debris in coniferous stands in western Oregon and Washington. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12: 18–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spies, T. A., Franklin, J. F. & Thomas, T. B. (1988) Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology 69: 1689–1702.Google Scholar
Svensson, M., Johansson, P. & Thor, G. (2005) Lichens of wooden barns and Pinus sylvestris snags in Dalarna, Sweden. Annales Botanici Fennici 42: 351–363.Google Scholar
Terry, E. L., McLellan, B. N. & Watts, G. (2000) Winter habitat ecology of mountain caribou in relation to forest management. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 589–602.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, K. (1984) Environmental degradation and rehabilitation in the Sudbury area. Laurentian University Review 16: 15–47.Google Scholar