Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-04T09:13:42.529Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Political legitimacy between democracy and effectiveness: trade-offs, interdependencies, and discursive constructions by the EU institutions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2014

Claudia S. Sternberg*
Affiliation:
Career Development Fellow in Politics, Department of Politics and International Relations, St Hugh’s College, Oxford University, Oxford, UK

Abstract

This paper addresses the relationship between political legitimacy arising from a link with the ‘will of the people’, and political legitimacy arising from beneficial consequences for them. Questioning the common assumption of an inherent trade-off between ‘input’ and ‘output legitimacy’, it suggests that the two necessarily go together, and that their relationship is continuously reconstructed through discursive contestation. These claims are first substantiated conceptually, in reference to the legitimacy literature in European Union (EU) Studies, which is situated in the broader fields of Political Theory and Comparative Politics. In a second step, the argument is developed on the grounds of empirical case material: an interpretive, non-quantitative reconstruction of the changing discourses on EU legitimacy by the European institutions from the 1950s to the early 2000s.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© European Consortium for Political Research 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Beetham, D. (2013), The Legitimation of Power, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bellamy, R. (2010), ‘Democracy without Democracy? Can the EU’s Democratic ‘Outputs’ be Separated from the Democratic ‘Inputs’ Provided by Competitive Parties and Majority Rule?’, Journal of European Public Policy 17(1): 219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway, M. and Depkat, V. (2010), ‘Towards a European history of the discourse of democracy: discussing democracy in western Europe 1945–60’, in M. Conway and K.K. Patel (eds), Europeanization in the Twentieth Century: Historical Approaches, Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 132156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Council (1983), ‘Solemn Declaration on European Union. Stuttgart, 19 June’, Bulletin of the European Communities 6: 2429.Google Scholar
Dahl, R.A. (1994), ‘A Democratic Dilemma: System Effectiveness versus Citizen Participation’, Political Science Quarterly 109(1): 2334.Google Scholar
Dahl, R.A. (1998), On Democracy, New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Daviter, F. (2011), Policy Framing in the European Union, Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dehousse, R. (1995), ‘Constitutional reform in the European community: are there alternatives to the majority avenue?’, West European Politics 18(3): 118136.Google Scholar
Easton, D. (1965), A Systems Analysis of Political Life, New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Finke, B. (2007), ‘Civil Society participation in EU Governance’, Living Reviews in European Governance, 2(2). Retrieved 6 July 2010 from http://www.livingreviews.org/lreg-07-2.Google Scholar
Fligstein, N. (2001), ‘Institutional entrepreneurs and cultural frames. The case of the European Union’s single market program’, European Societies 3: 261288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabel, M. (1998), ‘Public support for European integration: an empirical test of five theories’, Journal of Politics 60(2): 333354.Google Scholar
Gamson, W.A. (1992), Talking Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gilley, B. (2006), ‘The determinants of state legitimacy: results for 72 countries’, International Political Science Review 27(1): 4771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilley, B. (2009), The Right to Rule. How States Win and Lose Legitimacy, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Grande, E. (2000), Democracy Beyond the State?, in M. T. Greven and L. W. Pauly. Lanham, Md. (eds). The European Dilemma and the Emerging Global Order, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 115138.Google Scholar
Greenwood, J. (2007), ‘Organized civil society and democratic legitimacy in the European Union’, British Journal of Political Science 37(2): 333357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, J. (1973), Legitimation Crisis, Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1996), Between Facts and Norms. Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, Cambridge: Polity.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heard-Lauréote, K. (2010), European Union Governance: Effectiveness and Legitimacy in European Commission Committees. Abingdon, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hechter, M. (2009), ‘Legitimacy in the modern world. Special issue’, American Behavioral Scientist 53(3): 279288.Google Scholar
Hobolt, S.B. (2012), ‘Citizen satisfaction with democracy in the European Union’, Journal of Common Market Studies 50: 88105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurd, I. (1999), ‘Legitimacy and authority in international politics’, International Organization 53(2): 379408.Google Scholar
Katz, R.S. and Wessels, B. (1999), The European Parliament, the National Parliaments, and European Integration, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kaul, I., Grunberg, I. and Stern, M. (1999), Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kohler-Koch, B. and Rittberger, B. (2007), Debating the Democratic Legitimacy of the European Union, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Kraus, P.A. (2004), ‘Die Begründung demokratischer Politik in Europa. Zur Unterscheidung von Input- und Output-Legitimation bei Fritz W. Scharpf’, Leviathan 32(4): 558567.Google Scholar
Levi, M., Sacks, A. and Tyler, T. (2009), ‘Conceptualizing legitimacy, measuring legitimating beliefs’, American Behavioral Scientist 53(3): 354375.Google Scholar
Lindgren, K.-O. and Persson, T. (2010), ‘Input and output legitimacy: synergy or trade-off? Empirical evidence from an EU survey’, Journal of European Public Policy 17(4): 449467.Google Scholar
Lindseth, P.L. (2010), Power and Legitimacy : Reconciling Europe and the Nation-State, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord, C. and Beetham, D. (2001), ‘Legitimizing the EU: is there a ‘Postparliamentary Basis’ for its legitimation?’, Journal of Common Market Studies 39(3): 443462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnette, P. (2001), ‘Appointing and Censuring the European Commission: The Adaptation of Parliamentary Institutions to the Community Context’, European Law Journal 7(3): 292310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnette, P. (2003), ‘European governance and civic participation: beyond elitist citizenship?’, Political Studies 51(1): 144160.Google Scholar
Majone, G. (1996), Regulating Europe, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Majone, G. (1998), ‘Europe’s democratic deficit: the question of standards’, European Law Journal 4(1): 528.Google Scholar
Majone, G. (2005), Dilemmas of European integration the ambiguities and pitfalls of integration by stealth, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, A. (2002), ‘Reassessing legitimacy in the European Union’, Journal of Common Market Studies 40(4): 603624.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, A. and Sangiovanni, A. (2002), ‘On democracy and ‘Public Interest’ in the European Union’, in W. Streeck and R. Mayntz (eds), Die Reformierbarkeit der Demokratie, innovationen und Blockaden, Frankfurt: Campus, pp. 122148.Google Scholar
Mottier, V. (2005), ‘From welfare to social exclusion: eugenic social policies and the Swiss National Order’, in D. Howarth and J. Torfing (eds), Discourse Theory in European Politics: Identity, Policy, Governance, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 255274.Google Scholar
Neyer, J. (2003), ‘Discourse and order in the EU’, Journal of Common Market Studies 41(4): 687706.Google Scholar
Norris, P. (ed.) (1999), Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Peter, F. (2014), ‘Political Legitimacy’, in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 edition). Retrieved 4 December 2014 from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/legitimacy/Google Scholar
Pitkin, H.F. (1967), The Concept of Representation, Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Risse, T. (2006), ‘Transnational governance and legitimacy’, in Y. Papadopoulos and A. Benz (eds), Governance and Democracy. Comparing National, European and International Experiences, London/New York: Routledge, 179199.Google Scholar
Risse, T. and Kleine, M. (2007), ‘Assessing the legitimacy of European treaty revisions’, Journal of Common Market Studies 45(1): 6980.Google Scholar
Rosanvallon, P. (2011), Democratic Legitimacy: Impartiality, Reflexivity, Proximity, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Saurugger, S. (2008), ‘Interest groups and democracy in the European Union’, West European Politics 31(6): 12741291.Google Scholar
Scharpf, F. (1999), Governing in Europe. Effective and Democratic? Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, V.A. (2012), ‘Democracy and legitimacy in the European Union in ’, in E. Jones, A. Menon and S. Weatherill (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 716–713.Google Scholar
Schmidt, V.A. (2013), ‘Democracy and legitimacy in the European Union revisited: input, output and throughput’, Political Studies 61(1): 222.Google Scholar
Schuman, R. (1950), ‘Declaration on 9 May 1950’. Retrieved 4 December 2014 from http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/symbols/europe-day/schuman-declaration/index_en.htmGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, S. (2013), The Struggle for EU Legitimacy: Public Contestation, 1950–2005, Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Skogstad, G. (2003), ‘Legitimacy and/or policy effectiveness? Network governance and GMO regulation in the European Union’, Journal of European Public Policy 10(3): 321338.Google Scholar
Torres, F.S. (2006), ‘On the efficiency-legitimacy trade-off in EMU’, in F.S. Torres, A. Verdun and H. Zimmermann (eds), EMU Rules: the Political and Economic Consequences of European Monetary Integration, Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp. 3148.Google Scholar
The governments of the Federal Republic of Germany, et al. (1955), ‘The Messina Declaration, 03 June’. Retrieved 4 December 2014 from http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/help/MessinaEN.pdfGoogle Scholar
Walters, W. and Haahr, J.H. (2005), Governing Europe. Discourse, Governmentality and European Integration, London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
White, J. (2010a), ‘Europe and the common’, Political Studies 58(1): 104122.Google Scholar
White, J. (2010b), ‘European integration by daylight’, Comparative European Politics 8(1): 5573.Google Scholar
Yanow, D. and Schwartz-Shea, P. (2006), Interpretation and Method. Empirical Research Methods and the Interpretive Turn, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Zhao, D. (2009), ‘The mandate of heaven and performance legitimation in historical and contemporary China’, American Behavioral Scientist 53(3): 416433.Google Scholar

Sources Cited

CEC (1958), ‘First General Report on the Activities of the Community (1/01/1958–17/09/1958)’, Brussels.Google Scholar
CEC (1960), ‘Third General Report on the Activities of the Community (2/03/1959–15/05/1960)’, Brussels.Google Scholar
CEC (1961), ‘Fourth General Report on the Activities of the Community (16/051960–30/04/1961)’, Brussels.Google Scholar
CEC (1972), ‘Report of the Working Party examining the problem of the enlargement of the powers of the European Parliament. “Vedel Report”’, Bulletin of the European Communities [henceforth BEC], Supplement 4/72, Brussels.Google Scholar
CEC (1973), ‘Document on the European Identity published by the Nine Foreign Ministers in Copenhagen on 14 December 1973, “Declaration on European Identity”’, BEC 1973(12): 118122.Google Scholar
CEC (1976), ‘European Union. Report by Mr. Leo Tindemans, Prime Minister of Belgium, to the European Council, 27 December 1975’, BEC Supplement 1/76: 1135.Google Scholar
CEC (1985), ‘Reports from the Ad Hoc Committee on a People’s Europe, Brussels, chaired by Pietro Adonnino, 25 and 26 June 1985, and 29 and 30 March 1985’, Bulletin of the European Economic Community [henceforth BEEC] Supplement 7/85: 233.Google Scholar
CEC (1988a), ‘A People’s Europe. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament (7/071988). COM 88 331/final’, BEC, Supplement 2.Google Scholar
CEC (1988b), Research on the “Cost of Non-Europe”: Basic Findings. Vol. 1, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities [henceforth OOPEC], Luxembourg.Google Scholar
CEC (1995), ‘Report on the Operation of the Treaty on European Union’ (SEC (95)731 final. 10/05/1995), Brussels.Google Scholar
CEC (2001), ‘European Governance. A White Paper’ (COM (2001) 428 final. 25.07.2001), Brussels.Google Scholar
Council (1984), ‘Conclusions of the Sessions of the European Council, Fontainebleau, 25 and 26 June’, BEC, 1984(6), 10–11.Google Scholar
de Gaulle, C. (1965), ‘Twelfth press conference held by General de Gaulle as President of the Fifth Republic at the Elysee Palace on 09/09/1965’. Retrieved 3 December 2014 from http://aei.pitt.edu/5356/01/001815_1.pdfGoogle Scholar
EP (1963a), ‘Résolution du Parlement européen, du 27 juin 1963, sur les compétences et les pouvoirs du Parlement européen’, Journal officiel des Communautés européennes [henceforth JOCE}, 106(12/07/1963), 1916–63.Google Scholar
EP (1963b), ‘Rapport fait au nom de la commission politique sur les compétences et les pouvoirs du Parlement européen. Rapporteur Hans Furler. Documents de séance 31, 14/06/1963’, EP Session Documents 1963–64, 31.Google Scholar
EP (1969), ‘Résolution relative à l'élection des membres du Parlement européen au suffrage universel direct (12/03/1969)’, JOCE, 41(01/04/1969), 12.Google Scholar
EP (1984), ‘Draft Treaty establishing the European Union, adopted on 14 February 1984 (‘Spinelli Draft’)’, BEC 1984: 2.Google Scholar
EPA (1960a), ‘Textes relatifs à l'élection de l'Assemblée parlementaire européenne au suffrage universel direct’, JOCE 60: 2/061960.Google Scholar
EPA (1960b), ‘Rapport fait au nom la commission des affairs politiques et des questions institutionnelles sur l'élection de l'Assemblée parlementaire européenne au suffrage universel direct’, 30/04/1960, EP Session Documents 1960–61(22).Google Scholar
Haas, E.B. (1963), ‘[1968] Technocracy, Pluralism and the New Europe’, in J. Nye (ed.), International Regionalism: Readings, Boston, MA: Little Brown, pp. 149176.Google Scholar
Haas, E.B. (1968), The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950–1957, Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hallstein, W. (1951), Der Schuman-Plan. Nachschrift des am 28.04.1951 in der Aula der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main gehaltenen Vortrages, Frankfurt/Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 729.Google Scholar
Hallstein, W. (1955), ‘Auf dem Weg zur europäischen Einheit. German radio broadcast on the decisions taken at Messina in June 1955’, Bulletin des Presse- und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung, 06/12/1955 (No. 228).Google Scholar
Hallstein, W. (1959), ‘Moves toward integration. Article by Professor Walter Hallstein, President of the Commission of the European Economic Community’, The Times Review of Industry, 01/1959.Google Scholar
Hallstein, W. (1965), Address by Professor Dr. Walter Hallstein President of the Commission of the European Economic Community, given at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, London 25/031965, 3574/X/65-E CEEC.Google Scholar
Mansholt, S. (1958), Address given by Sicco Mansholt at the Agriculture Conference of the EEC Member States (Stresa, 3–12/07/1958), in Communauté européenne (ed.), Recueil des documents de la Conférence agricole des Etats membres de la Communauté économique européenne à Stresa du 3 au 12 juillet 1958. Luxembourg: Service des publications des Communautés européennes, pp. 231–236.Google Scholar
Marjolin, R. (1958), The free world’s stake in the Common Market. Address by the Honorable Robert Marjolin, Vice-President of the Commission of the European Economic Community, before a joint meeting of the International Press Institute and the American Society of Newspaper Editors. Washington, DC, 17 April 1958.Google Scholar
Martino, G. (1957), Address given by Gaetano Martino at the ceremony held to mark the signing of the Rome Treaties (Rome, 25/03/1957). Archives historiques du Conseil de l'Union européenne, Bruxelles, CM3/NEGO/098.Google Scholar
Monnet, J. (1962), ‘L'Europe unie sera démocratique’, BEEC 03/1963(3).Google Scholar
Monnet, J. (1978), Memoirs, London, Collins.Google Scholar
Prodi, R. (2000), ‘Speech to the European Parliament on 15/02/2000. “Shaping the New Europe”’. Retrieved 5 December 2006 from http://ec.europa.eu/governance/docs/archives_en.htmGoogle Scholar
Prodi, R. (2001), ‘Speech to the European Parliament on 04/09/2001. “The European Union and its Citizens: a Matter of Democracy”’, Retrieved 5 December 2006 from http://ec.europa.eu/governance/docs/archives_en.htmGoogle Scholar
Santer, J. (1985), ‘Déclaration de Monsieur Jacques Santer, Président du Gouvernement, Président en exercise du Conseil Européen sur la Session du Conseil Européen de Milan les 28 et 29 juin 1985’, Bulletin de documentation, 4, 14–8.Google Scholar
Sternberg, C. (2013), The Struggle for EU Legitimacy: Public Contestation, 1950–2005, Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Spaak, P.H. (1957), ‘Discours à l'occasion de la signature des Traités instituant la Communauté Economique Européenne et la Communauté Européenne de l'Energie Atomique (25/03/1957)’, Archives historiques des Communautés européennes, Florence, Villa Il Poggiolo. CM/3/NEGO/091.Google Scholar
van der Stoel, M. (1976), Speech by the President of the Council of the European Communities, Max van der Stoel, to mark the signing of the Act concerning the election of the representatives of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage (20/09/1976), in Directorate-General for Information (ed.), European Elections May–June 1978. LuxembourgGoogle Scholar
Vignon, J. (2000), ‘Preface’, in O. De Schutter, N. Lebessis and J. Paterson (eds), Governance in the European Union. ‘Cahiers’ of the Forward Studies Unit at the European Commission, Brussels: OOPEC, pp. 34.Google Scholar