Abstract
390 Stockholm city buildings with sculptural decorations, or facades, of limestone or quartzitic sandstone have been investigated. The observed damage has been expressed by digital codes. The chemical analysis was mainly undertaken with SEM/EDS. The study has verified that quartzitic sandstone is more resistant towards weathering than limestone. Coarse-grained limestone with pores and cracks are most weathering-prone. Climatic conditions and air pollution are the major causes of the degradation. The data have been evaluated by means of statistical multivariate analysis. There are significant relationships between car traffic and damage, and between car traffic and soiling, also between observed damage and present degree of sulphation at limestone surfaces. The most common damage is pitting and soiling.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bell, F. G.: 1993, Environmental Geology 21, 187.
Braun, R. C. and Wilson, M. J. G.: 1970, Atmospheric Environment 4, 371.
Butlin, R. N., Coote, A. T., Deverish, M., Hughes, I. S. C., Hutchens, C. M., Irwin, J. G., Lloyd, G. D., Massey, S. W., Webb, A. H. and Yates, T. J. S.: 1992, Atmospheric Environment 26B, 189.
Butlin, R. N., Yates, T. J. S., Murrey, M. and Ashall, G.: 1995, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 85, 2655.
Camuffo, D., DelMonte, M. and Sabbioni, C.: 1983, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 19, 351.
Chang, S. G., Toossi, R. and Novakov, T.: 1981, Atmospheric Environment 15, 1287.
Cooke, R. U. and Gibbs, G. B.: 1993, Crumbling heritage – Studies of stone weathering in polluted atmospheres. National Power PLC and PowerGen PLC, U.K.
Elfving, P.: 1994, Dissertation (in English), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göteborg, Sweden.
Fassina, V.: 1988, Durability of Building Materials 5, 317.
Feilden, B.: 1988, Durability of Building Materials 5, 239.
Grgić, I., Hudnik, V. and Bizjak, M.: 1993, Atmospheric Environment 27A, 1409.
Haber, J., Haber, H., Kosłowski, R., Magiera, J. and Pluska, I.: 1988, Durability of BuildingMaterials 5, 499.
Jollife, I. T.: 1986, Principal Component Analysis, Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, Tokyo.
Kathol, B.: 1991, 1992, Inventory of Natural Building Stone in Stockholm. Internal Reports (in Swedish) from the Dept. of Geology, University of Stockholm.
Lewry A. J., Bigland, D. J. and Butlin, R. N.: 1992, Proc. Internat. Congr. Deter. Conserv. Stone, Lisboa, pp. 641–650.
McGee, E. S. and Mossotti, V. G.: 1992, Atmospheric Environment 26B, 249.
Nilsson, U. and Schönbäck, H.: 1993, Decorative Facade Stone in Central Stockholm (in Swedish). The Stockholm City Museum, Stockholm.
Nord, A. G., Svärdh, A. and Tronner, K.: 1994, Atmospheric Environment 28, 2615.
Nord, A. G. and Tronner, K.: 1991, Stone Weathering, Konserveringstekniska Studier 4, 1. Central Board of National Antiquities, Stockholm.
Nord, A. G. and Tronner, K.: 1995, Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 85, 2719.
Pye, K. and Schiavon, N.: 1989, Nature 342, 663.
Sabbioni, C. and Zappia, G.: 1993, Atmospheric Environment 27A, 1331.
Saiz-Jimenez, C.: 1993, Atmospheric Environment 27B, 77.
Webb, A. H., Bawden, R. J., Busby, A. K. and Hopkins, J. N.: 1992, Atmospheric Environment 26B, 165.
Wold, S., Albano, C. and Dunn, W. J.: 1984, Analysis 12, 477.
Wold, S., Esbensen, K. and Geladi, P.: 1987, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 2, 37.
Zivas, D. A.: 1988, Durability of Building Materials 5, 475.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nord, A.G., Holenyi, K. Sulphur Deposition and Damage on Limestone and Sandstone iN Stockholm City Buildings. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 109, 147–162 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005037617131
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005037617131