Effects of Sample Size on Surface-Tension Measurements of Nickel in Reduced-Gravity Parabolic Flights

Abstract

Surface tensions of molten metals have been reported in the literature by application of many “standard” techniques: sessile-drop, maximum bubble pressure, pendant-drop, and capillary-rise methods. Great experimental care must be exercised to ensure the absence of contamination, and containerless techniques based upon the classical theory of oscillations of a liquid drop are being developed for high-precision measurements on reactive alloys. Droplet positioning and heating can be efficiently accomplished by electromagnetic levitation, although additional modes of oscillation can be excited and the fundamental oscillation mode can be shifted to higher frequencies due to asymmetries in droplet shape when experiments are performed in earth-based laboratories. These additional factors associated with 1 g experiments significantly complicate data analysis. An electromagnetic levitator has been developed at Auburn University to test containerless processing methods for characterizing the surface tension of high temperature, reactive melts. Recent oscillating drop experiments with nickel samples utilizing electromagnetic levitation in the low-g environment of NASA's KC-135 research aircraft have shown droplet oscillations in the primary mode and at the fundamental frequency. A series of experiments was performed with droplets covering a range of sizes (i.e., mass), and the largest samples exhibited the largest deviations from Rayleigh's simple theory. The smallest samples exhibited oscillatory behavior consistent with Rayleigh's simple theory. An uncertainty analysis showed that the oscillating-drop technique should provide uncertainties in surface tension of ±0.1 to 2.0percnt; depending upon the uncertainty in the mass of the sample.