Skip to main content
Log in

The Effects of Cultural Dimensions on Ethical Decision Making in Marketing: An Exploratory Study

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As more and more firms operate globally, an understanding of the effects of cultural differences on ethical decision making becomes increasingly important for avoiding potential business pitfalls and for designing effective international marketing management programs. Although several articles have addressed this area in general, differences along specific, cultural dimensions have not been directly examined. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine differences in ethical decision making within Hofstede's cultural framework. The results confirm the utility of Hofstede's cultural dimensions and place ethical decision making within an overall theoretical framework. Sales agents from a high power distance, uncertainty avoidant, Confucian, collectivist culture (i.e., Taiwan) placed more value on company and fellow employee interests (vis-à-vis self interests) than did managers from a masculine, individualistic culture (i.e., the United States). American and Taiwanese managers did not differ in their deontological norms or on the importance that they placed on customer interests. The theoretical and managerial importance of these findings are also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alden, Dana L., Wayne D. Hoyer and Chol Lee: 1993, 'Identifying Global and Culture-Specific Dimensions of Humor in Advertising: A Multinational Analysis', Journal of Marketing 57 (April), 64–75.

  • Armstrong, Robert W. and Jill Sweeney: 1994, 'Industry Type, Culture, Mode of Entry, and Perceptions of International Marketing Ethics Problems: A Cross-Cultural Comparison', Journal of Business Ethics 13, 775–785.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, Robert: 1967, 'A Model for Ethics in Marketing', Journal of Marketing 31 (January), 20–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, S. N. and E. A. Molander: 1977, 'Is the Ethics of Business Executives Changing?', Harvard Business Review 55, 57–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, M. H. and G. Hofstede: 1989, 'The Cash Value of Confucian Values', Human Systems Management 8, 195–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budner, Stanley: 1962, 'Intolerance of Ambiguity as a Personality Variable', Journal of Personality 30, 29–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, Chi-Yun: 1957, The Essence of Chinese Culture (China Engraving & Printing Works, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, Kuochung and Cherng G. Ding: 1995, 'The Influence of Culture on Industrial Buying Selection Criteria in Taiwan and Mainland China', Industrial Marketing Management 24, 277–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese Culture Connection (a group of 22 researchers, 1987): 'Chinese Values and the Search for Culture-free Dimensions of Culture', Journal of Cross-CulturalPsychology 18(2), 143–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, Terry: 1990, 'International Marketing and National Character: A Review and Proposal for an Integrative Theory', Journal of Marketing (October), 66–79.

  • England, G. W.: 1975, The Manager and His Values: International Perspective (Ballinger Publishing Co., Cambridge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C. and L. G. Gresham: 1985, 'A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing', Journal of Marketing (Summer), 87–96.

  • Ferrell, O. C. and S. J. Skinner: 1988, 'Ethical Behavior and Bureaucratic Structure in Marketing Research Organizations', Journal of Marketing Research 25 (February), 103–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, Robert C. and Woodrow D. Richardson: 1994, 'Ethical Decision Making: A Review of the Empirical Literature', Journal of Business Ethics 13, 205–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, L. V.: 1976, Survey of Interpersonal Values-Revised Manual (Science Research Associates, Chicago).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G.: 1983, 'National Cultures in Four Dimensions: A Research-Based Theory of Cultural Differences Among Nations', International Studies of Management & Organization 13 (Spring/Summer), 46–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G.: 1984, Culture' Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Abridged Edition (Sage, Beverly Hills).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G.: 1985, 'The Interaction Between National and Organizational Value Systems', Journal of Management Studies 22(4), 347–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G.: 1991, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (McGraw-Hill Book Company (U.K.) Limited, Berkshire, England).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. and Michael H. Bond: 1984, 'Hofstede' Culture Dimensions: An Independent Validation Using Rokeach' Value Survey', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 15(4), 417–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D., L. B. Chonko and J. B. Wilcox: 1984, 'Ethical Problems of Marketing Researchers', Journal of Marketing Research 21 (August), 309–324.

  • Hunt, S. D. and Scott J. Vitell: 1986, 'A General Theory of Marketing Ethics', Journal of Macromarketing (Spring), 5–16.

  • Hunt, S. D. and Scott J. Vitell: 1992, 'The General Theory of Marketing Ethics: A Retrospective and Revision', in J. Quelch and C. Smith (eds.), Ethics in Marketing (Irwin, Chicago, IL).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kluckhohn, F. R. and F. L. Strodtbeck: 1961, Variations in Value Orientations (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laczniak, Gene R.: 1993, 'Marketing Ethics: Onward Toward Greater Expectations', Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 12(1), 91–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, Michael, George M. Zinkhan and Judy Harris: 1993, 'Consumer Tipping: A Cross-Country Study', Journal of Consumer Research 20 (December), 478–488.

  • Mason, J. Barry, William O. Bearden and Lynne D. Richardson: 1990, 'Perceived Conduct and Professional Ethics Among Marketing Faculty', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 18(3), 185–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P. E. and G. R. Laczniak: 1981, 'Marketing Ethics: A Review with Implications for Managers, Educators and Researchers', in B. M. Enis and K. J. Roering (eds.), Review of Marketing (American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL), pp. 251–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakata, Cheryl and K. Sivakumar: 1996, 'National Culture and New Product Development: An Integrative Review', Journal of Marketing 60 (January), 61–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng, S. H. et al.: 1982, 'Human Values in Nine Countries', in R. Rath Lisse (ed.), Diversity and Unity in Cross-Cultural Psychology (Swets & Zeitlinger, Netherlands).

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, Robert W.: 1975, 'Measurement of Ambiguity Tolerance', Journal of Personality Assessment 39(6), 607–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyaw, Mee-Kau and Ignace Ng: 1994, 'A Comparative Analysis of Ethical Beliefs: A Four Country Study', Journal of Business Ethics 13, 543–555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, Talcott and E. A. Shils: 1951, Toward a General Theory of Action (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peabody, Dean: 1985, National Characteristics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rokeach, M.: 1973, The Nature of Human Values (Free Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, Gregory M.: 1997, 'Cross-Cultural Research: Implications for International Advertising', in Lynn R. Kahle and Larry Chiagouris (eds.), Values, Lifestyles, and Psychographics (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ), pp. 389–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, Martin S.: 1995, 'The Effects of Culture and Socioeconomics on the Performance of Global Brand Image Strategies', Journal of Marketing Research 32 (May), 163–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, J. Philippe and Roland D. Chrisjohn (1981), 'Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and Self-reported Delinquency: Evidence From Eight Separate Samples', Personality and Individual Differences 2, 11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlegelmilch, Bodo B.: 1995, 'Ethics and Social Responsibility in International Marketing: Differences in Perception of Ethical Issues Between Europe and the U.S.', Paper presented at the American Marketing Faculty Consortium (Hofstra University, New York, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, Shalom H.: 1992, 'Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries', in M. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 25, (Academic, Orlando, FL), pp. 1–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, Shalom H.: 1994, 'Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values?', Journal of Social Issues 50(4), 19–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, Shalom H. and Wolfgang Bilsky: 1990, 'Toward a Theory of the Universal Content and Structure of Values: Extensions and Cross-Cultural Replications', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58, 878–891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, Anusorn and Scott J. Vitell Jr.: 1990, 'Marketing Ethics: Factors Influencing Perceptions of Ethical Problems and Alternatives', Journal of Macromarketing 10 (Spring), 4–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, Anusorn and Scott J. Vitell Jr.: 1992, 'Marketing Ethics: Sales Professionals Versus Other Marketing Professionals', Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management 12(2), 27–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, Anusorn, Scott J. Vitell Jr. and Orose Leelakulthanit: 1994, 'A Cross-Cultural Study of Moral Philosophies, Ethical Perceptions and Judgements: A Comparison of American and Thai Marketers', International Marketing Review 11(6), 65–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sondergaard, Mikael: 1994, 'Research Note: Hofstede' Consequences: A Study of Reviews, Citations and Replications', Organization Studies 15(3), 447–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, Harry C.: 1995, Individualism and Collectivism (Westview Press, Inc., Boulder, CO).

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, Harry C., Robert Bontempo, Marcelo J. Villareal, Masaaki Asai and Nydia Lucca: 1988, 'Individualism and Collectivism: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Self-Ingroup Relationships', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54(2), 323–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, Scott J.: 1986, Marketing Ethics: Conceptual and Empirical Foundations of a Positive Theory of Decision Making in Marketing Situations Having Ethical Content (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, Scott J., James R. Lumpkin and Mohammed Y. A. Rawwas: 1991, 'Consumer Ethics: An Investigation of the Ethical Beliefs of Elderly Consumers', Journal of Business Ethics 10, 365–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, Scott J., Saviour L. Nwachukwu and James H. Barnes: 1993, 'The Effects of Culture on Ethical Decision-Making: An Application of Hofstede' Typology', Journal of Business Ethics 12, 753–760.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voich, Dan Jr.: 1995, Comparative Empirical Analysis of Cultural Values and Perceptions of Political EconomyIssues (Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT).

    Google Scholar 

  • White, Louis P. and Melanie J. Rhodeback: 1992, 'Ethical Dilemmas in Organization Development: A Cross-Cultural Analysis', Journal of Business Ethics 11, 663–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi, Susumu: 1994, 'Collectivism Among the Japanese: A Perspective From the Self', in Uichol Kim, Harry C. Triandis, Cigdem Kagitcibasi, Sang-Chin Choi and Gene Yoon (eds.), Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications (Sage Publications, London, U.K.), pp. 175–188.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lu, LC., Rose, G.M. & Blodgett, J.G. The Effects of Cultural Dimensions on Ethical Decision Making in Marketing: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Business Ethics 18, 91–105 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006038012256

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006038012256

Keywords

Navigation