Abstract
This paper deals with what has been called "ars inveniendi" (’art of finding‘) in antiquity, medieval and early modern times. A survey of different techniques of finding tenable and relevant arguments is presented (among them, the Topical tradition, Status theory, Debate theory, Encyclopedic systems, Creativity techniques). Their advantages and disadvantages are critically compared. It is suggested that a mixture of strategies of finding arguments should be used. Finally, a few remarks showing the relationship beween the strategies of finding arguments and creativity in general are given.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Aristotle: 1959, Rhetoric. Ed. by W. D. Ross. Oxford UP, Oxford.
Aristotle: 1960, Posterior Analytics. Ed. and transl. by H. Tredennick. Topica. Ed. and transl. by E. S. Forster. Heinemann, London.
Arnauld, A.: 1965, La Logique ou l'Art de Penser. Ed. by B. von Freytag-Löringhoff and H. E. Brekle. Tome I. Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart.
Braet, A. and R. Berkenbosch: 1989, Debatteren over beleid, Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen.
Berkenbosch, R. and A. Braet: 1991, ‘The Use of Argumentation Schemes in the Preparation for Academic Debate’, in F. H. Van Eemeren, R. Grootendorst, J. A. Blair and Ch. A. Willard (eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Argumentation, Sic Sat, Amsterdam, pp. 1214–1218.
Braet, A.: 1984, De antieke statusleer in modern perspectief, Wolters-Nordhoff, Groningen.
Chomsky, N.: 1964, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, The Hague, Mouton.
Cicero: 1884, De Inventione. Ed. by W. Friedrich. Teubner, Leipzig.
Cicero: 1976, De Oratore. Ed. and transl. by H. Merklin, Reclam, Stuttgart.
Eco, U.: 1994, Die Suche nach der vollkommenen Sprache, Beck, München.
Eemeren, F. H. van and R. Grootendorst: 1984, Speech Acts in Argumentative Discussions, Foris, Dordrecht.
Eemeren, F. H. van and R. Grootendorst: 1992, Argumentation, Communication, and Fallacies, NJ: Erlbaum, Hillsdale.
Eemeren, F. H. van, R. Grootendorst and F. Snoeck Henkemans: 1996, Fundamentals of Argumentation Theory, Erlbaum, Mahwah, N.J.
Freeley, A. J.: 1986, Argumentation and Debate, Wadsworth, Belmont.
Galtung, J.: 1979, ‘On the Structure of Creativity’, in J. Galtung, Papers on Methodology. Vol. II, Ejlers, Copenhagen, pp. 210–226.
Gottsched, J. Chr.: 1975, Ausführliche Redekunst, De Gruyter, Berlin.
Green-Pedersen, N. J.: 1984, The Tradition of the Topics in the Middle Ages, Philosophia, München.
Hofmeister, R.: 1993, Rhetorik. Vol. I. Andreas and Andreas, Salzburg.
Hofstadter, D. R.: 1986. Gödel, Escher, Bach, Klett, Stuttgart.
Kennedy, G.: 1972, The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World, Princeton UP, Princeton.
Kennedy, G.: 1983, Greek Rhetoric under Christian Emperors, Princeton UP, Princeton.
Kienpointner, M.: 1992, Alltagslogik, Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart.
Kienpointner, M.: 1996, Vernünftig argumentieren, Rowohlt, Reinbek.
Koetsenrujter, V. and P. Slot: 1990, Het schrijven van betogen, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden.
Koestler, a.: 1966, Der göttliche Funke. Der schöpferische Akt in Kunst und Wissenschaft, Scherz, Bern.
Lamy, B.: 1969, La Rhétorique ou l'Art de Parler, Brighton.
Lasswell, H. D.: 1948, ‘The Structure and Function of Communication in Society’, in L. Bryson (ed.), The Communication of Ideas, Harper, New York, pp. 37–51.
Matthaeus Vindocinensis: 1988, Ars versificatoria. Ed. by F. Munari. Ed. di Storia e Letteratura, Roma.
Murphy, J. J.: 1974, Rhetoric in the Middle Ages, Univ. of California Press, Berkeley.
Naess, A.: 1975, Kommunikation und Argumentation, Scriptor, Kronberg.
Pater, W. A. de: 1965, Les Topiques d'Aristote et la Dialectique Platonicienne, Editions St. Paul, Fribourg.
Prakke, H.: 1965, ‘Die Lasswell-Formel und ihre rhetorischen Ahnen’, Publizistik 10, 285–291.
Raccah, P. Y.: 1990, ‘Modelling Argumentation and Modelling with Argumentation’, Argumentation 4(4), 447–483.
Scheitlin, V.: 1993, Kreativität, Orell Füssli, Zürich.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kienpointner, M. On the Art of Finding Arguments: What Ancient and Modern Masters of Invention Have to Tell Us About the "Ars Inveniendi". Argumentation 11, 225–236 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007738732374
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007738732374