Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

In vitro culture and genetic engineering of Populus spp.: synergy for forest tree improvement

  • Published:
Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Populus species and hybrids are intensively cultivated as sources of woody biomass for the forest products industry and for reforestation of lowlands in temperate regions of the world. However, the long generation time of trees, the presence of seasonal dormancy and the prolonged period required for evaluation of mature traits are strong limitations for classical breeding and selection. The development of methods for in vitro culture and genetic engineering has increased the possibility of producing poplar genotypes improved in insect pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, growth rate and wood quality, or reduction in undesirable traits. Poplar has become a model system in forest tree biotechnology due to several useful features: small genome size, short rotation cycle, rapid growth rate and ease of vegetative propagation. The combination of molecular techniques and classical breeding will help create forest trees with positive effects on the environment. However, risks associated with the biotechnological applications (concerning the impact on biodiversity, long-term adaptation, transgene inheritance and stability) should be carefully evaluated and field tests performed with transgenic poplar.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abe K, Kondo H & Arai S (1987) Purification and characterization of a rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor. Agric. Biol. Chem. 51: 2763-2768

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahuja MR (1983) Somatic cell differentiation and rapid clonal propagating of aspen. Silvae Genet. 32: 131-135

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahuja MR (1986) Aspen. In: Evans DA, Shalp WR & Ammirato PJ (eds) Handbook of Plant Cell Culture. Techniques and Applications Vol. 4 (pp. 626-651). Macmillan Publishing Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahuja MR (1987a) In vitro propagation of poplar and aspen. In: Bonga JM & Durzan DJ (eds) Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry, Case Histories: Gymnosperms, Angiosperms and Palms Vol.3 (pp. 207-223). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahuja MR (1987b) Somaclonal variation. In: Bonga JM & Durzan DJ (eds) Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry (pp. 272-285). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahuja MR & Fladung M (1996) Stability and expression of chimeric genes in Populus. In: Ahuja MR, Boerjan W & Neale DB (eds) Somatic Cell Genetics and Molecular Genetics of Trees (pp. 89-96). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Allegro G (1987) Un nemico nuovo per la pioppicoltura italiana: l'ifantria americana (Hyphantria cunea Drury). Econ. Mont. 19: 50-53

    Google Scholar 

  • Allegro G & Giorcelli A (1997) La difesa del vivaio di pioppo. L'Informatore agrario 47: 49-56

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen GC, Hall GE Jr., Childs LC, Weissinger AK, Spiker S & Thompson WF (1993) Scaffold attachment regions increase reporter gene expression in stably transformed plant cells. Plant Cell 5: 603–613

    Google Scholar 

  • Augustin S, Courtin C & Delplanque A (1993) Poplar clone effect on development, mortality, fecundity and longevity of C. populi and C. tremulae (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae). J. Appl. Entomol 115: 370-378

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldursson S, Krogstrup P & Norgaard JV (1993) Microspore embryogenesis in anther culture of three species of Populus and regeneration of dihaploid plants of Populus trichocarpa. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 1821-1825

    Google Scholar 

  • Balestrazzi A, Confalonieri M, Allegro G, Fogher C, Albertini A, Galizzi A & Cella R (1994)Regeneration of Populus nigra transgenic plants containing genes for insect pest resistance. In: Abstracts 8th International Congress of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, Firenze, 12-17 June 1994

  • Balestrazzi A, Carbonera D & Confalonieri M (2000) Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of elite white poplar (Populus alba L.) and regeneration of transgenic plants. J. Genet. Breed. 54: 263-270

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry G, Kishore G, Padgette S, Taylor M, Kolacz K, Weldon M, Re D, Eichholtz D, Finch K & Hallas L (1992) Inhibitors of amino acid biosynthesis: strategies for imparting glyphosate tolerance to crop plants. In: Singh BK, Flores HE & Shannon JC (eds) Biosynthesis and Molecular Regulation of Amino Acids in Plants (pp. 139-145). American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Baucher M, Chabbert B, Pilate G, Van Doorsselaere J, Tollier MT, Petit-Conil M, Cornu D, Monties B, Van Montagu M, Inzé D, Jouanin L & Boerjan W (1996) Red xylem and higher lignin extractability by down-regulating a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase in poplar. Plant Physiol. 112: 1479-1490

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisoffi S, Cagelli L and Vietto L (1999) Risorse Genetiche di Pioppo per la Conservazione e il Miglioramento Genetico. Atti Workshop S.I.S.E.F. ‘Analisi e Conservazione Delle Risorse Genetiche Forestali Italiane’, Roma, 14 Dicembre 1998.

  • Bourgin JP & Nitsch JP (1967) Obtention de Nicotiana haploïdes à partir d'étamines cultiveées in vitro. Ann. Physiol.Veg. Paris 9: 377-382

    Google Scholar 

  • Boylan MT & Quail PH (1989) Oat phytochrome is biologically active in transgenic tomatoes. Plant Cell 1: 765-773

    Google Scholar 

  • Brasileiro ACM, Leplé JC, Muzzin J, Ounnoughi D, Michel MF & Jouanin L (1991) An alternative approach for gene transfer in trees using wild type Agrobactirium strains. Plant Mol. Biol. 17: 441-452

    Google Scholar 

  • Brasileiro ACM, Tourneur C, Leplé JC, Combes V & Jouanin L (1992) Expression of the mutant Arabidopsis thaliana acetolactate synthase gene confers chlorsulfuron resistance to transgenic poplar plants. Trans. Res. 1: 133-141

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellani E & Cellerino GP (1970) Poplar Disease Situation in Italy. FAO/IPC/DIS, Farnham (UK), 27 September-3 October 1970

  • Cervera MT, Storme V, Ivens B, Gusmao J, Liu BH, Hostyn V, Van Slycken J, Van Montagu M & Boerjan W (2001) Dense genetic linkage maps of three Populus species (Populus deltoides, P. nigra and P. trichocarpa) based on AFLP and microsatellite markers. Genetics 158: 787-809

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalupa V (1974) Control of root and shoot formation and production of trees from poplar callus. Biol. Plant. 16: 316-320

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalupa V (1975) Induction of organogenesis in forest tree tissue cultures. Commun. Inst. For. Czech. 9: 39-50

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalupa V (1983) Micropropagation of conifer and broad leaved forest trees. Commun. Inst. For. Czech. 13: 7-39

    Google Scholar 

  • Charenon J & Taris B (1960) Remarques sur la structure des tissus néoformes et l'apparition d'organes spécialisés chez quatre cultivars de Populus et chez Salix alba cultivés in vitro. CR Acad. Sci. 251: 2070-2071

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheema GS (1989) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from cell suspension and tissue culture of mature Himalayan poplar (Populus ciliata). Plant Cell Rep. 8: 124-127

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi WY, Lee SK & Lee BS (1987) Effects of aluminum on growth of P. koreana × P. nigra var. italica through cell and callus culture in vitro. Res. Rep. Inst. For. Gen. Korea 23: 132-136

    Google Scholar 

  • Christianson ML & Warnick DA (1988) Physiological genetics of organogenesis in vitro. In: Hanover JW & Keathley DE (eds) Genetic Manipulation of Woody Plants (pp.101-115). Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Christie CB (1978) Rapid propagation of aspens and silver poplar using tissue culture techniques. Int. Plant Prop. Soc. Proc. 28: 256-260

    Google Scholar 

  • Christou P (1992) Genetic transformation of crop plants using microprojectile bombardment. Plant J. 2: 275-281

    Google Scholar 

  • Chun YW, Hall RB & Stephens LC (1986) Influences of medium consistency and shoot density on in vitro shoot proliferation of Populus alba × Populus grandidentata. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 5: 179-185

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung KH, Park YG, Noh ER & Chun YW(1989) Transformation of Populus alba × P.glandulosa by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. J. Korean For. Soc. 78: 372-380

    Google Scholar 

  • Chupeau MC, Lemoine M & Chupeau Y (1993) Requirement of thidiazuron for healthy protoplast development to efficient tree regeneration of a hybrid poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba). J. Plant Physiol. 141: 601-609

    Google Scholar 

  • Chupeau MC, Pautot V & Chupeau Y (1994) Recovery of transgenic trees after electroporation of poplar protoplasts. Trans. Res. 3: 13-19

    Google Scholar 

  • Coaloa D (1999) Condizioni favorevoli all'espansione della pioppicoltura. L'Informatore agrario 55: 79-82

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman GC & Ernst SG (1989) In vitro shoot regeneration of Populus deltoides: effect on cytokinin and genotype. Plant Cell Rep. 8: 459-462

    Google Scholar 

  • Columbo L, Franken J, van der Krol AR, Wittich PE, Dons HJM & Angenent GC (1997) Downregulation of ovule-specific MADS box genes from petunia results in maternally controlled defects in seed development. Plant Cell 9: 703-715

    Google Scholar 

  • Confalonieri M, Balestrazzi A & Bisoffi S (1994) Genetic transformation of Populus nigra by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Cell Rep. 13: 256-261

    Google Scholar 

  • Confalonieri M, Balestrazzi A, Bisoffi S & Cella R (1995) Factors affecting Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in several black poplar clones. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 43: 215-222

    Google Scholar 

  • Confalonieri M, Balestrazzi A & Cella R (1997a) Genetic transformation of Populus deltoides and P.3euramericana clones using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 48: 53-61

    Google Scholar 

  • Confalonieri M, Allegro G & Delledonne M (1997b) Transgenic black poplars expressing different soybean protease inhibitors genes. In:Abstracts of Joint Meeting of the IUFRO Working Parties ‘somatic Cell Genetics and Molecular Genetics of Trees’, S.04-07-S.04-06. Québec City, 12-16 August 1997

  • Confalonieri M, Allegro G, Balestrazzi A, Fogher C & Delledonne M (1998) Regeneration of Populus nigra transgenic plants expressing a Kunitz proteinase inhibitor (KTi 3) gene. Mol. Breed. 4: 137-145

    Google Scholar 

  • Confalonieri M, Belenghi B, Balestrazzi A, Negri S, Facciotto G, Schenone G & Delledonne M (2000a) Transformation of elite white poplar (Populus alba L.) cv ‘Villafranca’ and evaluation of herbicide resistance. Plant Cell Rep. 19: 978-982

    Google Scholar 

  • Confalonieri M, Sparvoli F, Balestrazzi A, Calligari P & Bollini R (2000b) Transformation of elite white poplar (Populus alba L.) with a stilbene synthase-encoding gene using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In: Isebrands JG & Richadson (eds). 21st Session of the International Poplar Commission (IPC 2000) Poplar and Willow Culture: Meeting the Needs of Society and the Environment. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-215. USDA, North Central Research Station (p. 39)

  • Confalonieri M, Reggi S, Anfosso L, Balestrazzi A, Calligari P, Bongiorni C & Fogher C (2002) Genetic transformation of white poplar with a Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb)-encoding gene and evaluation of growth rate and biomass production. In: Abstracts 10th International Congress of Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, Orlando, 23-28 June 2002

  • Cornu D, Leple JC, Bonnade-Bottino M, Ross A, Augustin S, Delplanque A, Jouanin L & Pilate G (1996) Expression of a proteinase inhibitor and a Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxin in transgenic poplars. In: Ahuja MR, Boerjan W & Neale DB (eds) Somatic Cell Genetics and Molecular Genetics of Trees (pp. 131-136). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • De Block M (1990) Factors influencing the tissue culture and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of hybrid aspen and poplar clones. Plant Physiol. 93: 1110-1116

    Google Scholar 

  • De Cleene M & De Ley J (1976) The host range of crown gall. Bot. Rev. 42: 389-466

    Google Scholar 

  • De Cleene M & De Ley J (1981) The host range of infectious hairy-root. Bot. Rev. 47: 147-194

    Google Scholar 

  • Delledonne M, Belenghi B & Confalonieri M (1998) Genetic transformation of white poplar with different cysteine proteinase inhibitor genes. In: Abstracts 9th International Congress of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, Jerusalem, 14-19 June 1998

  • Delledonne M, Allegro G, Belenghi B, Balestrazzi A, Picco F, Levine A, Zelasco S, Calligari P & Confalonieri M (2001) Transformation of white poplar (Populus alba L.) with a novel Arabidopsis thaliana cysteine proteinase inhibitor gene and analysis of insect pest resistance. Mol. Breed. 7: 35-42

    Google Scholar 

  • Devantier Y, Moffat B, Jones C & Charest PJ (1993) Microprojectile-mediated DNA delivery to the Salicaceae family. Can. J. Bot. 71: 1458-1466

    Google Scholar 

  • Devillard C (1992) Genetic transformation of aspen (Populus tremula3Populus alba) by Agrobacterium rhizogenes and re-generation of plants tolerant to herbicide.CR Acad. Sci. Paris 314: 291-298

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinus RJ, Stephens CJ & Chang S (1995) Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) Proceedings of the International Poplar Symposium: Poplar Biology and its Implications for Management and Conservation, 20-25 August 1995, Seattle,WA, USA (p. 42)

  • Donahue RA, Davis TD, Michler CH, Riemenschneider DE, Carter DR, Marquardt PE, Sankhla N, Sankhla D, Haissig BE & Isebrands JG (1994) Growth, photosynthesis, and herbicide tolerance of genetically modified hybrid poplar. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 2377-2383

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas GC (1984) Formation of adventitious buds in stem internodes of Populus spp. cultured in vitro on basal medium: influence of endogenous properties of explants. J. Plant Physiol. 116: 313-321

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas GC (1989) Poplar (Populus spp ). In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Trees II Vol.5 (pp. 300-323). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Driver JA & Kuniyuki AH (1984) In vitro propagation of paradox walnut rootstock. Hort. Sci. 19: 507-509

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumas B, Van Doorsselaere J, Gielen J, Legrand M, Fritig B, Van ´ Montagu M & Inze D (1992) Nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNA encoding O-methyltransferase from poplar. Plant Physiol. 98: 796-797

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebinuma H, Sugita K, Matsunaga E & Yamakado M (1997) Selection of marker-free transgenic plants using the isopentenyl transferase gene as a selectable marker. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 2117-2121

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards ML, Liu YY, Hawes WS, Henderson J & Cooper JI (1997) Coat protein mediated protection against poplar mosaic carlavirus in tobacco. Ann. Appl. Biol. 130: 261-270

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis DD, Rintamaki-Strait J, Francis K, Kleiner K, Raffa K & McCown B (1996) Transgene expression in spruce and poplar: from the lab to the field. In: Ahuja MR, Boerian W & Neal DB (eds) Somatic Cell Genetics and Molecular Genetics of Trees (pp. 159-163). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis DD & Raffa KF (1997) Expression of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxin in poplar. In: Klopfenstein NB, Chun YW, Kim MS & Ahuia MR (eds). Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering, and Molecular Biology of Populus. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GRT-297. USDA, Fort Collins CO (pp. 178-186)

    Google Scholar 

  • ENCC 1992. Insetti Parassiti del Pioppo. ENCC, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Endo S, Matsunaga E, Yamada K & Ebinuma H (1997) Genetic engineering for air-pollutant resistance in hybrid aspen. In: Klopfenstein NB, Chun YW, Kim MS & Ahuja MR (eds). Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering, and Molecular Biology of Populus. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-297. USDA, Fort Collins CO (pp. 187-191)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson ME, Israelsson M, Olsson O & Moritz T (2000) Increased giberellin biosynthesis in transgenic trees promotes growth, biomass production and xilem fiber length. Nat. Biotech. 18: 784-788

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst SG & Coleman GD (1991) The transition between shoot regeneration competence and callus determination in internodal stem explants of P. Deltoids. In: Ahuja MR (ed) Woody Plant Biotechnology (pp. 23-29). Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst SG (1993) In vitro culture of pure species non-aspen poplars. In: Ahuja MR (ed) Micropropagation of Woody Plants (pp. 195-207). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Espeseth AS, Darrow AL & Linney E (1993) Signal transduction systems: dominant negative strategies and mechanisms. Mol. Cell Diff. 1: 111-161

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO 1980. Poplars and Willows. FAO Forestry Collection No. 10, Rome

  • FAO 2000. Register of Populus L. Cultivars. CD-ROM, FAO, Rome

  • Fillatti JJ, Sellmer J, McCown B, Haissig B & Comai L (1987) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration of Populus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 206: 192-199

    Google Scholar 

  • Fladung M, Kumar S & Ahuja MR (1997) Genetic transformation of Populus genotypes with different chimeric gene constructs: transformation efficiency and molecular analysis. Trans. Res. 6: 111-121

    Google Scholar 

  • Fladung M (1999) Gene stability in transgenic aspen (Populus). Flanking DNA sequences and T-DNA structure. Mol. Gen. Genet. 260: 574-581

    Google Scholar 

  • Foyer CH, Souriau N, Perret S, Lelandais M, Kunert KJ, Pruvost C & Jouanin L (1995) Overexpression of glutathione reductase but not glutathione synthetase leads to increases in antioxidant capacity and resistance to photoinhibition in poplar trees. Plant Physiol. 109: 1047-1057

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis KE (1996) Genetic Transformation and Transgene Analysis of Hybrid Poplar Nm6 (p. Nigra3p. Maximowiczii), M.S. Thesis, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke R, McMichael CM, Meyer K, Shirley AM, Cusumano JC & Chapple C (2000) Modified lignin in tobacco and poplar plants overexpressing the Arabidopsis gene encoding ferulate 5-hydroxylase. Plant J. 22: 223-34

    Google Scholar 

  • Frewen BE, Chen THH, Howe GT, Davis J, Rohde A, Boerjan W & Bradsshow HD Jr. (2000) Quantitative trait loci and candidate gene mapping of bud set and bud flush in Populus. Genetics 154: 837-845

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry DJ, Douglas GC & Saieed N (1997) Somaclonal variation in Populus: an evaluation. In: Klopfenstein NB, Chun YW, Kim MS & Ahuja MR (eds). Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering, and Molecular Biology of Populus. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-297. USDA, Fort Collins CO (pp. 33-43)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautheret RJ (1934) Culture du tissu cambial. CR Acad. Sci. Paris 198: 2195-2196

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo F, Fu J, Canton FR, Garcia-Gutierrez A, Canovas FM & Kirby EG (1999) Expression of a conifer glutamine synthetase gene in transgenic poplar. Planta 210: 19-26

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorcelli A, Vietto L & Anselmi N (1990) The Melampsora of cultivated poplars in Italy: species, physiological races, territorial incidence and clonal susceptibility. 26th Sess. FAO/IPC/Dis Buenos Aires. FO:CIP:D/90/ 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorcelli A & Vietto L (1995) Influenza delle defogliazioni indotte da Melampsora spp. sulla suscettibilita del pioppo a Discosporium populeum (Sacc.) Sutton. In: Annual Meeting, Societa Italiana di PatologiaVegetale; Viterbo, 6-7 October 1995 (p. 57)

  • Giorcelli A & Vietto L (2000) Una nuova malattia per la pioppicoltura italiana? L'Informatore Agrario 24: 87-89

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon JC (2001) Poplars: trees of the people, trees of the future. The Forestry Chronicle 77: 217-219

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross G (1985) Biosynthesis and metabolism of phenolic acids and monolignols. In: Higuchi T (ed) Biosynthesis and Biodegradation of Wood Components (pp. 229-271). Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackett RM, Lawrence MJ & Franklin CH (1992) A Brassica S-locus related gene promoter directs expression in both pollen and pistil of tobacco. Plant J.2: 613-617

    Google Scholar 

  • Han K-H, Gordon MP & Strauss SH (1996) Cellular and molecular biology of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of plants and its application to genetic transformation of Populus. In: Stettler RF, Bradshaw HD, Heilman PE & Hinckley TM (eds) Biology of Populus and its Implication for Management and Conservation (pp. 201-222). National Research Council Canada, Ottawa ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Han K-H, Meilan R, Ma C & Strauss SH (2000) An Agrobacterium transformation protocol effective in a variety of cottonwood hybrids (genus Populus). Plant Cell Rep. 19: 315-320

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartley RW (1988) Barnase and Barstar: expression of its cloned inhibitor permits expression of a cloned ribonuclease. J. Mol. Biol. 202: 913-915

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson J, Gibbs MJ, Edwards ML, Clarke VA, Gardener KA & Cooper JI (1992) Partial nucleotide sequence of poplar mosaic virus RNA confirms its classification as a carlavirus. J. Gen. Virol. 83: 1887-1890

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertzberg M, Aspeborg H, Schrader J, Andersson A, Erlandsson R, Blomqvist K, Bhalerao R, Uhlen M, Teeri TT, Lundeberg J, Sundberg B, Nilsson P & Sandberg G (2001) A transcriptional roadmap to wood formation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 14732-14737

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuchelin SA & McNabb HS (1995)Extracellular proteases and pathogenesis of Septoria musiva in the leaf-spot /canker disease comples of Populus. In: Proceedings of the International Poplar Symposium: Poplar Biology and its Implications for Management and Conservation, 20-25 August 1995, Seattle WA, USA. (p. 80)

  • Heuchelin SA, McNabb HS & Klopfenstein NB (1997a) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Populus3euramericana ‘Ogy’ using the chimeric CaMV 35S-pin2 gene fusion. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 1041-1048

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuchelin SA, Jouanin L, Klopfenstein NB & McNabb HS (1997b) Potential of proteinase inhibitors for enhanced resistance to Populus arthropod and pathogen pests. In: Klopfenstein NB, Chun YW, Kim MS & Ahuia MR (eds). Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering, and Molecular Biology of Populus. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GRT-297, USDA, Fort Collins CO (pp. 173- 177)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitchcock AE & Zimmermann PW (1942) Root-inducing activity of phenoxy compounds in relation to their structure. Contrib. Boyce Thomp. Inst. 12: 497-507

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho RH & Raj Y (1985) Haploid plant production through anther culture in poplars. For. Ecol. Manag. 13: 133-142

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg N, Lilius G, Bailey JE & Bulow L (1997) Transgenic tobacco expressing Vitreoscilla hemoglobin exhibits enhanced growth and altered metabolite production. Nat. Biotech. 15: 244- 247

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe GL, Goldfard B & Strauss SH (1994) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of hybrid poplar suspension cultures and regeneration of transformed plants. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 33: 105-119

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu WJ, Harding SA, Lung J, Popko JL, Ralph J, Stokke DD, Tsai CJ & Chiang VL (1999) Repression of lignin biosynthesis promotes cellulose accumulation and growth in transgenic trees. Nat. Biotech. 17: 808-812

    Google Scholar 

  • ISTAT (2000) Coltivazioni agricole e foreste; anno 1997. ISTAT-Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, Informazioni n. 8, Roma

  • Jorgensen RA, Cluster PD, English J, Que Q & Napoli CA (1996) Chalcone synthase cosuppression phenotypes in petunia flowers: comparison of sense vs. antisense constructs and single-copy vs. complex T-DNA sequences. Plant Mol. Biol. 31: 957-973

    Google Scholar 

  • Jouanin L, Goujon T, de Nadai V, Martin MT, Mila I, Vallet C, Pollet B, Yoshinaga A, Chabbert B, Petit-Conil M & Lapierre C (2000) Lignification in transgenic poplars with extremely reduced caffeic acid O-methyltransferase activity. Plant Physiol. 123: 1363-1374

    Google Scholar 

  • Joudrier PE, Foard DE, Floener LA & Larkins BA (1987) Isolation and sequence of cDNA encoding the soybean protease inhibitors PI IV and CII. Plant Mol. Biol. 10: 35-42

    Google Scholar 

  • Kajita S, Osakabe K, Katayama Y, Kawai S, Matsumoto Y, Hata K & Morohoshi N (1994) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of poplar using a disarmed binary vector and the overexpression of a specific member of a family of poplar peroxidase genes in transgenic poplar cell. Plant Sci. 103: 231-239

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang J-M, Kojima K, Ide Y & Sasaki S (1996a) Plantlet regeneration from leaf protoplasts of Populus euphratica. J. For. Res. 1: 99-102

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang J-M, Kojima K, Ide Y & Sasaki S (1996b) Growth response to the stress of low osmotic potential, salinity and high pH in cultured shoot of Chinese poplars. J. For. Res. 1: 27-29

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang H & Chun YW (1997) Plant regeneration through organogenesis in poplar. In: Klopfenstein NB, Chun YW, Kim MS & Ahuia MR (eds). Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering, and Molecular Biology of Populus. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GRT-297, USDA, Fort Collins CO (pp. 13-23)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang H, Hall RB, Heuchelin SA, McNabb HS, Mize CW & Hart ER (1997) Transgenic Populus: in vitro screening for resistance to cottonwood leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Can. J. For. Res. 27: 943-944

    Google Scholar 

  • Kexian W & Nagarajan P (1990) Poplar (Populus spp.): In vitro production of haploids. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Haploid in Crop Improvement I. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry Vol. 12 (pp. 237-249). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikkert JR (1997) Protoplast isolation and culture. In: Klopfenstein NB, Chun YW, Kim MS & Ahuja MR (eds). Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology of Populus. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-297. USDA, Fort Collins CO (pp. 24-32)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim MS, Kim ZS & Chun YW(1994a) Plant regeneration from leaf explants of Populus davidiana Dode. Kor. J. Breed. 26: 74-81

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim MS, Klopfenstein NB & Chun YW (1997) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Populus Species. In: Klopfenstein NB, Chun YW, Kim MS & Ahuja MR (eds). Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering, and Molecular Biology of Populus. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-297. USDA, Fort Collins CO (pp. 51-59)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleiner KW, Ellis DD, McCown BH & Raffa KF (1995) Field evaluation of transgenic poplar expressing a Bacillus thuringiensiscryIA (a) endotoxin gene against forest tent caterpillar and gypsy moth following winter dormancy. Environ. Entomol. 24: 1358-1364

    Google Scholar 

  • Klopfenstein NB, Shi NQ, Kernan A, McNabb HS, Hall RB, Hart ER & Thornburg RW(1991) Transgenic Populus hybrid express a wound inducible potato proteinase inhibitor-CAT gene fusion. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 1321-1328

    Google Scholar 

  • Klopfenstein NB, McNabb HS, Hart EL, Hall RB, Hanna RD, Heuchelin SA, Allen KK, Shi N-Q & Thornburg RW (1993) Transformation of Populus hybrids to study and improve pest resistance. Silvae Genet. 42: 86-90

    Google Scholar 

  • Koltunow AM, Truettner J, Cox KH, Wallroth M & Goldberg RB (1990) Different temporal and spatial gene expression patterns occur during anther development. Plant Cell 2: 1201-1224

    Google Scholar 

  • Kouider M, Skirvin RM, Saladin KP, Dawson JO & Jokela JJ (1984) A method to culture immature embryos of Populus deltoides in vitro. Can. J. For. Res. 14: 956-958

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S & Fladung M (2000a) Transgene repeats in aspen: molecular characterization suggests simultaneous integration of independent T-DNAs into receptive hotspots in the host genome. Mol. Gen. Genet. 264: 20-28

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S & Fladung M (2000b) Determination of transgene repeat formation and promoter methylation in transgenic plants. BioTech. 28: 1128-1137

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapierre C, Pollet B, Petit-Conil M, Toval G, Romero J, Pilate G, ´ Leple JC, Boerjan W, Ferret V, De Nadai V & Jouanin L (1999) Structural alterations of lignins in transgenic poplars with depressed cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase or caffeic acid Omethyltransferase activity have an opposite impact on the efficiency of industrial kraft pulping. Plant Physiol. 119: 153-163

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee BS, Youn Y & Kim YJ (1986) Variation in salt tolerance of hybrid poplars through in vitro culture. Res. Rep. Inst. For. Gen. Korea 22: 139-144

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee JS, Lee SK, Jang SS & Lee JJ (1987) Plantlet regeneration from callus protoplasts of Populus nigra. Res. Rep. Inst. For. Gen. Korea 23: 143-148

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee-Stadelmann OY, Lee S, Chung H, Guo Q, Kim M, Pak C & Hackett WP (1991) Optimizing potential for adventitious shoot organogenesis in hybrid Populus explants in vitro with wound treatment and micro-cross sections. In: Ahuja MR (ed) Woody Plant Biotechnology (pp. 45-58). Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefevre D, Goue-Mourier MC, Faivre-Rampant P & Villar M (1998) A single gene cluster controls incompatibility and partial resistance to various Melampsora larici-populina races in hybrid poplars. Phytopathology 88: 156-163

    Google Scholar 

  • Leplé JC, Brasileiro ACM, Michel MF, Delmotte F & Jouanin L (1992) Transgenic poplars: expression of chimeric genes using four different constructs. Plant Cell Rep. 11: 137-141

    Google Scholar 

  • Leplé JC, Bonade Bottino M, Augustin S, Pilate G, Dumanois Le Tan V, Delplanque A, Cornu D & Jouanin L (1995) Toxicity to Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of transgenic poplars expressing a cysteine proteinase inhibitor. Mol. Breed. 1: 319-328

    Google Scholar 

  • Leplé JC, Pilate G & Jouanin L (1999) Transgenic poplar trees (Populus species). In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Transgenic Trees Vol. 44 (pp.215-244). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester DT & Berbee JG (1977) Within-clone variation among black poplar trees derived from callus culture. For. Sci. 23: 122-131

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang H, Maynard CA, Allen RD & Powell WA (2001) Increased Septoria musiva resistance in transgenic poplar leaves expressing a wheat oxalate oxidase gene. Plant Mol. Biol. 45: 619-629

    Google Scholar 

  • Libby WJ (1973) Domestication strategies for forest trees. Can. J. For. Res. 3: 265-276

    Google Scholar 

  • Linsmaier EM & Skoog F (1965) Organic growth factor requirements of tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 19: 100-127

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd G & McCown BH (1981) Commercially feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoottip culture. Proc. Int. Plant Prop. 30: 421-427

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorito M, Broadway RM, Hayes CK, Woo SL, Noviello C, Williams DL & Harman GE (1994) Proteinase inhibitors from plants as a novel class of fungicides. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7: 525-527

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathes MC (1964a) The culture of isolated triploid aspen tissue. For. Sci. 10: 35-38

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathes MC (1964b) The in vitro formation of plantlets from isolated aspen tissues. Phyton 21: 137-141

    Google Scholar 

  • McCown BH, McCabe DE, Russel DR, Robison DJ, Barton KA & Raffa KF (1991) Stable transformation of Populus and incorporation of pest resistance by electric discharge particle acceleration. Plant Cell Rep. 9: 590-594

    Google Scholar 

  • Meilan R & Strauss SH (1997) Poplar genetically engineered for reproductive sterility and accelerated flowering. In: Klopfenstein NB, Chun YW, Kim MS, Ahuia MR (eds). Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology of Populus. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GRT-297. USDA, Fort Collins CO (pp. 212- 219)

    Google Scholar 

  • Meilan R, Han KH, Ma C, James RR, Eaton JA, Stanton BJ, Hoien E, Crockett RP & Strauss SH (2000a) Development of glyphosate-tolerant hybrid cottonwoods. Tappi J. 83: 164-166

    Google Scholar 

  • Meilan R, Ma C, Cheng S, Eaton JA, Miller LK, Crockett RP, DiFazio SP & Strauss SH (2000b) High levels of Roundup? and leaf-beetle resistance in genetically engineered hybrid cotton-woods. In: Blatner KA, Johnson JJ & Baumgartner DM (eds) Hybrid Poplars in the Pacific Northwest: Culture, Commerce and Capability (pp 29-38).Washington State University Cooperative Extension, Pullman, WA

    Google Scholar 

  • Michler CH & Bauer EO (1987) Somatic embryogenesis in plant cell cultures of Populus In vitro. Cell Dev. Biol. 23: 46a

    Google Scholar 

  • Michler CH & Bauer EO (1991) High frequency somatic embryogenesis from leaf tissue of Populus spp. Plant Sci. 77: 111-118

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller CO (1963) Kinetin and kinetin like compounds. In: Linskens HF & Tracey MV(eds) Modern Methods of Plant Analysis (pp. 194-202). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizukami Y, Huang H, Tudor M, Hu Y & Ma H (1996) Functional domains of the floral regulator AGAMOUS: characterization of the DNA binding domain and analysis of dominant negative mutations. Plant Cell 8: 831-845

    Google Scholar 

  • Mofidabadi A, Kiss J, Mazik-Tokei K, Gergacz E & Heszky LE (1995) Callus induction and haploid plant regeneration from anther culture of two poplar species. Silvae Genet. 44: 141-145

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed R, Meilan R, Ostry ME, Michler CH & Strauss SH (2001) Bacterio-opsin gene overexpression fails to elevate fungal disease resistance in transgenic poplar (Populus). Can. J. For. Res. 31: 268-275

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohri T, Yamamoto N & Shinohara K (1996) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra L. var italica Koehne) using stem fragments. J. For. Res. 1: 13-16

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohri T, Igasaki T, Futamura N & Shinohara K (1999) Morphological changes in transgenic poplar induced by expression of the rice homeobox gene OSH1. Plant Cell Rep. 18: 816-819

    Google Scholar 

  • Murashige T & Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497

    Google Scholar 

  • Murashige T (1974) Plant propagation through tissue cultures. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 25: 135-166

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasrallah JB, Nishio T & Nasarallah ME (1991) The self-incompatibility genes of Brassica: expression and the use in ablation of floral tissues. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42: 393-422

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcombe G & Bradshow HD Jr. (1996) Quantitative trait loci conferring resistance in hybrid poplar to Septoria populicola, the cause of leaf spot. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1943-1950

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolescu C, Sandre C, Jouanin L & Chriqui D (1996) Modification de l'expression du metabolisme phenolique chez le Peuplier en ´ ` relation avec la resistance aux agents pathogenes. Acta Bot. Gallica 143: 539-546

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson O, Aldén T, Sitbon F, Little CHA, Chalupa V, Sandberg G & Olsson O (1992) Spatial pattern of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter-luciferase expression in transgenic hybrid aspen trees monitored by enzymatic assay and non-destructive imaging. Trans. Res. 1: 209-220

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson O, Moritz T, Sundberg B, Sandberg G & Olsson O (1996) Expression of the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolC gene in a deciduous forest tree alters growth and development and leads to stem fasciation. Plant Physiol. 112: 493-502

    Google Scholar 

  • Noël N, Leplé JC & Pilate G (2002) Optimization of in vitro micropropagation and regeneration for Populus×interamericana and Populus×euramericana hybrids (P. deltoides, P. trichocarpa, and P. Nigra). Plant Cell Rep. 20: 1150-1155

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen JE, Junttila O, Nilsen J, Eriksson M, Martinussen I, Olsson O, Sandberg G & Moritz T (1997) Ectopic expression of oat phytochrome A in hybrid aspen changes critical daylength for growth and prevents cold acclimatization. Plant J. 12: 1339- 1350

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson O, Nilsson O, Moritz T, Sundberg B, Little CHA & Sandberg G (1995) Expression and regulation of the rolC gene in Populus tremula×P. tremuloides during the annual cycle of growth and dormancy. In: IUFRO Workshop of the Working Parties on Somatic Cell Genetics and Molecular Genetics. Gent, Belgium, September 26-30: 1995

  • Ostry ME (1997) In vitro screening and selection for disease resistance. In: Klopfenstein NB, Chun YW, Kim MS & Ahuia MR (eds). Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering, and Molecular Biology of Populus. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GRT-297, USDA, Fort Collins CO (pp. 155-160)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pâques M, Bercetche J, Bruneau G, Bregeon JM, Thivolle-Cazat A & Bonduelle P (1995) Genetic engineering for poplar improvement. CR Acad. Agric. France 81: 153-166

    Google Scholar 

  • Park YG & Son SH (1988) In vitro organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis from punctured leaf of Populus nigra×P. maximowiczii. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 15: 95-105

    Google Scholar 

  • Park YG & Son SH (1992) In vitro shoot regeneration from leaf mesophyll protoplasts of hybrid poplar (P.nigra×P.maximowiczii). Plant Cell Rep. 11: 2-6

    Google Scholar 

  • Park YG & Son SH (1997) Somatic embryogenesis from poplar leaf tissue. In: Klopfenstein NB, Chun YW, Kim MS & Ahuja MR (eds), Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering, and Molecular Biology of Populus. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-297. USDA, Fort Collins CO (pp. 10-12)

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons TJ, Sinkar VP, Stettler RF, Nester EW & Gordon MP (1986) Transformation of poplar by Agrobacterium-tumefaciens. Bio/Technology 4: 533-536

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelah D, Shoseyov O & Altman A (1995) Characterization of BspA, a major boiling-stable, water-stress-responsive protein in aspen (Populus tremula). Tree Physiol. 15: 673-678

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips AL, Ward DA, Uknes S, Appleford NEJ, Lange T, Huttly AK, Gaskin P, Graebe JE & Hedden P (1995) Isolation and expression of three gibberellin 20-oxidase cDNA clones from Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 108: 1049-1057

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilate G, Ellis D & Hawkins S (1997) Transgene expression in field-grown poplar. In: Klopfenstein NB, Chun YW, Kim MS & Ahuia MR (eds). Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering, and Molecular Biology of Populus. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GRT-297. USDA, Fort Collins CO (pp.84-89)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilate G, Guiney E, Holt K, Petit-Conil M, Lapierre C, Leple JC, Pollet B, Mila B, Webster EA, Marstorp HG, Hopkins DW, Jouanin L, Boerjian W, Schuch W, Cornu D & Halpin C (2002) Field and pulping performances of transgenic trees with altered lignification. Nat. Biotech. 20: 607-612

    Google Scholar 

  • Preece JE, McGranahan GH, Long LM & Leslie CA (1995) Somatic embryogenesis in walnut (Juglans regia). In: Jain S, Gupta P & Newton R (eds) Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants Vol. 2 (pp. 99-116). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Pythoud F, Sinkar VP, Nester EW & Gordon MP (1987) Increased virulence of Agrobacterium rhizogenes conferred by the vir region of pTiBo542: Application to genetic engineering of poplar. Biotechnology 5: 1323-1327

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiao J, Kuroda H, Hayashi T & Sakai F (1998) Efficient plantlet regeneration from protoplasts isolated from suspension cultures of poplar (Populus alba L.). Plant Cell Rep. 17: 201-205

    Google Scholar 

  • Raquin C, Troussard L & Villar M (1993) In-ovary embryo culture as a tool for poplar hybridization. Can. J. Bot. 71: 1271-1275

    Google Scholar 

  • Riemenschneider DE, Haissig BE, Sellmer J & Fillatti JJ (1988) Expression of a herbicide tolerance gene in young plants of a transgenic hybrid poplar clone. In: Ahuja MR (ed) Somatic Cell Genetics of Woody Plants (pp. 73-80). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Robison DJ, McCown BH & Raffa KF (1994) Responses of gypsy moth and forest tent caterpillar to transgenic poplar containing a Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxin gene. Environ. Entomol. 23: 1030-1041

    Google Scholar 

  • Rottmann WH, Meilan R, Sheppard LA, Brunner AM, S kinner JS, Ma C, Cheng S, Jouanin L, Pilate J & Strauss SH (2000) Diverse effects of overexpression of LEAFY and PTLF, a poplar (Populus) homolog of LEAFY/FLORICAULA, in transgenic poplar and Arabidopsis. Plant J. 22: 235-245

    Google Scholar 

  • Rugh CL, Senecoff JF, Meagher RB & Merkle SA (1998) Development of transgenic yellow poplar for mercury phytoremediation. Nat. Biotech. 16: 925-928

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell JA & McCown BH (1986) Culture and regeneration of Populus leaf protoplasts isolated from non-seedling tissue. Plant Sci. 46: 133-142

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell JA & McCown BH (1988) Recovery of plants from leaf protoplasts of hybrid-poplar and aspen clone. Plant Cell Rep. 7: 59-62

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge CB & Douglas GC (1988) Culture of meristem tips and micropropagation of twelve commercial clones of poplar in vitro. Physiol. Plant 72: 367-373

    Google Scholar 

  • Sala F, Castiglione S, Hanjun H, Zheng Y & Han Y (2000) Field and molecular evaluation of insect-resistant transgenic poplar (Populus nigra L.) trees. In: Arencibia AD (ed) Plant Genetic Engineering. Towards the Third Millenium (pp. 137-142). Elsevier Science

  • Savka MA, Dawson JO, Jokela JJ & Skirvin RM (1987) A liquid culture method for rescuing embryos of eastern cottonwood. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 10: 221-226

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellmer JC (1991) Examination and Manipulation of populus Cell Competence For Direct Gene Transfer, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith H (1995) Physiological and ecological function within the phytochrome family. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46: 289-315

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommer H, Beltran JP, Huijser P, Pape H, Lonning WE, Saedler H & Schwarz-Sommer Z (1990) Deficiens, a homeotic gene involved in the control of flower morphogenesis in Antirrhinum majus: the protein shows homology to transcription factors. EMBO J. 9: 605-613

    Google Scholar 

  • Son SH, Chun YW & Hall RB (1991) Cold storage of in vitro cultures of hybrid poplar shoots (Populus alba L.3P.grandidentata Michx.). Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 27: 161-168

    Google Scholar 

  • Son SH, Park YG, Chun YW & Hall RB (1997) Germplasm preservation of Populus through in vitro culture systems. In: Klopfenstein NB, Chun YW, Kim MS, Ahuja MR (eds). Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering, and Molecular Biology of Populus. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-297. USDA, Fort Collins CO (pp.44-49)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterky F, Regan S, Karlsson J, Hertzberg M, Rohde A, Holmberg A, Amini B, Bhalerao L, Larsson M, Villarroel L, Van Montagu M, Sandberg G, Olsson O, Teeri TT, Boerjan W, Gustafsson P, Uhlen M, Sundberg B & Lundeberg J (1998) Gene discovery in the wood-forming tissues of poplar: analysis of 5692 expressed sequence tags. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 13330-13335

    Google Scholar 

  • Stettler RF, Bawa KS & Livingston GK (1969) Experimental Induction of Haploid Parthenogenesis in Forest Trees (611-619). Int. Atomic Energ. Ag, Vienna

  • Stettler RF & Bawa KS (1971) Experimental induction of haploid parthenogenesis in black cotton-wood. Silvae Genet. 20: 15-25

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoehr MU & Zsuffa L (1990) Induction of haploids in Populus maximowiczii via embryogenic callus. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 23: 49-58

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss SH, Rottmann WH, Brunner AM & Sheppard LA (1995) Genetic engineering of reproductive sterility in forest trees. Mol. Breed. 1: 5-26

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss SH, Meilan R, DiFazio S, Brunner A, Skinner J, Mohamed R & Carson J (1999a) Tree Genetic Engineering Research Cooperative (TGERC) Annual Report 1998-1999, Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss S, Boerjan W, Cairney J, Campbell M, Dean J, Ellis D, Jouanin L & Sandberg B (1999b) Forest biotechnology makes its position known. Nat. Biotech. 17: 1145

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss SH, Meilan R, DiFazio S, Brunner A, Skinner J, Mohamed R & Carson J (2000) Tree Genetic Enginering Research Cooperative (TGERC) Annual Report 1999-2000, Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss SH, DiFazio S & Meilan R (2001) Genetically modified poplars in context. Forestry Chronicle 77: 1-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Strohm M, Eiblmeier M, Langebartels C, Jouanin L, Polle A, Sandermann H & Rennenberg H (1999) Responses of transgenic poplar (Populus tremula3P. alba) over-expressing glutathione synthetase or glutathione reductase to acute ozone stress: visible injury and leaf gas exchange. J. Exp. Bot. 50: 365-374

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabor GM, Kubisiak TL, Klopfenstein NB, Hall RB & McNabb HS Jr. (2000) Bulked segregant analysis identifies molecular markers linked to Melampsora medusae resistance in Populus deltoids. Phytopatology 90: 1039-1042

    Google Scholar 

  • Theissen G, Becker A, Di Rosa A, Kanno A, Kim JT, Munster T, Winter KU & Saedler H (2000) A short history of MADS-box genes in plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 42: 115-149

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson DG & Gordon JC (1977) Propagation of poplars by shoot apex culture and nutrient film technique. In: TAPPI Conference Papers, Forest Biology and Wood Chemistry Conference, TAPPI, Atlanta GA, USA (pp. 77-82)

  • Tian Y, Li T, Mang K, Han Y, Li L, Wang X, Lu M, Dai L, Han Y, Yan J & Dean WG (1993) Insect tolerance of transgenic Populus nigra plants transformed with Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene. Chin. J. Biotech. 9: 219-227

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai CJ, Podila GK & Chiang VL (1994) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and regeneration of transgenic plants. Plant Cell Rep. 14: 94-97

    Google Scholar 

  • Tschaplinski TJ, Gebre GM, Dahl JE, Roberts GT & Tuskan GA (1995) Growth and solute adjustment of calli of Populus clones cultured on nutrient medium containing polyethylene glycol. Can. J. For. Res. 25: 1425-1433

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuominen H, Sitbon F, Jacobsson C, Sandberg G, Olsson O & Sundberg B (1995) Altered growth and wood characteristics in transgenic hybrid aspen expressing Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA indoleacetic acid-biosynthetic genes. Plant Physiol. 109: 1179-1189

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuominen H, Puech L, Fink S & Sundberg B (1997) A radial concentration gradient of indole-3-acetic acid is related to secondary xilem development in hybrid aspen. Plant Physiol. 115: 577-585

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzfira T, Benmier H, Vainstein A & Altman A (1996) Highly efficient transformation and regeneration of aspen plants through shoot-bud formation in root culture. Plant Cell Rep. 15: 566- 571

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzfira T, Jenesen CS, Vainstein A & Altman A (1997) Transformation and regeneration of transgenic aspen plants via shoot formation from stem explants. Physiol. Plant. 99: 554-561

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzfira T, Zuker A & Altman A (1998) Forest-tree biotechnology: genetic transformation and its application to future forests. Trends Biotech. 16: 439-446

    Google Scholar 

  • Uddin MR, Meyer MM & Jokela JJ (1988) Plantlet production from anthers of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoids). Can. J. For. Res. 18: 937-941

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Doorsselaere J, Baucher M, Chognot E, Chabbert B, Tollier ´ MT, Petit-Conil M, Leple JC, Pilate G, Cornu D, Monties B, Van ´ Montagu M, Inze D, Boerjan W & Jouanin L (1995) A novel lignin in poplar trees with a reduced caffeic acid /5-hydroxyferulic acid O-methyltransferase activity. Plant J. 8: 855-864

    Google Scholar 

  • Venverloo CJ (1973) The formation of adventitious organs. I. Cytokinin-induced formation of leaves and shoots in callus cultures of Populus nigra L. Italica. Acta Bot. Neerl. 22: 390- 398

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Schwartzenberg K, Doumas P, Jouanin L & Pilate G (1994) Enhancement of the endogenous cytokinin concentration in poplar by transformation with Agrobacterium T-DNA gene ipt. Tree Physiol. 14: 27-35

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter MW, Grima-Pettenati J, Grand C, Boudet AM & Lamb C (1988) Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, a molecular marker specific for lignin synthesis: cDNA cloning and mRNA induction by fungal elicitor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 5546-5550

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang CC, Chu ZC & Sun CS (1975) The induction of Populus pollen plants. Acta Sci. Sin. 17: 56-59

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang SP, Xu ZH & Wei ZM (1991) Culture and regeneration of poplar mesophyll protoplasts. Science in China, Series B, Chemistry. Life Sci. Earth Sci. 34: 587-592

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Wu HM & Cheng AY(1993) Development and pollination regulated accumulation and glycosylation of a stylar transmitting tissue-specific proline-rich protein. Plant Cell 5: 1639-1650

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Huang MR, Wei ZM, Sun YR, Chen DM, Xu ZH, Zhang LM & Xu N (1995) Regeneration of simon poplar (Populus simonii) from protoplast culture. Plant Cell Rep. 14: 442-445

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang G, Castiglione S, Chen Y, Li L, Han Y, Tian Y, Gabriel DW, Mang K & Sala F (1996) Poplar (Populus nigra L.) plants transformed with Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene: insecticidial activity and genomic analysis. Trans Res. 5: 289-301

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Levin N, Tzfira T, Shoseyov O & Altman A (1998) Plant tolerance to water and salt stress: the expression pattern of a water stress responsive protein (BspA) in transgenic aspen plants. In: Abstracts 9th International Congress on Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, Jerusalem, 14-19 June 1998

  • Weigel D, Alvarez J, Smyth DR, Yanofsky MF & Meyerowitz EM (1992) LEAFY controls floral meristem identity in Arabidopsis. Cell 69: 843-859

    Google Scholar 

  • Weigel D & Nilsson O (1995) A developmental switch sufficient for flower initiation in diverse plants. Nature 377: 495-500

    Google Scholar 

  • Welander M, Jansson E & Lindqvist H (1989) In vitro propagation of Populus×wilsocarpa - a hybrid of ornamental value. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 18: 209-219

    Google Scholar 

  • Whetten R & Sederoff R (1995) Lignin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7: 1001-1013

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead HMC & Giles KL (1977) Rapid propagation of poplars by tissue culture methods. N.Z. J. For. Sci. 7: 40-43

    Google Scholar 

  • Winton LL (1968) Plantlets from aspen tissue culture. Science 160: 1234-1235

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolter KE & Skoog F (1966) Nutritional requirements of Fraxinus callus cultures. Am. J. Bot. 53: 263-269

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolter KF (1968) Root and shoot initiation in aspen callus culture. Nature 219: 509-510

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu K & Xu M (1984) Induction of maternal haploid plants from unpollinated ovaries of poplar in vitro. Acta Genet. Sin. 11: 47-51

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu NF, Sun Q, Yao B, Fan YL, Rao HY, Huang MR & Wang MX (2000) Insect-resistant transgenic poplar expressing AaIT gene. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 16: 129-133

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu RL (1998) Genetic mapping of QTLs affecting tree growth and architecture in Populus: implication for ideotype breeding. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96: 447-457

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanofsky MF (1995) Floral meristems to floral organs: genes controlling early events in Arabidopsis flower development. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46: 167-188

    Google Scholar 

  • Zambryski P, Tempe J & Schell J (1989) Transfer and function of T-DNA genes from Agrobacterium Ti and Ri plasmids in plants. Cell 56: 193-201

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao SM, Zu GC, Liu GQ, Huang MR, Xu JX & Sun YR (1999) Introduction of rabbit defensin NP-1 gene into poplar (P.tomentosa) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Yi Chuan Xue Bao 26: 711-714

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhong R, Morrison WH, Himmelsbach DS, Poole FL & Ye ZH (2000) Essential role of caffeoyl coenzyme A O-methyltransferase in lignin biosynthesis in woody poplar plants. Plant Physiol. 124: 563-578

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu XY, Wang RL & Liang Y (1980) Induction of poplar pollen plants. Sci. Silvae Sin. 16: 190-197

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto Sperimentale per le Colture Foraggere – MiPAF, Viale Piacenza 29, I-26900, Lodi, Italy

    M. Confalonieri & S. Bisoffi

  2. Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia A. Buzzati-Traverso, Universita di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, I-27100, Pavia, Italy

    A. Balestrazzi & D. Carbonera

Authors
  1. M. Confalonieri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Balestrazzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. Bisoffi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. D. Carbonera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Confalonieri.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Confalonieri, M., Balestrazzi, A., Bisoffi, S. et al. In vitro culture and genetic engineering of Populus spp.: synergy for forest tree improvement. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 72, 109–138 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022265504775

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022265504775

Keywords

Search

Navigation