Impacts of grazing on the alkalinized–salinized meadow steppe ecosystem in the Songnen Plain, China – A simulation study

Abstract

A process-based model was built to describe the ecological processes of an alkalinized–salinized meadow steppe ecosystem, including the hydrological and alkalization–salinization processes in the soil, as well as the succession and growth dynamics of the grassland communities. A numerical integration model and a water and salt balance model were integrated into a physically-based model, describing the dynamics of soil moisture, salt concentration, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and pH. Meteorological variables and soil characteristics were the main environmental factors used to estimate the growth dynamics of three herbaceous communities that were dominated by Aneurolepidium chinense, Chloris virgata, and Suaeda glauca, respectively. Model validation showed good agreement between the simulated results and the observed data. Simulation studies were conducted to evaluate the potential changes in hydrological and alkalization–salinization processes, succession and growth dynamics from 1991 to 1998, under five grazing intensities, namely 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% above-ground biomass removal (AGBR). The simulations show that soil moisture decreased markedly under the 50%, 75% and 90% AGBR, but increased slightly under the 25% AGBR. The de-alkalization and de-salinization processes would be predominant under the 0% AGBR, and the processes became a little slower under the 25% AGBR. In contrast, the 50%, 75% and 90% AGBR accelerated the degradation of soil properties. The grassland was dominated by A. chinense under the 0% AGBR, and by A. chinense and C. virgata under the 25% AGBR. C. virgata could grow on slightly alkalinized–salinized soil and became a dominant species after three years of 50% AGBR. The soil degraded quickly and only S. glauca could grow on the severe alkalinized–salinized soil if the grassland received 75% or 90% AGBR. The grassland grew well under the 0% AGBR, and the biomass stayed at moderate level under 25% AGBR. The 50%, 75% and 90% AGBR decreased the grassland growth greatly. After accumulating the grazed biomass for each year, the 25% AGBR would provide the highest production, and the grassland production would decrease sharply with the increasing of grazing intensities. The simulation results indicate that 25% AGBR is significant for preserving the soil from degradation, and maintaining high grassland production.