Skip to main content
Log in

Counseling International Students in Canadian Schools

  • Published:
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

International students face many demands as they navigate the cross-cultural transition of living and learning in host countries such as Canada. The cultural diversity represented in this student population poses unique challenges for multicultural counseling. The ways that international students have been represented in the literature may contribute to barriers for effective counseling services. The discussion begins with a summary of the issues faced by international students when living and learning in a foreign country. Several limitations in the counseling literature about international students are addressed, including, the limitations of culture shock as a model of cross cultural transition, the lack of methodological diversity in research involving international students, a focus on group characteristics, and the continued emphasis on the problems experienced by international students. Suggestions for counselors are given to enhance their multicultural counseling competencies for working with international students.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander, M. A., & Shaw, E. (1991). International students at a College of Nursing: Concerns and coping. Journal of American College Health, 39(5), 245-247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T., & Myer, T. (1985). Presenting problems, counselor contacts, and "no shows": International and American college students. Journal of College Student Personnel, 26, 500-503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, N. (1997). Counseling issues with international students. Canadian Journal of Counseling, 31(4), 259-273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, N. (2002). Preparing students for a world of work in cross-cultural transition. Australian Journal of Career Development, 11(1), 9-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, N. (2003a). Counseling international students: Clients from around the world. New York, NY: Kluwer/Plenum Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, N. (2003b). Preparing international students for the re-entry transition. Canadian Journal of Counseling, 37(3), 173-185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubrey, R. (1991). International students on campus: A challenge for counselors, medical providers, and clinicians. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 62(1), 20-33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, M., Child, C., Gallois, C., Jones, E., & Callan, V. J. (1991). Difficulties of overseas students in social and academic situations. Australian Journal of Psychology, 43(2), 79-84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 5-68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bikos, L. H., & Furry, T. S. (1999). The Job Search Club for international students: An evaluation. The Career Development Quarterly, 48, 31-44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bontrager, T., Birch, W. G., & Kracht, J. B. (1990). International students' concerns: Directions of supportive programming. The College Student Affairs Journal, 10(2), 22-28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinson, J. A., & Kottler, J. (1995). International students in counseling: Some alternative models. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 9(3), 57-70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Bureau for International Education. (2002). The national report of international students in Canada, 2000/01. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casas, J. M. (1995). Counseling and psychotherapy with racial/ethnic minority groups in theory and practice. In B. Bongar & L. E. Beutler (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychotherapy: Theory and practice (pp. 311-335). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. P. (1999). Common stressors among international college students: Research and counseling implications. Journal of College Counseling, 2, 49-65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collingridge, D. S. (1999). Suggestions on teaching international students: Advice for psychology instructors. Teaching of Psychology, 26(2), 126-128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cownie, F., & Addison, W. (1996). International students and language support: A new survey. Studies in Higher Education, 21(2), 221-231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dei, G. J. (1992). The social reality of international post-secondary students in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Bureau for International Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diambomba, M. (1993). Economic impact of international students in Canada: Exploratory cost-benefit analysis. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Bureau for International Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillard, J. M., & Chisolm, G. B. (1983). Counseling the international student in a multicultural context. Journal of College Student Personnel, 24(2), 101-105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draguns, J. G. (1996). Humanly universal and culturally distinctive: Charting the course of cultural counseling. In P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, W. J. Lonner, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (4th ed., pp. 1-20). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ervin, N. (2002). Advanced community health nursing practice: Population focused care. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, A. (1993). Facing the future: The internationalization of post-secondary institutions in British Columbia. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: British Columbia Centre for International Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (2001). Anxiety, uncertainty, and perceived effectiveness of communication across relationships and cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 55-71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gullahorn, J., & Gullahorn, J. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Social Issues, 19, 33-47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. L., & Lin, H. R. (1994). Coming to America: Developing social support systems for international students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 22, 7-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, D. Y. F. (1995). Internalized culture, culturocentrism, and transcendence. The Counseling Psychologist, 23(1), 4-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huxur, G., Mansfield, E., Nnazor, R., Schuetze, H., & Segawa, M. (1996). Learning needs and adaptation problems of foreign graduate students. Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education, 15, 1-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, E. J., & Greggo, J. W. (2001). Using counselor training and collaborative programming strategies in working with international students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 29, 73-88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jochems, W., Snippe, J., Smid, H. J., & Verweij, A. (1996). The academic progress of foreign students: Study achievement and study behaviour. Higher Education, 31, 325-340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwan, K. L. K., Sodowsky, G. R., & Ihle, G. M. (1994). Worldviews of Chinese international students: An extension and new findings. Journal of College Student Development, 35, 190-197.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaFromboise, T. D., Foster, S., & James, A. (1996). Ethics in multicultural counseling. In P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, W. J. Lonner, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (4th ed., pp. 47-72). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D. S. (1997). What teachers can do to relieve problems identified by international students. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 70, 93-100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, F. T. L., & Chou, E. L. (1996). Counseling international students. In P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, W. J. Lonner, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (4th ed., pp. 210-242). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, K. (1994). Asian student perspectives on American university instruction. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18(2), 173-192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J. C. G., & Yi, J. K. (1997). Asian international students' adjustment: Issues and program suggestions. College Student Journal, 31(4), 473-479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lysgaard, S. (1955). Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States. International Social Science Bulletin, 10, 45-51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallinckrodt, B., & Leong, F. T. L. (1992). International graduate students, stress, and social support. Journal of College Student Development, 33, 71-78.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay, N. J., Pattison, H. M., & Gross, H. (1996). An exploratory investigation of the effects of a cultural orientation programme on the psychological well-being of international university students. Higher Education, 31, 379-395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori, S. (2000). Addressing the mental health concerns of international students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 137-144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nutbeam, D. (1998). Health promotion glossary. Health Promotion International, 13(4), 349-364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberg, K. (1960). Cultural shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, 7, 177-182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oropeza, B. A. C., Fitzgibbon, M., & Baron, A. J. (1991). Managing mental health crises of foreign college students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 280-284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parr, G., Bradley, L., & Bingi, R. (1992). Concerns and feelings of international students. Journal of College Student Development, 33, 20-25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, P. B. (1990). Social and psychological factors of brain drain and reentry among international students: A survey of the topic. McGill Journal of Education, 25(2), 229-243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, P. B. (1991). Counseling international students. The Counseling Psychologist, 19, 10-58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petress, K. C. (1995). Coping with a new educational environment: Chinese students' imagined interactions before commencing studies in the U.S. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 22(1), 50-63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettifor, J. (2001). Are professional codes of ethics relevant for multicultural counselling? Canadian Journal of Counselling, 35, 26-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, M. V., & Bunyi, J. M. (1993). The relationship of intercultural communication competence with stress and the handling of stress as reported by international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17, 235-254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu, D. S. (1994). An examination of the psychological needs of international students: Implications for counseling and psychotherapy. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 17, 229-239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, O. T. O., & Pearson, F. (1995). Asian international and American students' psychosocial development. Journal of College Student Development, 36(6), 522-530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shougee, M. (1999). The experiences, meanings and outcomes of studying abroad: A qualitative multiple-case study. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sodowsky, G. R., & Plake, B. S. (1992). A study of acculturation differences among international people and suggestions for sensitivity to within-group differences. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 53-59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer-Rodgers, I. (2000). The vocational situation and country of orientation of international students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 28, 32-49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada (2000). Education in Canada, Catalogue no. 81-229-XIB. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Carter, R. T., Casa, J. M., Fouad, N. A., Ivey, A. E., Jensen, M., et al. (1998). Multicultural counseling competencies: Individual and organizational development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D., & Sundberg, N. D. (1996). Research and research hypotheses about effectiveness in intercultural counseling. In P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, W. J. Lonner, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (4th ed., pp. 323-352). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sussman, S. (Ed.). (2001). Handbook of program development for health behavior research & practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka-Matsumi, J., & Higginbotham, H. N. (1996). Behavioral approaches to counseling across cultures. In P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, W. J. Lonner, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (4th ed., pp. 266-292). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmreck, T. C. (1995). Planning, program development, and evaluation: A handbook for health promotion, aging and health services. Boston: Jones and Bartlett.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan, T., Chapman, D. W., & Biggs, D. A. (1992). Academic stress of international students attending U.S. universities. Research in Higher Education, 33(5), 607-623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westwood, M. J., & Barker, M. (1990). Academic achievement and social adaptation among international students: A comparison groups study of the peer-pairing program. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 251-263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, E., Chee Wong, S., Hwang, M., & Heppner, M. (2002). Widening our global view: The development of career counseling services for international students. Journal of Career Development, 28(3), 203-213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, B., Teraoka, M., Eichenfield, G. A., & Audas, M. C. (1994). Meaningful relationships between Asian international and U.S. college students: A descriptive study. College Student Journal, 28(1), 108-115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ying, Y. W., & Liese, L. H. (1990). Initial adaptation of Taiwan foreign students to the United States: The impact of prearrival variables. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(6), 825-845.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, N. (1998). Acculturation and counseling expectancies: Asian international students' attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, Ball State University, Muncie, IN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, S. (1995). Perceptions of intercultural communication competence and international student adaptation to an American campus. Communication Education, 44, 321-335.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nancy Arthur.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Popadiuk, N., Arthur, N. Counseling International Students in Canadian Schools. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 26, 125–145 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ADCO.0000027426.05819.44

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ADCO.0000027426.05819.44

Navigation