Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Soil Carbon Sequestration in India

  • Published:
Climatic Change Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

With a large land area and diverse ecoregions, there is a considerable potential of terrestrial/soil carbon sequestration in India. Of the total land area of 329 million hectares (Mha), 297 Mha is the land area comprising 162 Mha of arable land, 69 Mha of forest and woodland, 11 Mha of permanent pasture, 8 Mha of permanent crops and 58 Mha is other land uses. Thesoil organic carbon (SOC) pool is estimated at 21 Pg (petagram = Pg = 1 ×1015 g= billion ton) to 30-cm depth and 63 Pg to 150-cm depth. The soil inorganic carbon (SIC) pool is estimated at 196 Pg to 1-m depth. The SOC concentration in most cultivated soils is less than 5 g/kg compared with 15 to 20 g/kg in uncultivated soils. Low SOC concentration is attributed to plowing, removal of crop residue and other biosolids, and mining of soil fertility. Accelerated soil erosion by water leads to emission of 6 Tg C/y. Important strategies of soil C sequestration include restoration of degraded soils, and adoption of recommended management practices (RMPs) of agricultural and forestry soils. Potential of soil C sequestration in India is estimated at 7 to 10 Tg C/y for restoration of degraded soils and ecosystems, 5 to 7 Tg C/y for erosion control, 6 to 7 Tg C/y for adoption of RMPs on agricultural soils, and 22 to 26 Tg C/y for secondary carbonates. Thus, total potential of soil C sequestration is 39 to 49 (44± 5) Tg C/y.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aggarwal, R. K., Kumar, P., and Power, J. F.: 1997, ‘Use of Crop Residue and Manure to Conserve Water and Enhance Nutrient Availability and Pearl Millet Yields in an Arid Tropical Region’, Soil Till. Res. 41, 43–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, M. H., Chatterjee, R. K., and Biswas, T. D.: 1966, ‘Soil Moisture Tension Relationship of some Indian Soils’, J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 14, 51–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aulakh, M. S., Khera, T. S., and Doran, J. W. et al.: 2001, ‘Managing Crop Residue with Green Manure, Urea, and Tillage in a Rice-Wheat Rotation’, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65, 820–827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, S. K., Chinnamani, S., and Jha, M. N.: 1991, ‘Forest Soils of North and Northeast Himalayas and Constraints Limiting their Productivity’, in Biswas, T. D. et al. (eds), Soil-Related Constraints in Crop Production, Indian Soc. Soil Sci., Bull. 15, New Delhi, India, pp. 164–176.

  • Batjes, N. H.: 1996, ‘Total Carbon and Nitrogen in Soils of the World’, Eur. J. Soil Sci. 47, 151–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benbi, D. K., Biswas, C. R., Bawa, S. S., and Kumar, K.: 1998, ‘Influence of Farmyard Manure, Inorganic Fertilizers and Weed Control Practices on some Soil Physical Properties in a Long-Term Experiment’, Soil Use Manage. 14, 52–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhadauria, T. and Ramakrishnan, P. S.: 1996, ‘Role of Earthworms in Nitrogen Cycling during the Cropping Phase of Shifting Agriculture (Jhum) in Northeast India’, Biol. Fert Soils 22, 350–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhojvaid, P. P. and Timmer, V. R.: 1998, ‘Soil Dynamics in An Age Sequence of Prosopis julifloraPlanted for Sodic Soil Restoration in India’, For. Ecol. Manage. 106, 181–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, T. D., Narayanasamy, G., Goswami, N. N., Sekhon, G. S., and Sastry, T. G.: 1991, '{atSoil-Related Constraints in Crop Production}', Indian Soc. Soil Sci. Bull. 15, New Delhi, India, 176 pp.

  • Biswas, T. D. and Narayanasamy, G.: 1998, ‘Soil Organic Matter and Organic Residue Management for Sustainable Productivity’, Indian Soc. Soil Sci., New Delhi, India, 164 pp.

  • Boparai, B. S., Singh, Y., and Sharma, B. D.: 1992, ‘Effect of Green Manuring with Sesbania Aculeata on Physical Properties of Soil and on Growth of Wheat in Rice-Wheat and Maize-Wheat Cropping Systems in a Semi-Arid Region of India’, Arid Soil Res. Rehab. 6, 135–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronson, K. F. and Singh. U.: 1994, ‘Nitrous Oxide Emission from Flooded Rice’, in Peng, S., Ingram, K. T., Neue, H.-U., and Ziska, L. H. (eds.), Climate Change and Rice, Springer, Berlin, pp. 116–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarti, K., Sarkar, B., Chakraborty, A., Banik, P., and Bagchi, D. K.: 2000, ‘Organic Recycling for Soil Quality Conservation in a Sub-Tropical Plateau Region’, J. Agr. Crop Sci. 184, 137–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chander, K., Goyal, S., Nandal, D. P., and Kapoor, K. K.: 1998, ‘Soil Organic Matter, Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in a Tropical Agroforestry System’, Biol. Fert. Soils 27, 168-172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaubey, O. P., Prasad, R., and Jamaluddin: 1986, ‘Effect of Grazing on Species Diversity, Organic Matter Production and Soil Properties in a Typical Grassland of Jabalpur’, J. Trop. For. 2, 241-247.

  • Dhir, R. P., Chaudhary, M. R., Nath, J., and Somani, L. L.: 1991, ‘Constraints of Sandy Soils of Arid and Adjoining Areas of Western and Northern India and their Management’, in Biswas, T. D. et al. (eds.), Soil-Related Constraints in Crop Production, Indian Soc. Soil Sci., Bull. 15, New Delhi, India, pp. 52–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinesh, R., Dubey, R. P., and Prasad, G. S.: 1998, ‘Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities as Influenced by Organic Manure Incorporation into Soils of a Rice-Rice System’, J. Agron. & Crop Sci. 181, 173–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dregne, H. E. and Chou, N.-T.: 1994, ‘Global Desertification Dimensions and Costs’, in Dregne, H. E. (ed.), Degradation and Restoration of Arid Lands, Texas Tech. University, Lubbock, TX, pp. 249–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duxbury, J. M.: 1994, ‘The Significance of Agricultural Sources of Greenhouse Gases’, Fert. Res. 38, 151–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duxbury, J. M.: 2001, ‘Long-Term Yield Trends in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System: Results from Experiments and Northwest India’, J. Crop Prod. 3, 27–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duxbury, J. M., Lauren, J. G., Talukder, A. S. M. H. M., Sufian, M. A., Hossain, H. I., Dahal, K. R., Tripathi, J., Giri, G. S., Shaheed, A., Devare, M. H., and Meisner, C. A.: 2003, ‘Opportunities and Constraints for Reduced Tillage Practices in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System’, in Lal, R., Hobbs, P., Hansen, D. O., and Uphoff, N. (eds.), Sustainable Agriculture and the Rice-Wheat System, Marcel Dekker, New York, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eswaran, H., Van den Berg, E., and Reich, P.: 1993, ‘Organic Carbon in Soils of theWorld’, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57, 192–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eswaran, H., Van den Berg, E., Reich, P., and Kimble, J.: 1995, ‘Global Soil Carbon Resources’, in Lal, R., Kimble, J., Levine, E., and Stewart, B. A. (eds.), Soils and Global Change, CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 27–43.

  • FAO 1994, ‘Land Degradation in South Asia: Its Severity, Causes and Effects upon the People’, World Soil Resources Reports 77, FAO, Rome, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO: 2001, Yearbook of Agriculture, FAO, Rome, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garg, V. K.: 1998, ‘Interaction of Tree Crops with a Sodic Soil Environment: Potential for Rehabilitation of Degraded Environments’, Land Degrad. & Dev. 9, 81–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, R. K. and Rao, D. L. N.: 1994, ‘Potential of Wasteland for Sequestering Carbon by Reforestation’, Curr. Sci. 66, 378–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, P. and Gupta, R.: 2003, 'Problems and Challenges of No-Till Farming for the Rice-Wheat Systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains in South Asia’, in Lal, R., Hobbs, P., Hansen, D. O., and Uphoff, N. (eds.), Sustainable Agriculture and the Rice-Wheat System, Marcel Dekker, New York, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC: 2001, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayaraman, C. and Perumal, R.: 1984, 'Influence of Sewage Effluent of Soil Organic Matter and Exchangeable Cations', Madras Agric. J. Coimbatore 71, 171–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenny, H. and Raychaudhuri, S. P.: 1960, Effect of Climate and Cultivation on Nitrogen and Organic Matter Reserves in Indian Soils, ICAR, New Delhi, India, 126 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, R. C., Haokip, D. D., and Singh, K. N.: 1994, ‘Effect of Green Manuring on the Physical Properties of Soil under A Rice-Wheat System’, J. Agric. Sci. 122, 107–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanchikerimath, M. and Singh, D.: 2001, ‘Soil Organic Matter and Biological Properties after 26 Years of Maize-Wheat-Cowpea Cropping as Affected by Manure and Fertilization in a Cambisol in Semi-Arid Region of India’, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 86, 155–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karale, R. L., Seshagiri Rao, K. V., Gaikwad, S. T., and Venkatratnam, L.: 1991, ‘Soil Degradation in India’, in Biswas, T. D. et al. (eds.), Soil-Related Constraints in Crop Production, Indian Soc. Soil Sci., Bull. 15, New Delhi, India, pp. 1–13.

  • Kaur, B., Gupta, S. R., and Singh, G.: 2000, 'Soil Carbon, Microbial Activity and Nitrogen Availability in Agroforestry Systems onModerately Alkaline Soils in Northern India', Appl. Soil Ecol. 15, 283–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, B., Gupta, S. R., and Singh, G.: 2002a, 'Bioamelioration of a Sodic Soil by Silvopastoral Systems in Northwestern India', Agroforest. Syst. 54, 13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, B., Gupta, S. R., and Singh, G.: 2002b, ‘Carbon Storage and Nitrogen Cycling in Silvopastoral Systems on a Sodic Soil in Northwestern India’, Agroforest. Syst. 54, 21–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, R. K., Aggarwal, R. K., and Power, J. F.: 1997, ‘Cropping Systems: Effects on Soil Quality Indicators and Yield of Pearl Millet in an Arid Region’, Am. J. Altern. Agric. 12, 178–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V., Ghosh, B. C., and Bhat, R.: 1999, ‘Recycling of CropWastes and Green Manure and their Impact on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Wetland Rice’, J. Agric. Sci. 132, 149–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kundu, S., Singh, M., and Saha, J. K. et al.: 2001, ‘Relationship between C Addition and Storage in a Vertisol under Soybean-Wheat Cropping System in Sub-Tropical Central India’, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 164, 483–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladha, J. K., Fischer, K. S., Hossain, M., Hobbs, P. R., and Hardy, B.: 2000, 'Improving the Productivity of Rice-Wheat Systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. A synthesis of NARS-IRRI Partnership Research', IRRI Discussion Paper No. 40, IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, R.: 1995, ‘Global Soil Erosion by Water and Carbon Dynamics’, in Lal, R., Kimble, J. M., Levine, E., and Stewart, B. A. (eds.), Soil and Global Change, CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 131–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, R.: 1999, 'Soil Management and Restoration for C Sequestration to Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect', Prog. Env. Sci. 1, 307–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, R.: 2001, 'Potential of Desertification Control to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect', Clim. Change 15, 35–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, R.: 2002a, ‘Carbon Sequestration in Drylands’, Annals of Arid Lands 38, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, R.: 2002b, ‘Natural Resources of India’, in Lal, R., Hansen, D. O., Uphoff, N., and Slack, S. (eds.), Food Security and Environment Quality in the Developing World, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 11–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, R., Kimble, J. M., Follett, R. F., and Cole, C. V.: 1998, 'The Potential of U.S. Cropland to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect’, Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, 128 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavelle, P., Barois, I., and Blanchart, E. et al.: 1998, ‘Earthworms as a Resource in Tropical Agroecosystems’, Nature Resour. 34, 26–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik, R. K., Yadav, A., Singh, S., Hobbs, P. R., Sardana, P. K., and Gupta, R. K.: 2003, ‘No-Till Farming in Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems in India’, in Lal, R., Hobbs, P., Hansen, D. O., and Uphoff, N. (eds.), Sustainable Agriculture and the Rice-Wheat System, Marcel Dekker, New York, in press.

  • Moench, M.: 1991, ‘Soil Erosion under a Successional Agroforestry Sequence-A Case Study from Idukki District, Kerala, India’, Agroforest. Syst. 15, 31–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohan-Rao, N. and Shantaram, M. V.: 1978, ‘Select Bibliography on Soil Organic Matter Research in India’, Agricola, 155 pp.

  • Nambiar, K. K. M.: 1994, 'Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity under Long-Term Fertility Use in India’, ICAR, New Delhi, India, 144 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordt, L. C., Wilding, L. P., and Drees, L. R.: 2000, ‘Pedogenic Carbonate Transformations in Leaching Soil Systems’, in Lal, R., Kimble, J. M., and Stewart, B. A. (eds.), Global Climate Change and Tropical Ecosystems, CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 43–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pal, D. K., Dasog, G. S., Vdivelu, S., Ahuja, R. L., and Bhattacharya, T.: 2000, ‘Secondary Calcium Carbonate in Soils of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of India’, in Lal, R., Kimble, J. M., Eswaran, H., and Stewart, B. A. (eds.), Global Climate Change and Pedogenic Carbonates, CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 149–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, A. N.: 1982, ‘Short-Term Effect of Seasonal Burning of Dichanthium Annulatum Grassland Stands on Soil Organic Matter Content at Varanasi India’, Indian J. Ecol. 9, 33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, C. B., Singh, A. K., and Sharma, D. K.: 2000, ‘Soil Properties under Acacia Nilotica Trees in a Traditional Agroforestry System in Central India’, Agrofor. Syst. 49, 53–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patra, D. D., Anwar,M., and Chand, S.: 2000, ‘Integrated Nutrient Management andWaste Recycling for Restoring Soil Fertility and Productivity in Japanese Mint and Mustard Sequence in Uttar Pradesh, India’, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 80, 267–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prashar, D. C., Mitra, A. P., and Sinha, S. K. et al.: 1994, ‘Methane Budget from Indian Paddy Fields’, in Lal, R., Hobbs, P., Hansen, D. O., and Uphoff, N. (eds.), Sustainable Agriculture and the Rice-Wheat System, Marcel Dekker, New York, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, A. V., Singh, K. C., and Gupta, J. P.: 1997, ‘Ley Farming-An Alternate Farming System for Sustainability in the Indian Arid Zone’, Arid Soil Res. Rehab. 11, 201–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu, K. S., Benbi, D. K., and Prihar, S. S.: 1996, ‘Dryland Wheat Yields in Relation to Soil Organic Carbon, Applied Nitrogen, StoredWater and Rainfall Distribution’, Fertil. Res. 44, 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sass, R. L. 1994. ‘Short Summary of Chapter for Methane’, in Minami, K., Mosier, A., and Sass, R. (eds.), CH4 and N2O, Global Emissions and Controls from Rice Fields and other Agricultural and Industrial Sources, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan, pp. 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sehgal, J. L., Mandal, D. K., Mandal, C., and Vediveul, S.: 1990, 'Agroecological Regions of India. National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning’, ICAR, NBSS Publ. 24, Nagpur, India, 76 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekhon, G. S. and Meelu, O. P.: 1994, ‘Organic Matter Management in Relation to Crop Production in Stressed Rainfed Systems’, in Virmani, S.M., Katyal, J. C., Eswaran, H., and Abrol, I. P. (eds.), Stressed Ecosystems and Sustainable Agriculture, ICAR/ICRISAT/SMSS, Oxford Publishing Co., New Delhi, India, pp. 231–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, P.K., Verma, T. S., and Bhagat, R.M.: 1995, ‘Soil Structure Improvements with the Addition of Lantana Camara Biomass in Rice-Wheat Cropping’, Soil Use & Manage 11, 199–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, B.: 1996, ‘Influence of Forest Litter on Reclamation of Semi-Arid Sodic Soils’, Arid Soil Res. Rehab. 10, 201–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, B., Singh, Y., Maskina, M. S., and Meelu, O. P.: 1996, ‘The Value of Poultry Manure for Wetland Rice Grown in Rotation with Wheat’, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 47, 243–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, H., Sharma, K. N., and Arora, B. S.: 1995, ‘Influence of Continuous Fertilization to a Maize-Wheat System on the Changes in Soil Fertility’, Fert. Res. 40, 7–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N. T. and Bandyopadhyay, A. K.: 1996, ‘Chemical Degradation Leading to Salt-Affected Soils and their Management for Agriculture and Alternate Uses’, in Biswas, T. D. and Narayanasamy, G. (eds.), Soil Management in Relation to Land Degradation and Environment, Indian Soc. Soil Sci. Bull. 17, New Delhi, India, pp. 89–101.

  • Singh, S. and Singh, J. S.: 1996, ‘Water-Stable Aggregates and Associated Organic Matter in Forest, Savanna, and Cropland Soils of a Seasonally Dry Tropical Region, India’, Biol. & Fertil. Soils 22, 76–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, Y., Khind, C. S., and Singh, B.: 1991, ‘Efficient Management of Leguminous Green Manures in Wetland Rice’, Adv. Agron. 45, 135–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singhal, R. M., Banerjee, S. P., and Pathak, T. C.: 1975, ‘Effect of Eucalyptus Monoculture on the Status of Soil Organic Matter in Natural Sal (Shorea Robusta) Zone in Doon Valley’, Indian For. 101, 730–737.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, P. C. and Prakash, O.: 1982, ‘Effectiveness of Sugarcane Trash in Improving Soil Organic Matter and Aggregation in a Mollisol in India’, Indian J. Soil Conserv. 10, 104–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swaminathan, M. S.: 2000, ‘Science in Response to Basic Human Needs’, Science 287, 425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swarup, A.: 1998, ‘Emerging Soil Fertility Management Issues for Sustainable Crop Productivity in Irrigated Systems’, in Swarup, A., Reddy, D. D., and Prasad, R. N. (eds.), Long-Term Soil Fertility Management through Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply, Indian Inst. Soil Sci., Bhopal, India, pp. 54–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swarup, A., Manna, M. C., and Singh, G. B.: 2000, ‘Impact of Land Use and Management Practices on Organic Carbon Dynamics in Soils of India’, in Lal, R., Kimble, J. M., and Stewart, B. A. (eds.), Global Climate Change and Tropical Ecosystems, CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 261–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szott, L. T., Palm, C. A., and Buresh, R. J.: 1999, ‘Ecosystem Fertility and Fallow Function in the Humid and Sub-Humid Tropics’, Agroforest. Syst. 47, 163–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velayutham, M., Pal, D. K., and Bhattacharyya, T.: 2000, ‘Organic Carbon Stock in Soils of India’, in Lal, R., Kimble, J. M., and Stewart, B. A. (eds.), Global Climate Change and Tropical Ecosystems, CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 71–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venugopalan, M. V. and Pundarikakshudu, R.: 1999, ‘Long-Term Effect of Nutrient Management and Cropping System on Cotton Yield and Soil Fertility in Rainfed Vertisols’, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 55, 159–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, J. S. P.: 1996, ‘Extent, Nature, Intensity and Causes of Land Degradation in India’, in Biswas, T. D. and Narayanasamy, G. (eds.), Soil Management in Relation to Land Degradation and Environment, Indian Soc. Soil Sci. Bull. 17, New Delhi, India, pp. 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, R. L.: 1995, ‘Soil Organic Matter and NPK Status as Influenced by Integrated Use of Green Manure, Crop Residues, Cane Trash and Urea N in Sugarcane-Based Crop Sequences’, Bioresour. Technol. 54, 93–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, R. L., Dwivedi, B. S., and Pandey, P. S.: 2000, ‘Rice-Wheat Cropping System: Assessment of Sustainability under Green Manuring and Chemical Fertilizer Inputs’, Field Crops Res. 65, 15–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, R. L. and Prasad, S. R.: 1992, ‘Conserving the Organic Matter Content of the Soil to Sustain Sugarcane Yield’, Exp. Agric. 28, 52–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, R. L. and Verma, R. P.: 1995, ‘Crop Residue Management to Conserve Soil Organic Matter Content in Sugarcane-Based Crop Rotations’, Bioresour. Technol. 51, 241–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, R. L., Yadav, D. S., Singh, R. M., and Kumar, A.: 1998, ‘Long-Term Effects of Inorganic Fertilizer Inputs on Crop Productivity in a Rice-Wheat Cropping System’, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 51, 193–200.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, U.S.A.

    R. Lal

Authors
  1. R. Lal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lal, R. Soil Carbon Sequestration in India. Climatic Change 65, 277–296 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000038202.46720.37

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000038202.46720.37

Keywords

Search

Navigation