Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine age and gender differences in the contents of regrets, and the association between regrets and subjective well-being. The sample consisted of 176 participants ranging in age from 19 to 82 years. The results showed that young adults (19–29 years) named regrets related to relationships and leisure more often than middle-aged (30–54 years) and older adults (55–82 years), whereas regrets related to work and family were more salient among middle-aged and older adults. Furthermore, gender comparison revealed that regrets concerning relationships and family were more frequent among women than among men. Related to subjective well-being, results showed that regrets concerning education and work were negatively associated with life satisfaction, and depressive symptoms associated with self-related regrets.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Agresti, A. (1990). Categorical data analysis.New York: Wiley.
Aiken, L., & West, S. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and Interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Baltes, P., Cornelius, S., & Nesselroade, J. (1979). Cohort effects in developmental psychology. In J. Nesselroade & P. Baltes (Eds.), Longitudinal research in the study of behavior and development(pp. 61-87). New York: Academic Press.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelsohn, M., Mosck, L., & Erlaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4,561-571.
Brandtstädter, J., & Renner, G. (1990). Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment: Explication and age-related analysis of assimilative and accommodative strategies of coping. Psychology and Aging, 5,58-67.
Cantor, N., Norem, J., Niedenthal, P., Langston, C., & Brower, A. (1987). Life-tasks, self-concept ideals and cognitive strategies in a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychol-ogy, 53,1178-1191.
Cantor, N., & Zirkel, S. (1990). Personality, cognition, and purpo-sive behavior. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research(pp. 135-164). New York: Guilford Press.
Cross, S., & Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122,5-37.
Cross, S., & Markus, H. (1991). Possible selves across the life span. Human Developmen, 34,230-255.
DeMaris, A. (1992). Logit modeling: Practical applications.Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, Series No. 07-086. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, R., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49,71-75.
Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (1995). Resources, personal strivings, and subjective well-being: A nomothetic and idiographic approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38,668-678.
Emmons, R. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51,1058-1068.
Emmons, R., & King, L. (1988). Conflict among personal strivings: Immediate and long-term implications for psychological and physical well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54,1040-1048.
Fleeson, W., & Baltes, P. (1998). Beyond present-day personality assessment: An encouraging exploration of the measurement properties and predictive power of subjective lifetime personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 32,411-430.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harward University Press.
Gilovich, T., & Medvec, V. (1994). The temporal pattern to the experience of regret. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67,357-365.
Havighurst, R. (1973). Developmental tasks and education(3rd Ed.). New York: McKay. (Original work published 1948).
Heckhausen, H., & Kuhl, J. (1985). From wishes to action: The dead ends and short cuts on the long way to action. In M. Frese & J. Sabini (Eds.), Goal directed behavior: The concept of action in psychology(pp. 134-159). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Jokisaari, M. (2003). Regret appraisals, age, and subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 37,487-503.
Karniol, R., & Ross, M. (1996). The motivational impact of tem-poral focus: Thinking about the future and the past. Annual Review of Psychology, 47,593-620.
Kinnier, R., & Metha, A. (1989). Regrets and priorities at three stages in life. Counseling and Values, 33,182-193.
Klinger, E. (1975). Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives. Psychological Review, 82,1-25.
Kohli, M. (1985). Die Institutionalisierung des Lebenslaufs: Historische Befunde und Theoretische Argumente [Institution-alization of the life course: Historical observations and the-oretical arguments]. Kölner Zeitschrift f ür Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 37,1-29.
Kuhl, J., & Helle, P. (1986). Motivational and volitional determinants of depression: the degenerated-intention hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95,247-251.
Landman, J. (1993). Regret: The persistence of the possible.New York: Oxford University Press.
Landman, J., Vandewater, E., & Malley, J. (1995). Missed opportu-nities: Psychological ramifications of counterfactual thought in midlife women. Journal of Adult Development, 2,87-97.
Lecci, L., Okun, M., & Karoly, P. (1994). Life regrets and current goals as predictors of psychological adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66,731-741.
Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41,954-969.
Martin, L., & Tesser, A. (1989). Toward a motivational and struc-tural theory of ruminative thought. In J. Uleman & J. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought(pp. 306-326). New York: Guilford Press.
Mayer, K. (1986). Structural constraints on the life course. Human Development, 29,163-170.
McIntosh, W., & Martin, L. (1992). The cybernetics of happiness: The relation of goal attainment, rumination, and affect. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology(Vol. 14, pp. 222-246). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67,92-104.
Nurmi, J.-E. (1992). Age differences in adult life goals, concerns, and their temporal extension: Alife course approach to future-oriented motivation. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15,487-508.
Nurmi, J.-E. (1997). Self-definition and mental health during adolescence and young adulthood. In J. Schulenberg, J. Maggs, & K. Hurrelmann (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence(pp. 395-419). Cambridge University Press.
Palys, T. S., & Little, B. R. (1983). Perceived life satisfaction and the organization of personal project systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44,1221-1230.
Pervin, L. (Ed.). (1989). Goal concepts in personality and social psychology.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Salmela-Aro, K. (1992). Struggling with self: The personal projects of students seeking psychological counseling. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 33,330-338.
Schulz, R., & Heckhausen, J. (1996). Alife-span model of successful aging. American Psychologist, 51,702-714.
Settersten, R., Jr., & Mayer, K. (1997). The measurement of age, age structuring, and the life course. Annual Review of Sociology, 23,233-261.
Strough, J., Berg, C., & Sansone, C. (1996). Goals for solving every-day problems across the life span: Age and gender differences in the salience of interpersonal concerns. Developmental Psychology, 32,1106-1115.
Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (1996). Using multivariate statistics(3rd Ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
Trapnell, P., & Campbell, J. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76,284-304.
Wrosch, C., & Heckhausen, J. (1999). Control processes before and after passing a developmental deadline: Activation and deactivation of intimate relationship goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77,415–427.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jokisaari, M. Regrets and Subjective Well-Being: A Life Course Approach. Journal of Adult Development 11, 281–288 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JADE.0000044531.11605.d5
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JADE.0000044531.11605.d5