Abstract
We studied a tropical mangrove ecosystem, situated at Pichavaram, southeast India. We found 13 species of mangrove trees, with Avicennia marinaand Rhizophora species predominant, besides 73 spp. of other plants, 52 spp. of bacteria, 23 spp. of fungi, 82 spp. of phytoplankton, 22 spp. of seaweeds, 3 spp. of seagrass, 95 spp. of zooplankton, 40 spp. of meiobenthos, 52 spp. of macrobenthos, 177 spp. of fish and 200 spp. of birds. The bacteria performed activities like photosynthesis, methanogenesis, magnetic behaviour, human pathogens and production of antibiotics and enzymes (arysulphatase, L-glutaminase, chitinase, L-asparaginase, cellulase, protease, phosphatase). The microzooplankton included tintinnids, rotifers, nauplius stages of copepods and veliger larvae of molluscs, with a predominance of tintinnids. Tintinopsis spp. alone accounted for 90% of abundance. The macrozooplankton consisted of 95% of copepods and coelenterates. The meiofauna was rich with nematodes (50–70% of the component), followed by foramifera. The macrofauna included polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods, tanaids, isopods, amphipods, cirripedes, crabs, hermit crabs and shrimps. The mangrove harboured a large number of juvenile fishes, especially during summer and post-monsoon. The water was fertile and productive in having several fold-higher levels of nutrients, microbes, plankton and other biological resources, than the adjoining estuarine, backwater and neritic environments. The gross primary production was 8 g cm-3 d-1; about 21% of which was contributed by phytoplankton of 5–10 μm size. Unfortunately, 90% of the mangrove cover in the study area was degraded. Possible factors that cause degradation of the ecosystem are detailed and remedial measures suggested. Techniques for regeneration of the degraded areas are proposed.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Ayyakkannu, K., 1989. Diel variations and relative abundance of planktonic larvae in Coleroon estuarine complex, southeast coast of India. J. mar. biol. Ass. India 31: 276–286.
Babu Rajendran, R., 1989. Studies on Chitinoclastic bacteria in the Vellar estuary. M.Phil. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 55 pp.
Balagurunathan, R., 1992. Antagonistic actinomycetes from Indian shallow sea sediments with reference to a β-unsaturated lactone type of antibiotic from Streptomyces griseobrunnus. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 73 pp.
Balasubramanian, T. & V. K. Venugopalan, 1984. Dissolved organic matter in Pichavaram mangrove environment, Tamil Nadu, South India. Proc. As. Symp. Manag. Env. Res. Manag: 496-513.
Balasubramanian, T., P. Lakshmanaperumalsamy, D. Chandramohan & R. Natarajan, 1979. Cellulolytic activity of streptomycetes isolated from the digestive tract of a marine borer. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 8: 111–114.
Balasubrahmanyan, K., 1994. Micro-invertebrate benthic fauna of Pichavaram mangroves. In Deshmukh, S. V. & V. Balaji (eds), Conservation of Mangrove Forest Genetic Resources-A Training Manual. ITTO-CRSARO project, M.S. Swaminathan Foundation, Madras: 257–259.
Blasco, F., 1975. The mangroves of India. Inst. Franc. Pondicherry. Trav. Seck. Sci. Tech. 14: 175.
Blasco, F., C. Caratini, S. Chandra & G. Thanikaimani, 1975. Main characteristics of Indian mangroves. Proc. Int. Symp. Biol. Mgt. Mangroves, Honolulu I: 71-87.
Caratini, C., F. Blasco & G. Thanikaimani, 1973. Relation between the pollen spectra and the vegetation of a south Indian mangroves. Pollen et spores 15: 281–292.
Chandramohan, D., S. Ramu & R. Natarajan, 1972. Cellulolytic activity of marine streptomycetes. Curr. Sci. 41: 245–246.
Chandramohan, D., K. Dhevendran & R. Natarajan, 1974. Aryl-sulfatase activity in marine sediments. Mar. Biol. 27: 89–92.
Chandrasekaran, V. S. & R. Natarajan, 1993. Mullet seed resources of Pichavaram mangrove, southeast coast of India. J. mar. biol. Ass. India 35: 167–174.
Chandrasekaran, V. S. & R. Natarajan, 1994. Seasonal abundance and distribution of seeds of mud crab Scylla serrata in Pichavaram mangrove, Southeast India. J. Aqua. Trop. 9: 343–350.
Devendran, K., 1977. Studies on arylsulfatase activity in marine sediments. Ph.D. Thesis. Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 115 pp.
Devendran, K., V. Sundararaj, D. Chandramohan & K. Krishnamurthy, 1974. Bacteria and primary production. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 3: 139–141.
Dharmaraj, K., N. Selvakumar, D. Chandramohan & R. Natarajan, 1977. L-glutaminase activity in marine sediments. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 6: 168–170.
Devi Sivasankari, B., 1995. A futuristic study of salinity variations in the Pichavaram mangrove channels from the period 1995 to 2020. M.Sc. dissertation, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India. 18 pp.
Dious, S. R. J. & R. Kasinathan, 1994. Tolerance limits of two pulmonate snails Cassidula nucleus and Melampus ceylonicus from Pichavaram mangroves. Envir. Ecol. 12: 845–849.
Elangovan, C. R., 1993. Eco-botanical, heavy metals and sociological studies in the Pichavaram mangroves. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 151 pp.
Ellison, A. M. & E. J. Farnsworth, 1993. Seedling survivorship, growth and response to disturbance in Belizean mangal. Am. J. Bot. 80: 1137–1145.
Glory Dally, S., 1984. Accumulation of iron, manganese, zinc and copper by salt excreting sand salt excluding types of mangrove plants. M.Phil. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 64 pp.
Godhantaraman, N., 1994. Species composition and abundance of tintinnids and copepods in the Pichavaram mangroves (south India). Cienc. Mar. 20: 371–391.
Govindasamy, C. & L. Kannan, 1991. Ecology of the rotifers of the Pichavaram mangroves (south east coast of India)-A hydrobiological approach. Mahasagar 24: 39–45.
Jeyachandan, S., 1990. Studies on the intertidal diatoms from the Pitchavaram mangroves (India), Ph.D. Thesis. Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 169 pp.
Kaliyaperumal, C., 1992. Studies on the interaction between phytoplankton and zooplankton in the waterways of the Pichavaram mangroves (India). Ph.D. Thesis. Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 215 pp.
Kannan, L. & T. Thangaradjou, 1998. Seaweeds and seagrasses of Porto Novo. Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 46 pp.
Kannan, L. & K. Vasantha, 1992. Microphytoplankton of the Pitchavaram mangals, southeast coast of India: Species composition and population density. In Jaccarini, V. & E. Martens (eds), The Ecology of Mangrove and Related Ecosystems. Hydrobiologia 247: 77–86.
Kannupandi, T. & K. Pasupathi, 1994. Laboratory reared larval stages of a mangrove crab Sesarma edwardsi De Man 1887 (Decopods: Grapsidae). Mahasagar 27: 105–115.
Kasinathan, R. & A. Shanmugam, 1986. Molluscan fauna of Pichavaram mangroves, Tamil Nadu. In Bhosale, L. J. (ed.), The Mangroves. Proc. Nat. Symp. Biol., Utili. & Conser. Mangroves. Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India: 438–443.
Kathiresan, K., 1992. Foliovory in Pichavaram mangroves. Envir. Ecol. 10: 988–989.
Kathiresan, K., 1993. Dangerous pest on nursery seedlings of Rhizophora. Ind. For. 119: 1026.
Kathiresan, K., 1995a. Rhizophora annamalayana: a new species of mangroves. Envir. Ecol. 13: 240–241.
Kathiresan, K., 1995b. Studies on tea from mangrove leaves. Envir. Ecol. 13: 321–323.
Kathiresan, K., 1995c. Strategies of conservation of a mangrove. J. Annamalai Univ., Part B 37: 23–32.
Kathiresan, K., 1999. Impact of mangrove biodiversity on associated fishery resources and fishers' income. A project final report submitted to WWF, Washington DC.: 142 pp.
Kathiresan, K. & P. Moorthy, 1992. Viviparous propagules of Rhizophora species. Ind. For. 118: 687.
Kathiresan, K. & P. Moorthy, 1992a. Influence of boric acid on rooting of Rhizophora apiculata Blume hypocotyls. Envir. Ecol. 10: 992–993.
Kathiresan, K. & P. Moorthy, 1993. Influence of different irradiance on growth and photosynthetic characteristics in seedlings of Rhizophora species. Photosynthetica 29: 143–146.
Kathiresan, K. & P. Moorthy, 1994a. Effect of NAA, IBA and Keradix on rooting potential of Rhizophora apiculata Blume hypocotyls. Ind. For. 120: 420–422.
Kathiresan, K. & P. Moorthy, 1994b. Chemical induced rooting in hypocotyls of Rhizophora mucronata. Ind. For. 17: 310–312.
Kathiresan, K. & P. Moorthy, 1994c. Hormone-induced physiological response to tropical mangrove species. Bot. mar. 37: 139–141.
Kathiresan, K. & P. Moorthy, 1994d. Photosynthetic response of Rhizophora apiculata Blume seedlings to a long chain aliphatic alcohol. Aquat. Bot. 47: 191–193.
Kathiresan K. & P. Moorthy, 1996. Alleviation of UV-B induced effects by eye-stalk ablation in Penaeus semisulcatus De Hann. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 34: 1161–1163.
Kathiresan, K. & M. Pandian, 1991. Effect of UV on quality of black tea from Ceriops decandra. Sci. Cult. 57: 93–95.
Kathiresan, K. & M. Pandian, 1993. Effect of UV on black tea contituents of mangrove leaves. Sci. Cult. 59: 61–63.
Kathiresan, K. & M. X. Ramesh, 1991. Establishment of seedlings of a mangrove. Ind. For. 17: 93–95.
Kathiresan K. & T. Ramanathan, 1997. Medicinal plants of Parangipettai coast. Annamalai University, India: 79 pp.
Kathiresan, K. & A. V. Ravi, 1990. Seasonal changes in tannin content of mangrove leaves. Ind. For. 116: 390–392.
Kathiresan, K. & S. Ravikumar, 1993. Two endangered species of mangrove in Pichavaram. Ind. For. 119: 773.
Kathiresan, K. & S. Ravikumar, 1995a. Influence of tannins, sugars and amino acids on bacterial load of marine halophytes. Envir. Ecol. 13: 94–96.
Kathiresan, K. & S. Ravikumar, 1995b. Vegetative propagation through air-layering in two species of mangroves. Aquat. Bot. 50: 107–110.
Kathiresan, K. & S. Ravikumar, 1997. Studies on tissue culture aspects of marine halophytes. In Ravishankar, G. A. & L.V. Venkataraman (eds), Biotechnological Applications of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Oxford and IBH, Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd. India: 290–295.
Kathiresan, K. & T. S. Thangam, 1987. Biotoxicity of Excoecaria agallocha L. latex on marine organisms. Curr. Sci. 56: 314–315.
Kathiresan, K. & T. S. Thangam, 1989. Effect of leachates from mangrove leaf on rooting of Rhizophora seedlings. Geobios 16: 27–29.
Kathiresan, K. & T. S. Thangam, 1990a. A note on the effects of salinity and pH on growth of Rhizophora seedlings. Ind. For. 116: 243–244.
Kathiresan, K. & T. S. Thangam, 1990b.Effect of phenolics on growth of viviparous seedlings of Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Geobios 17: 142–143.
Kathiresan, K., K. Sivachandrabose & T. S. Thangam, 1987. Light induced effect of Excoecaria agallocha L. on phytoplankton productivity in Pichavaram. In Nair, N. B. (ed.), Proc. National Seminar on Estuarine Management. Trivandrum: 514-515.
Kathiresan, K., G. A. Ravishankar & L. V. Venkataraman, 1990. Auxin-phenol induced rooting in a mangrove Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Curr. Sci. 59: 430–432.
Kathiresan, K., P. Moorthy & S. Ravikumar, 1993. Rooting of Rhizophora mucronata as influenced by mangroves leaf leachates. J. Tree Sci. 12: 23–26.
Kathiresan, K., M. X. Ramesh & V. Venkatesan, 1994a. Forest Structure and prawn seeds in Pichavaram mangroves. Envir. Ecol. 12: 465–468.
Kathiresan, K., P. Moorthy & N. Rajendran, 1994b. Seedling performance of mangrove Rhizophora apiculata (Rhizophorales: Rhizophoraceae) in different environs. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 23: 168–169.
Kathiresan, K., P. Moorthy & N. Rajendran, 1994c. Promotory effect of some chemicals on seedling growth of Rhizophora apiculata. Envir. Ecol. 11: 716–717.
Kathiresan, K., T. S. Thangam & M. Premanathan, 1995a. Mangrove halophytes: a potential source of medicine. In Khan, M. A. & I. A. Ungar (eds), Biology of Salt Tolerant Plants. University of Karachi, Pakistan: 361–370.
Kathiresan, K., P. Moorthy & S. Ravikumar, 1995b. Studies on root growth in seedlings of a tropical mangrove tree species. Int. Tree Crops J. 8: 183–187.
Kathiresan, K., N. Rajendran & G. Thangadurai, 1996a. Growth of mangrove seedlings in intertidal area of Vellar estuary southeast coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 25: 240–243.
Kathiresan, K., P. Moorthy & S. Ravikumar, 1996b. A note on the influence of salinity and pH on rooting of Rhizophora mucronata lamk. seedlings. Ind. For. 122: 763–764.
Kathiresan, K., P. Moorthy & N. Rajendran, 1996c. Methanol-induced physiological changes in mangroves. Bull. mar. Sci. 59: 454–458.
Kathiresan, K., G. A Ravishankar & L. V. Venkataraman, 1997. In vitro multiplication of a coastal plant Sesuvium portulacastrum L. by axillary bud cultures. In Ravishankar, G. A. & L.V. Venkataraman (eds), Biotechnological Applications of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Oxford and IBH, Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd. India: 185–192.
Kathiresan, K., S. Ravikumar, D. Ravichandran & K. Sakaravarthy, 1998. Relation between tannin concentration and bacterial counts in a mangrove environment. In Gautam, A. (ed.), Conservation & Management of Aquatic Resources. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi: 97–105.
Kawabata, Z., A. Magendran, S. Palanichamy, V. K. Vengugopalan & R. Tatsukawa, 1993. Phytoplankton biomass and productivity of different size fractions in the Vellar estuarine system, southeast coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 22: 294–296.
Krishnamurthy, K. & M. J. Prince Jeyaseelan, 1983. The Pichavaram (India) mangrove ecosystem. Int. J. Ecol. Envir. Sci. 9: 79–85.
Krishnamurthy, K. & M. J. Prince Jeyaseelan, 1984. Human's impacts on the Pichavaram mangrove ecosystem: a case study from Southern India. In Proc. Asia Symp. Mangr. Env. Res. & Manag: 432 pp.
Krishnamurthy, K & R. Santhanam, 1980. Species distribution of phytoplankton of Porto-Novo region (India) In Desikachary, T. V. & V. N. Raja Rao (eds), Taxonomy of Algae. University of Madras: 707-732.
Krishnamurthy, K & V. Sundararaj, 1973. A survey of environmental features in a section of the Vellar-Coleroon system, South India. Mar. Biol. 23: 229–237.
Krishnamurthy, K., R. Santhanam & V. Sundararaj, 1974. Species distribution in aquatic environment. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 3: 135–138.
Krishnamurthy, K., L. Kannan, M. J. Prince Jeyaseelan, R. Palaniappan & M. A. Sultan Ali, 1981. A floristic study of halophytes with special reference to mangroves. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 23: 114–148.
Krishnamurthy, K., A. Choudhury & A. G. Untawale, 1987. Status report. Mangroves in India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, New Delhi: 150 pp.
Krishnamurthy, K., K. Kathiresan, L. Kannan, N. Godhantaraman & W. Damodara Naidu, 1995a. Plankton of Parangipettai (Porto Novo) India. Fasicle No. 2. Cyanobacteria, Annamalai University, India: 27 pp.
Krishnamoorthy, R., S. Sundramoorthy, D. Mohan, D. S. Gowri & S. Ramachandran, 1995. Status of mangroves along Tamil Nadu coast and their spectral properties-A remote sensing approach. In Muralikrishna, I. V. (ed.), Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems for Environmental Planning. Tata McGraw Hill Publ. Ltd. New Delhi: 763 pp.
Krishnan, T. & T. Kannupandi, 1987. Larval development of the mangrove crab Sesarma bidens (De Hann, l853) in the laboratory (Brachyura: Grapsidae: Sesarminae). Mahasagar 20: 171–181.
Krishnan, T. & T. Kannupandi, 1989. Laboratory cultured zoeae and megalopa of the mangrove crab Metaplax distincta H. Milne Edwards, 1852 (Brachyura: Sesarminae). J. Plankton Res. 11: 633–648.
Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P., 1979. Studies on the actinomycetes with special reference to antagonistic streptomycetes from sediments of Porto-Novo coastal zone. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 210 pp.
Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P., 1987. Nitrogen fixing bacteria azotobacter species in aquatic sediment. Fish. Tech. 24: 126–128.
Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P., D. Chandramohan & R. Natarajan, 1975. Studies on the nitrogen fixation by marine nitrogen fixing bacteria. Bull. Dept. Mar. Sci. Univ. Cochin 7: 103–116.
Lakshmi, M., S. Rajalakshmi, M. Parani, C. S. Anuratha & A. Parida, 1997. Molecular phylogeny of mangroves. I. Use of molecular markers in assessing the intraspecific genetic variability in the mangrove species Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. (Acanthaceae). Theor. Appl. Gen. 94: 1121–1127.
Mani, P., 1992. Natural phytoplankton communities in Pichavaram mangroves. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 21: 278–280.
Mani, P., 1994. Phytoplankton in Pichavaram mangroves, east coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 23: 22–26.
Martin A., R. Natarajan & G. B. Nair, 1979. Distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and allied Vibrios in backwater and mangrove biotopes at Porto Novo. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 8: 286–289.
Maruthamuthu, S. &, S. India. In Leela J. Bhosale (ed.), The Mangroves. Shivaji University, Kolhapur: 153-162.
Mohanraju, R., B. S. Rajagopal, L. Daniels & R. Natarajan, 1997. Isolation and characterization of a methanogenic bacterium from mangrove sediments. J. Mar. Biotech. 5: 147–152.
Moorthy, P., 1995. Effects of ultraviolet B-radiation on mangrove environment: physiological responses of Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 130 pp.
Moorthy, P. & K. Kathiresan, 1993. Physiological responses of mangroves seedlings to triacontanol. Biol. Plant. 35: 577–581.
Moorthy, P. & K. Kathiresan, 1997a. Photosynthetic pigments in tropical mangroves: impacts of seasonal flux on UV-B radiation and other environmental attributes. Bot. mar. 40: 341–349.
Moorthy, P. & K. Kathiresan, 1997b. Influence of UV-B radiation on photosynthetic and biochemical characteristics of a mangrove Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Photosynthetica 34: 465–471.
Moorthy, P. & K. Kathiresan, 1998. UV-B induced alterations in composition of thylakoid membrane and amino acids in leaves of Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Photosynthetica 35: 321–328.
MSSRF, 1998. Coastal wetlands: mangrove conservation and management. M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Field Centre, Chidambaram. Supported by India-Canada Environment Facility, New Delhi: 12 pp.
Muniyandi, K., 1986. Studies on mangroves of Pichavaram (southeast coast of India). Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 215 pp.
Muniyandi, K. & R. Natarajan, 1985. Incidence of seedling formation in Rhizophora lamarckii Montr. at Pichavaram mangrove, Tamil Nadu, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 82: 441–442.
Nair, P. S. R., 1991. Occurrence of bryozoa in Vellar estuarine region, south east coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 20: 277–279.
Oswin, S. D. & K. Kathiresan, 1994. Pigments in mangrove species of Pichavaram. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 23: 64–66.
Padmakumar, K. & K. Ayyakkannu, 1997. Antiviral activity of marine plants. Ind. J. Virol. 13: 33–36.
Palaniselvam, V., 1998. Epiphytic cyanobacteria of mangrove: ecological, physiological and biochemical studies and their utility as biofertilizer and shrimp feed. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 141 pp.
Palaniselvam, V. & K. Kathiresan, 1996. Culture of a marine cyanobacterium Phormidium tenue (Myxophyceae/Hormogonales) Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 25: 165–167.
Palaniselvam, V. & K. Kathiresan, 1998a. Potential of a marine cyanobacterium Phormidium tenue (menegh.) Gomont as a shrimp feed supplement. Seaweed Res. Utiln. 20: 75–78.
Palaniselvam, V. & K. Kathiresan, 1998b. Phormidium tenue: a potent source of biofertilizer for mangrove seedlings. In Subramanian, G., B. D. Kaushik & G. S. Venkataraman (eds) Cyanobacterial Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi: 371–382.
Palaniselvam, V., K. Kathiresan & P. Moorthy, 1998. Salinity and age-induced changes in pigments and biomass production in marine cyanobacterium Phormidium tenue (Myxophyceae: Hormogonales). Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 27: 227–229.
Panneerselvam, A., L. Kannan & K. Krishnamurthy, 1979. Photosynthetic pigments in coastal ecosystems. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 8: 109–111.
Parani, M., C. S. Rao, N. Mathan, C. S. Anuratha, K. K. Narayanan & A. Parida, 1997. Molecular phylogeny of mangroves. III. Parentage analysis of a Rhizophora hybrid using random amplified polymorphic DNA and restriction fragment length polymorphism markers. Aquat. Bot. 58: 165–172.
Pasupathi, K. & T. Kannupandi, 1986. Laboratory reared larval stages of the mangrove grapsid crab, Metopograpsus maculatus H. Milne Edwards. Mahasagar 19: 233–244.
Pasupathi, K. & T. Kannupandi, 1987. Laboratory culture of a mangrove crab Sesarma pictum De Haan, 1853 (Brachyura: Grapsidae). In Palanichamy, S. (ed.), Proc. Fifth Indian Symposium of Invertebrate Reproduction. Palani: 294-307.
Pasupathi, K. & T. Kannupandi, 1988a. The zoeae, megalopa and first crab of the mangrove crab Metaplax elegans De Man, cultured in the laboratory. Mahasagar 145-160.
Pasupathi, K. & T. Kannupandi, 1988b. The complete larval development of the mangrove ocypodid crab Macrophthalmus depressus Ruppell, 1830 (Brachyura: Macrophthalminae) reared in the laboratory. J. nat. Hist. 22: 1533–1544.
Perumal, P., 1985. Seasonal variations in the concentration of humic acids in the Pichavaram mangroves, south India. In Leela J. Bhosale (ed.), The Mangroves. Shivaji University, Kolhapur: 369–371.
Perumal, P., 1989. Heterogeneity of coastal ecosystems with special reference to mangroves. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 156 pp.
Pool, D. J., S. C. Snedaker & A. E. Lugo, 1977. Structure of mangrove forests of southern florida and puerto Rico. Proc. Int. Symp. Biol. Mgt. Mangroves, Honolulu, II: 213-237.
Premanathan, M., K. Chandra, S. K. Bajpai & K. Kathiresan, 1992. >A survey of some Indian marine plants of antiviral activity. Bot. mar. 35: 321–324.
Premanathan, M., K. Kathiresan, K. Chandra & S. K. Bajpai, 1993. Antiviral activity of marine plants against New castle disease virus. Trop. Biomed. 10: 31–33.
Premanathan, M., K. Kathiresan & K. Chandra, 1994a. In vitro antivaccinia virus activity of some marine plants. Ind. J. Med. Res. 99: 236–238.
Premanathan, M., K. Kathiresan & K. Chandra, 1994b. Antiviral activity of marine and coastal plants from India. Int. J. Pharmacognosy 32: 330–336.
Premanathan, M., K. Kathiresan & K. Chandra, 1995. Antiviral evaluation of some marine plants against Semliki forest virus. Int. J. Pharmacognosy 33: 75–77.
Premanathan, M., H. Nakashima, K. Kathiresan, N. Rajendran & N. Yamamoto, 1996. In vitro anti human immunodeficiency virus activity of mangrove plants. Ind. J. Med. Res. 130: 276–279.
Premanathan, M., K. Kathiresan, N. Yamamoto & H. Nakashima, 1999. In vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of polysaccharide from Rhizophora mucronata Poir. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 63: 1187–1191.
Prince Jeyaseelan, M. J., 1983. Studies on Ichthyofauna of the mangrove of Pichavaram (S. India). Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 290 pp.
Rajaguru, A., G. Shantha & R. Natarajan, 1988. Mangrove waters as nursery grounds for juveniles of marine flat fishes. CMFRI special publication 40: 62.
Rajendran, N., 1997. Studies onmangrove associated prawn seed resources of the Pichavaram southeast coast of India. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 131 pp.
Rajendran, N. & K. Kathiresan, 1996. Effect of effluent from a shrimp pond on shoot biomass pond on shoot biomass of mangrove seedlings. Aquat. Res. 27: 101–103.
Rajendran, N. & K. Kathiresan, 1998. Mangrove vegetation trap technique for improving fishery resources in coastal waters. Curr. Sci. 75: 429.
Ramachandran, S. & V. K. Venugopalan, 1987. Nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae in Porto Novo marine environments. J. mar. biol. Ass. India 29: 337–343.
Ramamurthy, T., R. M. Raju & R. Natarajan, 1990. Distribution and ecology of methanogenic bacteria in mangrove sediments of Pitchavaram, east coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 19: 269–273.
Ramesh, S., 1988. Studies on Escherichia coli (migula) castellani & chalmers (1919) from estuarine and mangrove biotopes around Porto-Novo (Southeast coast of India) Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 298 pp.
Ramesh, M. X. & K. Kathiresan, 1992. Mangrove cholesterol in the diet of penaeid prawn Penaeus indicus. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 21: 164–166.
Ramesh, A., S. Tanabe, H. Iwata, R. Tatsukawa, A. N. Subramanian, D. Mohan & V. K. Venugopalan, 1990. Seasonal variation of persistent organochlorine insecticide residues in Vellar river waters in Tamil Nadu, South India. Envir. Pollut. 67: 289–304.
Ramesh, A., S. Tanabe, H. Murase, A. N. Subramanian & R. Tatsukawa, 1991. Distribution and behaviour of persistent organochlorine insecticides in paddy soil and sediments in the tropical environment: a case study in South India. Envir. Pollut. 74: 293–307.
Ravi, A. V. & K. Kathiresan, 1990. Seasonal variations in gallotannin from mangroves. Ind. J. mar. Sci. 19: 224–225.
Ravikumar, S., 1995. Nitrogen fixing azotobacters from the mangrove habitat and their utility as biofertilizers. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 102 pp.
Ravikumar, S. & K. Kathiresan, 1993. Influence of tannins, amino acids and sugars on fungi of marine halophytes. Mahasagar 26: 21–24.
Robertson, A. I. & S. J. M. Blaber, 1992. Phytoplankton, Epibenthos and fish communities. In Robertson, A. I. & D. M. Alongi (eds), Coastal and Estuarine Studies: Tropical Mangrove Ecosystem. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC: 173–224.
Robertson, A.I., D.M. Alongi & K.G. Boto, 1992. Food chain and carbon fluxes. In A.I Robertson, A.I. & D.M. Alongi (eds), Coastal and Estuarine Studies: Tropical Mangrove Ecosystem. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC: 293–326.
Sakagami, H., M. Kashimata, M. Toguchi, Satoh, Y. Odanaka, Y. Ida, M. Premanathan, R. Arakaki, K. Kathiresan, H. Nakashima, N. Komatsu, M. Fujimaki & M. Yoshihara, 1998. Radical modulation activity of lignins from a mangrove plant, Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou. In vivo 12: 327–332.
Sampath, K. & K. Krishnamurthy, 1990. Shore birds (Charadriformis) of the Pichavaram mangroves, Tamil nadu. Wader study group Bulletin, U.K. 58: 24–27.
Santhanam, R., 30: 337-341.
Selvam, V., R. Mohan, R. Ramasubramanian & J. Azariah, 1991. Plant communities and soil properties of three mangrove stands of Madras coast. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 20: 67–69.
Selvakumar, N., 1981. Studies on L-asparaginase (antileukaemic agent) from coastal areas of Porto Novo, South India. Ph.D. Thesis. Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 155 pp.
Sethuramalingam, S. & S. Ajmal Khan, 1991. Brachyuran crabs of Parangipettai coast, CAS in Marine Biology publication. Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 92 pp.
Shanmugam, A., 1991a. Early life history of a salt marsh snail Pythia plicata (Gray) Ind. J. Fish. 38: 251–53.
Shanmugam, A., 1991b. Variations in the major biochemical constitutents in a salt marsh snail Pythia plicata (Gray) in relation to its reproduction cycle. Mahasagar 24: 113–118.
Shanmugam, A., 1994. Age and growth of a saltmarsh snailMelampus ceylonicus Petit. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 23: 173–175.
Shanmugam, A., 1995a. Functional morphology of the digestive system of a saltmarsh snail Pythia plicata (Gray). Ind. J. Fish. 42: 2–27.
Shanmugam, A., 1995b. Length-weight and allometric relationship in an ellobiid snail Melampus ceylonicus Petit. Ind. J. Fish. 42: 42–46.
Shanmugam, A., 1995c. Reproductive cycle of a saltmarsh snail Pythia plicata (Grat). J. mar. biol. Ass. India 37: 22–26.
Shanmugam, A., 1996. Length-weight and allometric relationships in pulmonate snail Pythia plicata (Gray) from Pitchavaram mangroves. Adv. Biosci. 15: 97–108.
Shanmugam, A. & R. Kasinathan, 1987. Larval development of saltmarsh snail Melampus ceylonicus (Ellobiidae: Pulmonata) from Pitchavaram mangroves, Tamil Nadu. J. mar. biol. Ass. India 29: 69–73.
Sivakumar, A., 1992. Studies on wood biodeterioration of mangroves. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 55 pp.
Sivakumar, A. & K. Kathiresan, 1990. Phylloplane fungi from mangroves. Ind. J. Microbiol. 30: 229–231.
Sivakumar, A. & K. Kathiresan, 1996. Studies on wood-boring molluscs in Pichavaram mangrove of southeast coast of India. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publ. 16: 211–214.
Subramanian, B. R., 1981. Studies in netphytoplankton & nannophytoplankton in the mangrove and estuarine water of Porto Novo. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India. 203 pp.
Subramanian, A. N., B. R. Subramanian & V. K. Venugopalan, 1981. Seasonal variation of iron in plankton and mangrove leaves in relation to environmental concentration. J. envir. Biol. 2: 29–40.
Subramanian, P., M. J. Prince Jeyaseelan & K. Krishnamurthy. 1984. The nature of biodegradation of vegetation in mangrove ecosystem. Chem. Ecol. 2: 47–68.
Sudha V., 1981. Studies (a) on halophilic bacteria associated with mangrove sediment and a biovalve mollusc Anadara rhombea (Born) (Arcidae) and (b) on L. Asparaginase (Anti-Leukamic agent) from an extremely halophilic bacterium. Ph.D. Thesis. Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 162 pp.
Sundararaj, V. & K. Krishnamurthy, 1974. Studies on phytoplankton pigments in Porto Novo waters (India). 1. Mangroves. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 14: 275–284.
Sundararaj, V & K. Krishnamurthy, 1975. Nutrients and plankton from the backwater and mangrove environment. In Natarajan, R. (ed.), Recent Researches in Estuarine Biology. Hindustan Publishing Corporation, Delhi: 273–290.
Sundararaj, V., K. Dhevendran, D. Chandramohan & K. Krishnamurthy, 1974. Bacteria and primary production. Ind. J. mar. Sci. 3: 139–141.
Sultan Ali, M. A., K. Krishnamurthy & M. J. Prince Jeyaseelan, 1983. Energy flow through the benthic ecosystem of the mangroves with special reference to nematodes. Mahasagar 16: 317–325.
Swaminathan, M. S., 1991. Global network of mangrove genetic resource centre. Proc. No.2 M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Madras: 132 pp.
Thangam, T. S., 1990. Studies on marine plants for mosquito control. Ph.D. thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 85 pp.
Thangam, T. S. & K. Kathiresan, 1988. Toxic effect of mangrove plant extracts on mosquito larvae Anopheles stephensi L. Curr. Sci. 57: 914–915.
Thangam, T. S. & K. Kathiresan, 1989. Larvicidal effect of marine plant extracts on mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus. J. mar. biol. Ass. India 31: 306–307.
Thangam, T. S. & K. Kathiresan, 1991. Mosquito larvicidal activity of marine plants with synthetic insecticides. Bot. mar. 34: 537–539.
Thangam, T. S. & K. Kathiresan, 1992a. Mosquito larvicidal activity of mangrove plant extract against Aedes aegypti. Int. Pest Control 34: 116–119.
Thangam, T. S. & K. Kathiresan, 1992b. Smoke repellency and killing effect of marine plants against Culex quinquefasciatus. Trop. Biomed. 9: 35–38.
Thangam, T. S. & K. Kathiresan, 1993a. The mosquito composition and seasonal distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus in a coastal town of south India. Trop. Biomed. 10: 175–177.
Thangam, T. S. & K. Kathiresan, 1993b. Repellency of marine plant extracts against Aedes aegypti. Int. J. Pharmacognosy 31: 321–323.
Thangam, T. S. & K. Kathiresan, 1994. Mosquito larvicidal activity of Rhizophora apiculata. Int. J. Pharmacognosy 32: 33–36.
Thangam, T. S. & K. Kathiresan, 1997. Mosquito larvicidal activity of mangrove plant extracts and synergistic activity of Rhizophora apiculata with pyrethrum against Culex quinquefasciatus. Int. J. Pharmacognosy 35: 69–71.
Thangam, T. S., K. Srinivasan & K. Kathiresan, 1992. Smoke repellency and killing effect of mangrove plants against the mosquito Aedes aegypti Linnaeus. Trop. Biomed. 10: 125–128.
Vanaja Kumar, 1981. Studies on actinomycetes associated with molluscs from Porto-Novo coastal waters. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 236 pp.
Venkatesan, K. R., 1966. The mangroves of Madras state. Ind. For. 92: 27–34.
Venkatesan, T. & R. Natarajan, 1986. Intertidal mycoflora of Pichavaram mangroves near Porto Novo. In Leela J. Bhosale, (ed.), The Mangroves. Shivaji University, Kolhapur: 163–169.
Venkateswaran, K., 1981. Studies on phosphate solubilising and phosphatase producing bacteria from Porto Novo coastal waters. Ph.D. thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India: 206 pp.
Venkateswaran, K., S. Sethuramalingam & R. Natarajan, 1981. Gut microflora of some edible crabs from Porto Novo coast. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 10: 399–401.
Vethanayagam, R. R., 1991. Purple photosynthetic bacteria from a tropical mangrove environment. Mar. Biol. 106: 1–3.
Vijayakumar, G. & T. Kannupandi, 1987. Laboratory-reared zoeae and megalopa of the mangrove crab Sesarma brockii de Man. Ind. J. Fish. 34: 133–144.
Walsh, G. C., 1967. An ecological study of a Hawaiian mangrove swamp. In Lauff, G. H. (ed.), Estuaries. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci. (Pub. No. 83), Washington, D.C.: 430-431.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kathiresan, K. A review of studies on Pichavaram mangrove, southeast India. Hydrobiologia 430, 185–205 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004085417093
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004085417093