Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Originalia

Arbeit und Gesundheit: Konzepte und Ergebnisse der arbeitspsychologischen Streßforschung

Published Online:September 01, 2006https://doi.org/10.1026//0033-3042.52.3.150

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über Konzepte und Ergebnisse der arbeitspsychologischen Streßforschung. Zunächst werden grundlegende Konzepte zum Thema Arbeit und Gesundheit referiert. Dies mündet in eine Darstellung relevanter Arbeits-Merkmale in aufgabenbezogener, sozialer und organisationaler Hinsicht, mit Verweisen auf Möglichkeiten ihrer Messung. Schließlich wird die Befundlage zu allgemeinen Zusammenhängen zwischen Arbeitsstreß und Indikatoren psychischer und physischer Gesundheit, zu Stressor-Ressourcen-Konstellationen und zu differentiellen Effekten skizziert, und es wird auf Untersuchungen zu Copingtendenzen im allgemeinen sowie zu gesundheitsrelevanten Verhaltensweisen im speziellen eingegangen. Dies mündet in das Fazit, daß Zusammenhänge im allgemeinen inzwischen recht gut belegt sind, wenngleich in mäßiger Höhe, daß aber das Wissen um spezifische Prozesse und deren Zusammenspiel bei der langfristigen Entstehung von Streßsymptomen noch sehr begrenzt ist. Im Ausblick wird betont, dass die Perspektive über die Arbeit hinaus erweitert werden muß. Es wird auf einige Entwicklungen der Arbeitswelt verwiesen, und es werden methodische (z.B. stärkere Prozeßorientierung) und konzeptionelle (verstärkte Berücksichtigung von Aspekten der Legitimität und Gerechtigkeit) Desiderata diskutiert.


Work and health: concepts and findings in occupational stress research

Abstract. To present an overview of research on occupational stress, we first discuss some basic concepts concerning work and health. Relevant characteristics of work concerning task related, social, and organizational aspects are summarized, and methods to measure them are discussed. A summary of findings with regard to general relationships of stress at work with health and well-being, to constellations of stressors and resources, and to differential effects is then presented, followed by findings on coping with a special emphasis on health related behaviors. It is concluded that effects of stress at work on health and well-being are well documented, although they are not very strong. At the same time, knowledge about specific processes and their interplay in the development of stress-symptoms in the long term still is quite limited. In the last section, we refer to the necessity to extend the perspective beyond the work domain and to new developments in working life that need to be studied. We sketch some methodological (e.g., the need for more process oriented studies) and theoretical points (such as the role of equity and legitimacy considerations) that, in our view, deserve more attention.

Literatur

  • Adler, N. , Matthews, K. (1994). Health psychology: Why do some people get sick and some stay well?. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 229– 259 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Beehr, T. A. (1995). Psychological stress in the workplace. . London: Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Boos, N. , Semmer, N. , Elfering, A. , Schade, V. , Gal, I. , Zanetti, M. , Kissling, R. , Buchegger, N. , Hodler, J. , Main, C. J. (2000). Natural history of individuals with asymptomatic disc abnormalities in magnetic resonance imaging.. Spine, 25, 1484– 1492 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Boucsein, W. (1991). Arbeitspsychologische Beanspruchungsforschung heute - eine Herausforderung an die Psychophysiologie.. Psychologische Rundschau, 42, 129– 144 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bunce, D. , West, M. (1994). Changing work environment: innovative coping responses to occupational stress.. Work & Stress, 8, 319– 331 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Büssing, A. (1999a). Personenbezogene Dienstleistung - Arbeit der Zukunft., Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaften (Themenheft), 53, (3) First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Büssing, A. (Hrsg.) (1999b). Telearbeit aus psychologischer Sicht.. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie (Themenheft), 43, (3) First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Caplan, R. D. , Cobb, S. , French, J. R. P. (1975). Relationships of cessation of smoking with job stress, personality, and social support.. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 211– 219 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Chesney, M. A. (1991). Women, work-related stress, and smoking.. In M. Frankenhaeuser, U. Lundberg & M. Chesney (Eds.), Women, work, and health: Stress and opportunities (pp. 139-155). New York: Plenum. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cooper, C. L. (Ed.) (1998). Theories of organizational stress. . Oxford: Oxford University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • De Rijk, A. E. , Le Blanc, P. M. , Schaufeli, W. B. (1998). Active coping and need for control as moderators of the job demand-control model: Effects on burnout.. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 71, 1– 18 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dewe, P. (1991). Primary appraisal, secondary appraisal and coping: Their role in stressful work encounters.. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64, 331– 351 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dormann, C. , Zapf, D. (1999). Social support, social stressors at work, and depressive symptoms: Testing for main and moderating effects with structural equations in a three-wave longitudinal study. . Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 874– 884 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Driskell, J. E. , Salas, E. (Eds.) (1996). Stress and human performance. . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dunckel, H. (Hrsg.) (1999). Handbuch psychologischer Arbeitsanalyseverfahren. . Zürich: vdf Hochschulverlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Eden, D. (1990). Acute and chronic job stress, strain, and vacation relief.. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 45, 175– 193 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Edwards, J. R. , Caplan, R. D. , van Harrison, R. (1998). Person-environment fit theory.. In C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Theories of organizational stress (pp. 28-67). Oxford: Oxford University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ferris, G. R. , Frink, D. D. , Galang, M. C. , Zhou, J. , Kacmar, K. M. , Howard, J. L. (1996). Perceptions of organizational politics: Prediction, stress-related implications, and outcomes.. Human Relations, 49, 233– 266 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fletcher, B. (1991). Work, stress, disease and life expectancy.. Chichester: Wiley. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Frankenhaeuser, M. , Johansson, G. (1986). Stress at work: psychobiological and psychosocial aspects.. International Review of Applied Psychology, 35, 287– 299 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Frese, M. , Zapf, D. (1987). Die Einführung von neuen Techniken verändert Qualifikationsanforderungen, Handlungsspielraum und Stressoren kaum.. Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, 41, 7– 14 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Frone, M. R. (1998). Predictors of work injuries among employed adolescents. . Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 565– 576 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Frone, M. R. , Russel, M. , Barnes, G. M. (1996). Work-family conflict, gender, and healthrelated outcomes: a study of employed parents in two community samples.. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 57– 69 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fuchs, R. , Resch, M. (1996). Alkohol und Arbeitssicherheit. . Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ganster, D. C. , Schaubroeck, J. (1991). Work stress and employee health.. Journal of Management, 17, 235– 271 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Geurts, S. , Gründemann, R. (1999). Workplace stress and stress prevention in Europe.. In M. Kompier & C. Cooper (Eds.), Preventing stress, improving productivity (pp. 9-32). London: Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Glaser, J. , Büssing, A. (1996). Widersprüchliche Anforderungen in der Arbeitstätigkeit, Zusatzaufwand und psychischer Stress. Konzepte und Überprüfung eines Vermittlungsmodells.. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, 40, 87– 91 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Greif, S. , Bamberg, E. , Semmer, N. (Hrsg.) (1991). Psychischer Streß am Arbeitsplatz. . Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Greiner, B. A. , Krause, N. , Ragland, D. R. , Fisher, J. M. (1998). Objective stress factors, accidents, and absenteeism in transit operators: A theoretical framework and empirical evidence.. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 130– 146 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Greiner, B. A. , Ragland, D. R. , Krause, N. K. , Syme, S. L. , Fisher, J. M. (1997). Objective measurement of occupational stress factors - An example with San Francisco urban transit operators. . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2, 325– 342 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Grunberg, L. , Moore, S. , Greenberg, E. S. (1998). Work stress and problem alcohol behavior: a test of the spillovermodel.. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 487– 502 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hackett, R. D. , Bycio, P. (1996). An evaluation of employee absenteeism as a coping mechanism among hospital nurses. . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69, 327– 338 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hepburn, C. G. , Loughoin, C. A. , Barling, J. (1997). Coping with chronic work stress.. In B. H. Gottlieb (Ed.), Coping with chronic stress (pp. 343-366). New York: Plenum. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hobfoll, S. E. , Freedy, J. (1993). Conservation of resources: An general stress theory applied to burnout.. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout (pp. 115-129). London: Taylor & Francis. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Holahan, C. J. , Moos, R. H. (1990). Life stressors, resistance factors, and improved psychological functioning: An extension of the stress resistance paradigm.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 909– 917 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ingledew, D. K. , Hardy, L. , Cooper, C. L. (1997). Do resources bolster coping and does coping buffer stress? An organizational study with longitudinal aspect and control for negative affectivity. . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2, 118– 133 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ivancevich, J. M. , Matteson, M. T. , Freedman, S. M. , Philips, J. S. (1990). Worksite stress management interventions.. American Psychologist, 45, 252– 261 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jex, S. M. (1998). Stress and job performance. . London: Sage. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Jex, S. M. , Bliese, P. D. (1999). Efficacy beliefs as a moderator of the impact of work-related stressors: a multilevel study. . Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 349– 361 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kahn, R. L. , Byosiere, P. (1992). Stress in organizations.. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol. 3 (pp. 571-650). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Karasek, R. A. , Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work. . New York: Basic Books. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kasl, S. V. (1996). The influence of the work environment on cardiovascular health: A historical, conceptual, and methodological perspective. . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 42– 56 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kasl, S. V. (1992). Surveillance of psychological disorders in the workplace.. In G. P. Keita & S. L. Sauter (Eds.), Work and well-being: An agenda for the 1990s (pp. 73-95). Washington, D.C.: APA. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Keita, G. P. , Sauter, S. L. (Eds.) (1992). Work and well-being. . Washington, D.C.: APA. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Klandermans, B. , van Vuuren, T. (Eds.) (1999). Job insecurity.. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology (Themenheft), 8, (2) First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Korunka, C. , Weiss, A. , Karetta, B. (1993). Die Bedeutung des Umstellungsprozesses bei der Einführung neuer Technologien. Eine interdisziplinäre Längsschnittstudie. . Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, 37, 10– 18 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kozlowski, S. W. J. , Chao, G. T. , Smith, E. M. , Hedlund, J. (1993). Organizational downsizing: Strategies, interventions, and research implication.. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 263– 332 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Laux, L. (1986). A self-presentational view of coping with stress.. In M. H. Appley & R. Trumbull (Eds.), Dynamics of stress (pp. 233-253). New York: Plunk. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lawton, R. , Parker, D. (1998). Individual differences in accident liability: A review and integrative approach.. Human Factors, 40, 655– 671 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. . Berlin: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Leitner, K. (1999). Kriterien und Befunde zu gesundheitsgerechter Arbeit - Was schädigt, was fördert die Gesundheit?. In R. Oesterreich & W. Volpert (Hrsg.), Psychologie gesundheitsgerechter Arbeitsbedingungen (S. 63-139). Bern: Huber. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Long, B. C. , Flood, K. R. (1993). Coping with work stress: psychological benefits of exercise. . Work & Stress, 7, 109– 119 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • McGrath, J. E. (1976). Stress and behavior in organizations.. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1351-1395).Chicago: Rand McNally. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Meijman, T. F. , Mulder, G. , van Dormolen, M. , Cremer, R. (1992). Workload of driving examiners: A psychophysiological field study.. In H. Kragt (Ed.), Enhancing industrial performance (pp. 245-258). London: Taylor & Francis. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Meijman, T. F. , van Dormolen, M. , Herber, R. F. , Rongen, H. , Kuiper, S. (1995). Job stress, neuroendocrine activation, and immune status.. In S. L. Sauter & L. R. Murphy (Eds.), Organizational risk factors for job stress (pp. 113-126). Washington, D.C.: APA. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mirowsky, J. , Ross, C. A. S. (1989). Social causes of psychological distress. . New York: Aldine de Gruyter. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mohr, G. , Semmer, N. K. (2001). Arbeit und Gesundheit? Alte und neue Kontroversen. . Psychologische Rundschau, in Überarbeitung. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mohr, G. (1986). Die Erfassung psychischer Befindensbeeinträchtigungen bei Industriearbeitern. . Bern: Lang. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mohr, G. (1997). Erwerbslosigkeit, Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit und psychische Befindlichkeit. . Bern: Lang. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Oesterreich, R. , Volpert, W. (1987). Handlungstheoretisch orientierte Arbeitsanalyse.. In U. Kleinbeck & J. Rutenfranz (Hrsg.), Arbeitspsychologie (Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, D III 1, S. 43-73). Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Parker, S. K. , Chmiel, N. , Wall, T. D. (1997). Work characteristics and employee well-being within a context of strategic downsizing. . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2, 289– 303 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Peeters, M. C. W. , Schaufeli, W. B. , Buunk, B. P. (1995). The role of attributions in the cognitive appraisal of work-related stressful events: an event-recording approach.. Work and Stress, 9, 463– 474 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Reicherts, M. , Pihet, S. (2000). Young adults coping with stressful situations: A micro-analysis of adequate coping and well-being.. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 59, 303– 316 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Richter, P. , Hacker, W. (1998). Belastung und Beanspruchung. . Heidelberg: Asanger. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sargent, L. D. , Terry, D. J. (1998). The effects of work control and job demands on employee adjustment and work performance. . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 71, 219– 236 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schaubroeck, J. , Merritt, D. E. (1997). Divergent effects of job control on coping with work stressors: The key role of self-efficacy.. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 738– 754 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schaubroeck, J. , Fink, L. S. (1998). Facilitating and inhibiting effects of job control and social support on stress out-comes and role behavior: a contingency model.. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 167– 195 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schaufeli, W. , Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and practice: A critical analysis. . London: Taylor & Francis. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schönpflug, W. (1987). Beanspruchung und Belastung bei der Arbeit - Konzepte und Theorien.. In U. Kleinbeck & J. Rutenfranz (Hrsg.), Arbeitspsychologie (Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, D III 1, S. 130-184). Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Semmer, N. (1984). Streßbezogene Tätigkeitsanalyse. Psychologische Untersuchungen zur Analyse von Streß am Arbeitsplatz. . Weinheim: Beltz. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Semmer, N. (1996). Individual differences, work stress, and health.. In M. J. Schabracq, J. A. Winnubst & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Handbook of work and health psychology (pp. 51-86). Chichester: Wiley. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Semmer, N. (2000). Control at work: Issues of specificity, generality, and legitimacy.. In W. J. Perrig and A. Grob (Eds.), Control of human behavior, mental processes, and consciousness (pp. 555-574). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Semmer, N. , Udris, I. (1995). Bedeutung und Wirkung von Arbeit.. In H. Schuler (Hrsg.), Lehrbuch Organisationspsychologie (2. korr. Auflage) (S. 133-165). Bern: Huber. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Semmer, N. , Zapf, D. , Greif, S. (1996). “Shared job strain“. A new approach for assessing the validity of job stress measurements. . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 63, 293– 310 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Siegrist, J. (1996). Soziale Krisen und Gesundheit. . Göttingen: Hogrefe Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sieverding, M. (1995). Die Gesundheit von Müttern - Ein Forschungsüberblick.. Zeitschrift für Medizinische Psychologie, 6– 16 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sonnentag, S. (1996). Arbeitsbedingungen und psychisches Befinden bei Frauen und Männern: Eine Metaanalyse. . Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, 40, 118– 126 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sparks, K. , Cooper, C. , Fried, Y. , Shirom, A. (1997). The effects of hours of work on health: A meta-analytic review. . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 391– 408 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Spector, P. E. , Zapf, D. , Chen, P. Y. , Frese, M. (2000). Why negative affectivity should not be controlled in job stress research: Don’t throw out the baby with the bath water. . Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 79– 95 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Spector, P. E. , Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory, and Physical Symptoms Inventory. . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 3256– 367 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Stewart, W. , Barling, J. (1996). Fathers’ work experiences effect children’s behaviors via job-related affect and parenting behaviors. . Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 22– 232 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Taylor, S. E. , Repetti, R. L. , Seeman, T. (1997). Health psychology: What is an unhealthy environment and how does it get under the skin?. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 411– 447 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Theorell, T. , Krarasek, R. (1996). Current issues relating to psychosocial job strain and cardiovascular disease research. . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 9– 26 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Thoits, P. A. (1994). Stressors and problemsolving: The individual as psychological activist.. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 143– 159 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ulich, E. (1998). Arbeitspsychologie (4. Aufl.).. Zürich: Verlag der Fachvereine. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Volpert, W. (1987). Psychische Regulation von Arbeitstätigkeiten.. In U. Kleinbeck & J. Rutenfranz (Hrsg.), Arbeitspsychologie, Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, D III 1, S. 1-42. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wall, T. D. , Jackson, P. R. (1995). New manufacturing initiatives and shopfloor job design. In A. Howard (Ed.), The changing nature of work (pp. 139-174). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wall, T. D. , Jackson, P. R. , Mullarkey, S. , Parker, S. K. (1996). The demands-control model of job strain: A more specific test.. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69, 153– 166 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Warr, P. B. (1990). Decision latitude, job demands, and employee well-being.. Work and Stress, 4, 285– 294 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Warr, P. (1994). A conceptual framework for the study of work and mental health.. Work & Stress, 8, 84– 97 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wieland, R. , Baggen, R. (1999). Bewertung und Gestaltung der Arbeit auf der Grundlage psychophysiologischer Beanspruchungsanalysen.. Wuppertaler Psychologische Berichte 1/1999., First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Williamson, A. M. , Feyer, A.-M. (1995). Causes of accidents and the time of day.. Work & Stress, 9, 158– 164 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zapf, D. (1989). Selbst- und Fremdbeobachtung in der psychologischen Arbeitsanalyse. Methodische Probleme bei der Erfassung von Streß am Arbeitsplatz. . Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zapf, D. , Dormann, C. , Frese, M. (1996). Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research. A review of the literature with reference to methodological issues.. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 145– 169 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zapf, D. , Vogt, C. , Seifert, C. , Mertini, H. , Isic, A. (1999). Emotion work as a source of stress: The concept and development of an instrument.. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 371– 400 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zohar, D. (1995). The justice perspective of job stress.. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 487– 495 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar