Skip to main content
Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010.13.4.121

Zusammenfassung. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Konstruktion und testtheoretische Überprüfung eines deutschsprachigen Instruments zur Erfassung der sport- und bewegungsbezogenen Selbstkonkordanz (SSK-Skala) vor. Theoretische Grundlage dieser Skala ist die Selbstdeterminationstheorie von Deci und Ryan (1985) sowie das darauf aufbauende Selbstkonkordanz-Modell von Sheldon und Elliot (1999). Selbstkonkordanz wird definiert als ein Merkmal der Zielintention, in dem zum Ausdruck kommt, wie stark diese Zielintention mit den sonstigen persönlichen Interessen und Werten der Person übereinstimmt (“Ich-Nähe”). Ausgehend von diesem Begriffsverständnis dient die neu konstruierte Skala zur Messung der Ich-Nähe einer sport- und bewegungsbezogenen Zielintention. Die psychometrische Überprüfung des neuen Messinstruments erfolgte in zwei unabhängigen Studien. Im Mittelpunkt von Studie 1 (N = 284; Studierende) stand die faktorenanalytische Konstruktion der Endfassung der SSK-Skala mit insgesamt 12 Items, die sich vier Subskalen zu je drei Items zuordnen lassen. Diese vier Subskalen messen den so genannten intrinsischen, identifizierten, introjizierten und extrinsischen Motivationsmodus. In Studie 2 (N = 337; Normalbevölkerung) konnte die faktorielle Struktur der SSK-Skala bestätigt werden. Reliabilitäts- und Validitätsüberprüfungen mit den Daten beider Studien lassen den Schluss zu, dass mit der SSK-Skala ein konzeptionell und methodisch brauchbares Instrument zur Erfassung der sport- und bewegungsbezogenen Selbstkonkordanz vorliegt.


Measuring sport- and movement-related self concordance

Abstract. This paper reports on the development and validation of a German-language instrument for measuring the self-concordance of sport- and exercise-related goals (SSK-Scale). Theoretically, the scale is based on Deci and Ryan’s (1985) self-determination theory and Sheldon and Elliot’s (1999) self-concordance model. Self-concordance is defined as an attribute of a goal intention expressing the extent to which a goal reflects personal interests and values (“ego distance”). In line with this conceptualization, the new SSK-Scale measures the ego distance of a sport- and exercise-specific goal intention. The instrument’s psychometric properties were tested in two separate studies. Study 1 (with 284 college students) used factor analysis to construct the final 12-item version of the scale. Results showed that these items could be grouped into four 3-item subscales measuring the intrinsic, identified, introjected, and extrinsic modes of motivation. The results of Study 2 (with 337 normal adults) confirmed the factor structure of the SSK-Scale. Reliability and validity tests based on data from both studies indicated that the SSK-Scale is a conceptually and methodologically robust instrument for measuring sport- and exercise-related self-concordance.

References

  • Biddle, S. J. , Nigg, C. R. (2000). Theories of exercise behavior. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 290– 304 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bortz, J. , Döring, N. (2002). Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation für Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler (3., überarb. Auflage) . Berlin: Springer First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Brunstein, J. , Gollwitzer, P. M. (1996). Effects of failure on subsequent performance: The importance of self-defining goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 395– 407 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bull, S. (2001). Adherence issues in sport and exercise . Chichester, UK: John Wiley First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. , Hagger, M. , Biddle, S. J. H. , Smith, B. , Wang, J. C. K. (2003). A meta-analysis of perceived locus of causality in exercise, sport, and physical education contexts. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 284– 306 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1993). The evolving self: A psychology for the third millennium . New York: Plenum First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Deci, E. L. , Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior . New York: Plenum First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Deci, E. L. , Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Deci, E. L. , Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227– 268 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Fuchs, R. (1997). Psychologie und körperliche Bewegung. Grundlagen für theoriegeleitete Interventionen . Göttingen: Hogrefe First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fuchs, R. (2003). Sport, Gesundheit und Public Health . Göttingen: Hogrefe First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fuchs, R. (2005). Körperliche Aktivität als Gesundheitsverhalten. In R. Schwarzer (Hrsg.), Gesundheitspsychologie (Reihe: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie) (S. 447-465). Göttingen: Hogrefe First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fuchs, R. (2006). Motivation und Volition im Freizeit- und Gesundheitssport. In M. Tietjens & B. Strauß (Hrsg.), Handbuch Sportpsychologie (S. 270-278). Schorndorf: Hofmann First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions. American Psychologist, 54, 493– 503 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Guay, F. , Vallerand, R. J. , Blanchard, C. (2000). On the assessment of situational intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS). Motivation and Emotion, 24, 175– 213 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Koestner, R. , Lekes, N. , Powers, T. , Chicoine, E. (2002). Attaining personal goals: Self-concordance plus implementation intentions equals success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 231– 244 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Li, F. , Harmer, P. (1996). Testing the simplex assumption underlying the sport motivation scale: A structural equation modeling analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67, 396– 405 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Little, B. R. (1993). Personal projects and the distributed self: Aspects of a conative psychology. In J. Suls (Ed.), The self in social perspective: Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 4, pp.157-185). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Markland, D. , Tobin, V. (2004). A modification of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 191– 196 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Martens, M. P. , Webber, S. N. (2002). Psychometric properties of the Sport Motivation Scale: An evaluation with college varsity athletes from the U.S. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24, 254– 270 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mullan, E. , Markland, D. , Ingledew, D. K. (1997). A graded conceptualisation of self-determination in the regulation of exercise behaviour: Development of a measure using confirmatory factor analytic procedures. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 745– 752 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ntoumanis, N. (2005). A prospective study of participation in optional school physical education using a self-determination theory framework. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 444– 453 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pelletier, L. , Fortier, M. , Vallerand, R. , Brière, N. (2001). Associations among perceived autonomy support, forms of self-regulation, and persistence: A prospective study. Motivation and Emotion, 25, 279– 306 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pelletier, L. , Fortier, M. , Vallerand, R. , Tuson, K. , Brière, N. , Blais, M. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 35– 53 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ryan, R. M. , Connell, J. P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 749– 761 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ryan, R. M. , Deci, E. L. (2002). An overview of self-determination theory. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3-36). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schermelleh-Engel, K. , Moosbrugger, H. , Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Test of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research - Online, 8 (2), 23– 74 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sheldon, K. M. (2002). The self-concordance model of healthy goal striving: When personal goals correctly represent the person. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 65-86). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sheldon, K. M. , Elliot, A. J. (1999). Goal striving, need-satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 482– 497 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sheldon, K. M. , Houser-Marko, L. (2001). Self-concordance, goal attainment, and the pursuit of happiness: Can there be an upward spiral?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 152– 165 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Standage, F. , Treasure, D. C. , Duda, J. L. , Prusak, K. A. (2003). Validity, reliability, and invariance of the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) across diverse physical activity contexts. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 19– 43 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wagner, P. (2000). Aussteigen oder Dabeibleiben? Determinanten der Aufrechterhaltung sportlicher Aktivität in gesundheitsorientierten Sportprogrammen . Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wang, C. K. J. , Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. , Spray, C. M. , Biddle, S. J. H. (2002). Achievement goal profiles in school physical education: Differences in self-determination, sport ability beliefs, and physical activity. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 433– 445 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wilson, P. M. , Rodgers, W. M. , Fraser, S. N. (2002). Examining the psychometric properties of the behavioral regulation in exercise questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 6, 1– 21 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ziemainz, H. , Neumann, G. , Rasche, F. , Stemmler, M. (2006). Zum Einsatz sportpsychologischer Diagnostik in der Praxis des Leistungssports. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie, 13, 53– 59 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar