Abstract
The reprogramming of DNA-binding specificity is an important challenge for computational protein design that tests current understanding of protein–DNA recognition, and has considerable practical relevance for biotechnology and medicine1,2,3,4,5,6. Here we describe the computational redesign of the cleavage specificity of the intron-encoded homing endonuclease I-MsoI7 using a physically realistic atomic-level forcefield8,9. Using an in silico screen, we identified single base-pair substitutions predicted to disrupt binding by the wild-type enzyme, and then optimized the identities and conformations of clusters of amino acids around each of these unfavourable substitutions using Monte Carlo sampling10. A redesigned enzyme that was predicted to display altered target site specificity, while maintaining wild-type binding affinity, was experimentally characterized. The redesigned enzyme binds and cleaves the redesigned recognition site ∼10,000 times more effectively than does the wild-type enzyme, with a level of target discrimination comparable to the original endonuclease. Determination of the structure of the redesigned nuclease-recognition site complex by X-ray crystallography confirms the accuracy of the computationally predicted interface. These results suggest that computational protein design methods can have an important role in the creation of novel highly specific endonucleases for gene therapy and other applications.
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Acknowledgements
We thank J. L. Eklund for assistance with binding assays, and B. W. Shen for assistance with data collection and refinement. This work was supported by fellowships from the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund (J.J.H.), the National Science Foundation (C.M.D.), and grants from the National Institute of Health (R.J.M. and B.L.S.), the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.B.), and the Gates Foundation Grand Challenges Program (B.L.S., D.B., R.J.M.). Author Contributions J.J.H. and C.M.D. developed the original protein–DNA interface design methods and code. J.A. made further code and method developments, generated and assessed the computational predictions, and performed mutagenesis, biochemical characterization, and crystallization. D.S. collected and processed the crystallographic data, and aided in protein purification and structure refinement.
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The atomic coordinates of the redesigned I-MsoI endonuclease bound to its cognate DNA have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with the accession number 2FLD. Reprints and permissions information are available at npg.nature.com/reprintsandpermissions. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Ashworth, J., Havranek, J., Duarte, C. et al. Computational redesign of endonuclease DNA binding and cleavage specificity. Nature 441, 656–659 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04818
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04818
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