Abstract
Two types of coupling between electromagnetic radiation and a crystal lattice have so far been identified experimentally. The first is the direct coupling of light to infrared-active vibrations carrying an electric dipole. The second is indirect, involving electron–phonon coupling and occurring through excitation of the electronic system; stimulated Raman scattering1,2,3 is one example. A third path, ionic Raman scattering (IRS; refs 4, 5), was proposed 40 years ago. It was posited that excitation of an infrared-active phonon could serve as the intermediate state for Raman scattering, a process that relies on lattice anharmonicities rather than electron–phonon interactions6. Here, we report an experimental demonstration of IRS using femtosecond excitation and coherent detection of the lattice response. We show how this mechanism is relevant to ultrafast optical control in solids: a rectified phonon field can exert a directional force onto the crystal, inducing an abrupt displacement of the atoms from their equilibrium positions. IRS opens up a new direction for the optical control of solids in their electronic ground state7,8,9, different from carrier excitation10,11,12,13,14.
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Main
Crystal lattices respond to mid-infrared radiation with oscillatory ionic motions along the eigenvector of the resonantly excited vibration. Let QIRbe the normal coordinate, PIRthe conjugate momentum and ΩIR the frequency of the relevant infrared-active mode, which we assume to be non-degenerate, and HIR=N(PIR2+ΩIR2QIR2)/2its associated lattice energy (N is the number of cells). For pulses that are short compared with the many-picoseconds decay time of zone-centre optical phonons15, one can ignore dissipation, and the equation of motion is
where e* is the effective charge, MIRis the reduced mass of the mode, E0 is the amplitude of the electric field of the pulse and F is the pulse envelope. At times much longer than the pulse width
For ionic Raman scattering (IRS), the coupling of the infrared-active mode to Raman-active modes is described by the Hamiltonian HA=−N A QIR2QRS, where Ais an anharmonic constant and QRS is the coordinate of a Raman-active mode, of frequency ΩRS, which is also taken to be non-degenerate. Thus, the equation of motion for the Raman mode is
Ignoring phonon field depletion, it follows from equation (1) that excitation of the infrared mode leads to a constant force on the Raman mode which, for ΩIR≫ΩRS, undergoes oscillations of the form
around a new equilibrium position. Hence, the coherent nonlinear response of the lattice results in rectification of the infrared vibrational field with the concomitant excitation of a lower-frequency Raman-active mode.
We stress that equation (2) describes a fundamentally different process from conventional stimulated Raman scattering 16,17,18, for which the driving term in the equation of motion depends only on electron variables (see also Supplementary Information).
To date, phonon nonlinearities have been evidenced only by resonantly enhanced second harmonic generation19,20 or by transient changes in the frequency of coherently excited Raman modes in certain semimetals at high photoexcitation21. However, the experimental demonstration of IRS, which offers significant new opportunities for materials control, is still lacking.
Ultrafast optical experiments were performed on single crystal La0.7Sr0.3MnO3, synthesized by the floating zone technique and polished for optical experiments. La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 is a double-exchange ferromagnet with rhombohedrally distorted perovskite structure. Enhanced itinerancy of conducting electrons and relaxation of a Jahn–Teller distortion are observed below the ferromagnetic Curie temperature TC=350 K (refs 22, 23, 24). As a result of the relatively low conductivity, phonon resonances are clearly visible in the infrared spectra at all temperatures25. The sample was held at a base temperature of 14 K, in its ferromagnetic phase, and was excited using femtosecond mid-infrared pulses tuned between 9 and 19 μm, at fluences up to 2 mJ cm−2. The pulse duration was determined to be 120 fs across the whole spectral range used here. The time-dependent reflectivity was measured using 30-fs pulses at a wavelength of 800 nm.
Figure 1a shows time-resolved reflectivity changes for excitation at 14.3-μm wavelength at 2-mJ cm−2 fluence, resonant with the 75-meV (605 cm−1) Eu stretching mode25,26. The sample reflectivity decreased during the pump pulse, rapidly relaxing into a long-lived state and exhibiting coherent oscillations at 1.2 THz (40 cm−1). This frequency corresponds to one of the Eg Raman modes of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 associated with rotations of the oxygen octahedra26,27, as sketched in the figure. Consistent with the Eg symmetry, we observe a 180° shift of the phase of the oscillations for orthogonal probe polarization (Fig. 1b).
In contrast, excitation in the near-infrared (also shown in Fig. 1a) yielded qualitatively different dynamics. A negative reflectivity change of similar size was observed, comparable to what was observed in the ferromagnetic compound La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 (ref. 28). However, only 5.8-THz oscillations were detected, corresponding to the displacive excitation of the 193-cm−1A1g mode 27,29. We also measured a comparable response for pump wavelengths all the way down to 575 nm, that is, for excitation from the near-infrared to the visible range only the A1gmode is coherently excited. The Eg mode is observed only for excitation resonant with the Eu phonon mode.
Figure 2(a) shows the time-resolved reflectivity changes for various excitation wavelengths in the mid-infrared spectral range. The panel on the right hand side shows phonon oscillations after Fourier filtering the transient data and subtracting the background. The amplitudes of the initial reflectivity drop of the long-lived state and, as shown in Fig. 2b, the amplitude of the 1.2-THz Eg oscillations show a strong pump-wavelength dependence, with maxima at the phonon resonance. The results in Fig. 2b were obtained from fits to the exponentially damped phonon oscillations, extrapolated to zero time delay; corrections have been made to account for the large wavelength-dependent changes of the reflectivity in the reststrahlen band. The amplitude of the Eg oscillations closely follows the spectral shape of the linear absorption of the Eu stretching mode, which we obtained from data reported in ref. 25. Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 2d, we observe a quadratic dependence of the coherent oscillation amplitudes on the incident electric field strength.
These observations are in agreement with the IRS model. According to equation (2), the driving force is second order in the mid-infrared phonon coordinate, and induces a displacive lattice response analogous to rectification through the second-order susceptibility χ(2) in nonlinear optics. Thus, one expects the IRS response to peak when the infrared pump field is in resonance with the Eu mode, that is, when QIR is maximum. Second, according to equation (3), a quadratic dependence of the coherent Eg oscillation amplitude on the mid-infrared electric field is expected.
Symmetry considerations also support our interpretation. La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 crystallizes in the distorted perovskite structure of point group D3d6 (space group . As mentioned above, the representation of the resonantly driven stretching mode is Eu, whereas the Raman mode is of Eg symmetry. As , one can write an interaction term of the invariant form
as required for ionic Raman scattering.
A second experimental observation substantiates our assignment. By using an actively stabilized mid-infrared source based on difference-frequency mixing between two different optical parametric amplifiers30, we could perform the same experiments with pulses having a stable carrier-envelope phase offset, exciting the lattice with a reproducible electric-field phase. Figure 3 shows the time-resolved reflectivity rise alongside the carrier-envelope phase-stable pump field, as measured in situ by electro-optic sampling in a 50 μm thick GaSe crystal. The time-dependent reflectivity shows no signature of the absolute electric-field phase, an effect that is well understood for a driving force resulting from rectification of the lattice polarization.
In summary, we have shown that ionic Raman scattering can be used to control crystal structures in a new way, opening the path to selective lattice modifications impossible with electronic excitations. For example, the nonlinear lattice rectification mechanism could be extended to difference-frequency generation between pairs of non-degenerate excitations, leading to new avenues for the control of condensed matter with light beyond linear lattice excitation.
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Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the Max Planck Society through institutional support for the Max Planck Research Group for Structural Dynamics at the University of Hamburg, and was further supported in part by the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research under contract FA 9550-08-01-0340 through the Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative Program.
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A.C. and M.F. conceived and coordinated the project. M.F. and C.M. developed the experimental apparatus and carried out the experiments. Y. Tomioka and Y. Tokura provided the samples. M.F., C.M., and S.K. analysed the experimental data and interpreted these together with A.C. and R.M.. R.M. developed the analytic theory of Raman scattering. M.F., R.M., and A.C. wrote the manuscript.
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Först, M., Manzoni, C., Kaiser, S. et al. Nonlinear phononics as an ultrafast route to lattice control. Nature Phys 7, 854–856 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2055
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2055
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