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Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming

Nature volume 398, pages 694–697 (1999)Cite this article

Abstract

The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is the strongest natural interannual climate fluctuation1. ENSO originates in the tropical Pacific Ocean and has large effects on the ecology of the region, but it also influences the entire global climate system and affects the societies and economies of manycountries2. ENSO can be understood as an irregular low-frequency oscillation between a warm (El Niño) and a cold (La Niña) state. The strong El Niños of 1982/1983 and 1997/1998, along with the more frequent occurrences of El Niños during the past few decades, raise the question of whether human-induced ‘greenhouse’ warming affects, or will affect, ENSO3. Several global climate models have been applied to transient greenhouse-gas-induced warming simulations to address this question4,6, but the results have been debated owing to the inability of the models to fully simulate ENSO (because of their coarse equatorial resolution)7. Here we present results from a global climate model with sufficient resolution in the tropics to adequately represent the narrow equatorial upwelling and low-frequency waves. When the model is forced by a realistic future scenario of increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations, more frequent El-Niño-like conditions and stronger cold events in the tropical Pacific Ocean result.

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Figure 1: Simulated temperature trends in equatorial waters.
Figure 2: Simulated sea-surface-temperature anomalies.
Figure 3: Interannual variability of observed and simulated SST anomalies.
Figure 4: Atmospheric and oceanic model sensitivity.

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Acknowledgements

We thank T. P. Barnett for discussion and M. Münnich for help with data processing. This work was sponsored by the German government under its programme ‘Klimavariabilität und Signalanalyse’ and by the European Union through its ‘SINTEX’ programme. The climate model integrations were performed at the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max-Planck-Institut fr Meteorologie,

    A. Timmermann, A. Bacher, M. Esch, M. Latif & E. Roeckner

  2. Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, Bundesstrasse 55, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany

    J. Oberhuber

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  1. A. Timmermann
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  2. J. Oberhuber
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  3. A. Bacher
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  4. M. Esch
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  5. M. Latif
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  6. E. Roeckner
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Correspondence to M. Latif.

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Timmermann, A., Oberhuber, J., Bacher, A. et al. Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming. Nature 398, 694–697 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/19505

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