Abstract
The synthesis, via nuclear fusion reactions, of elements heavier than the actinides, allows one to probe the limits of the periodic table as a means of classifying the elements. In particular, deviations in the periodicity of chemical properties for the heaviest elements are predicted as a consequence of increasingly strong relativistic effects on the electronic shell structure1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The transactinide elements have now been extended up to element 112 (ref. 8), but the chemical properties have been investigated only for the first two of the transactinide elements, 104 and 105 (refs 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19). Those studies showed that relativistic effect render these two elements chemically different from their lighter homologues in the same columns of the periodic table (Fig. 1). Here we report the chemical separation of element 106 (seaborgium, Sg) and investigations of its chemical behaviour in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. The methods that we use are able to probe the reactivity of individual atoms, and based on the detection of just seven atoms of seaborgium we find that it exhibits properties characteristic of the group 6 homologues molybdenum and tungsten. Thus seaborgium appears to restore the trends of the periodic table disrupted by relativistic effects in elements 104 and 105.
The arrangement of the actinides reflects the fact that the first actinide elements still resemble, to a decreasing extent, the chemistry of the other groups: Th the fourth group below Hf, Pa the fifth group below Ta, and U the sixth group below W. The known transactinide elements 104 to 112 take the positions from below Hf in group 4 to below Hg in group 12. Element 106, seaborgium (Sg), the heaviest element chemically investigated, is placed in group 6.
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Acknowledgements
We are indebted to the Division of Chemical Sciences, Office of Basic Energy Research, US Department of Energy, for making the 248Cm target material through the transplutonium element production program at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. We also thank the staff and crew of the GSI UNILAC, the TRIGA Mainz reactor, the Philips-cyclotron at PSI, and the MPI Heidelberg tandem accelerator for their help. This work was supported in part by the Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF), the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the Chemical Sciences Division of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy.
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Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Dressler, R. et al. Chemical properties of element 106 (seaborgium). Nature 388, 55–57 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1038/40375
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/40375
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